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This study aims to characterise the so-called Sialkoti paper used to produce Pahari drawings preserved today in the Wereldmuseum in Leiden (Netherlands) (WML). These works originate from the Punjab Hills in India (today Himachal Pradesh) and are commonly known as 'Pahari miniature paintings'. The paper upon which these drawings are executed is said to have been produced in Sialkot during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries when papermaking was an integral part of an overall regional economy correlated with other sectors such as agriculture and the textile industry. Although the term Sialkoti refers to identified papermills in Sialkot (now Pakistan), the paper from this region is yet to be subjected to a systematic study. This article therefore explores the paper(s) in question through macro- and microscopic observations of structure, pulp and fibres. The study of historical sources, complemented by the analysis of paper samples and fibre identification, has revealed that the pulp would have been prepared from a variety of manufactured products using different technologies, such as rags, cloth, mats, rope and other plant-based materials made from local bast fibres which, once tattered, were recycled to prepare the pulp. Microscopic study reveals that a variety of fibre combinations under different conditions and processing steps were used, in particular sunn hemp fibre (Crotalaria juncea L.), a plant species that has until now rarely been identified in historical paper. In addition, the presence of kenaf and jute fibres, as well as a significant quantity of cotton fibres, have also been demonstrated. To overcome the lack of comparative materials, our work was supported by a comparative study of several materials made from sunn hemp now held in the Ethnobotany Collection at Kew Gardens. Samples were taken from these materials and provided useful reference micrographs for the identification of the WML samples. The quality of the paper used by Pahari artists, as well as the raw materials available and their processing, are discussed in detail. Putting all the data, including technical and historical information into perspective, we conclude that the Pahari artists used a paper of inferior quality compared to other types of paper used for other purposes such as the creation of illuminated manuscripts in the Punjab plains. This study therefore provides useful analytical and material evidence that complements previous historical, technical and anthropological studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Previously unreported line patterns visible under ultraviolet light were observed on a proportion of plain white A4 printer/copier paper from different manufacturers. These Ultraviolet Line Patterns (UVLPs) usually appear as stripes down the vertical length of the paper. Typically, the UVLPs were found to “repeat” through the ream in a predictable way, while also changing. It is postulated that the repeating nature of the UVLPs is a result of the way that paper is manufactured. This leads to the ability to sequence the sheets compared to their original source paper. Even in the absence of UVLPs, it is possible to use our observation of the manufacturing process to anticipate the order of several sheets of paper and conclusively associate them, in some cases, by physically fitting their machine cut edges and crossing paper fibers. Such a novel approach to examining questioned documents would be highly useful in forensic casework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global demand for paper-based products continues to increase amidst challenges with raw material supply to the pulp industries. Considerable efforts to discover new wood resources from tropical forests to widen the material stock are ongoing. This study examined the suitability of the outer and inner wood fibres from different axial sections (i.e., butt, middle and top) of Chrysophyllum albidum from a moist semi-deciduous forest in Ghana for paper production. The fibre morphology and derived indices [i.e., Runkel Ratio, Slenderness Ratio, Flexibility Coefficient, Coefficient of Rigidity, Luce's Shape Factor and Solids Factor] were determined using the methods by the International Association of Wood Anatomist. C. albidum inner and outer wood fibres were generally long and thin with wide lumen. The fibre-derived indices were similar to those of many popular paper-producing timbers such as Acacia mangium and Pinus sylvestris. The fibre morphology and derived indices of C. albidum meet the recommended thresholds for fibres for manufacturing writing and printing papers with good tearing and bursting strength properties. Thus, the wood's fibres would be suitable for producing papers with good strength properties. Its utilization will contribute to expanding the raw material sources for the pulp and paper industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on the determination of sheet formation effects on the printability of uncoated fine paper. The sheet formation plays an important effect on print quality as manufacturers of printing grades try to ensure that the best possible printability of their product will be achieved. Examinations of uncoated fine papers were conducted to know the effect of sheet formation. At least 89 commercial uncoated fine papers from North America were examined. The sheet formation was measured with the PaperPerfect formation analyzer.

Here we describe an ultra-low-cost origami-based approach for large-scale manufacturing of microscopes, specifically demonstrating brightfield, darkfield, and fluorescence microscopes. Merging principles of optical design with origami enables high-volume fabrication of microscopes from 2D media. Flexure mechanisms created via folding enable a flat compact design. Structural loops in folded paper provide kinematic constraints as a means for passive self-alignment. This light, rugged instrument can survive harsh field conditions while providing a diversity of imaging capabilities, thus serving wide-ranging applications for cost-effective, portable microscopes in science and education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes changes in the distribution of Soviet pulp, paper, and paperboard production between the years 1940 and 1965. Regional variation exists both in physical volume of production and in type of plant. Production of pulp and paper occurs primarily in integrated plants. whereas most paperboard is manufactured in non-integrated mills. but integrated manufacture of all three products has increased between 1940 and 1965. Regional location of production in the Soviet pulp and paper industry has been heavily influenced by historical events, by the Proportion of weight lost during processing of roundwood, by creation of new mills and expansion of older establishments, and by the operational characteristics of Soviet central planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: For most materials used to provide buildings, infrastructure, equipment and products, global stocks are still sufficient to meet anticipated demand, but the environmental impacts of materials production and processing, particularly those related to energy, are rapidly becoming critical. These impacts can be ameliorated to some extent by the ongoing pursuit of efficiencies within existing processes, but demand is anticipated to double in the next 40 years, and this will lead to an unacceptable increase in overall impacts unless the total requirement for material production and processing is reduced. This is the goal of material efficiency, and this paper aims to stimulate interest in the area. Four major strategies for reducing material demand through material efficiency are discussed: longer-lasting products; modularisation and remanufacturing; component re-use; designing products with less material. In industrialised nations, these strategies have had little attention, because of economic, regulatory and social barriers, which are each examined. However, evidence from waste management and the pursuit of energy efficiency suggests that these barriers might be overcome, and an outline of potential mechanisms for change is given. In bringing together insights into material efficiency from a wide range of disciplines, the paper presents a set of 20 open questions for future work. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article reviews the relations between the federal government of the U.S. and the newsprint paper manufacturers during the years 1918 and 1919. The U.S. Federal Commission started investigations for the causes of rising prices of newsprint paper in 1916 which brought seven of the known manufacturers under the criminal provisions of the Sherman Law. After the hearing, the commission announce the award by fixing the maximum base price of $3.10 per hundred pounds or $62.00 per ton for standard roll news. But manufacturers were not content and they petitioned the Circuit Judges to review the award and an application was also filed with the Commission for a readjustment.

The projects commissioned to Guarino Guarini by the Order of Regular Theatine Clerics left a mark of his extraordinary ability to blend rationality and lucid imagination of geometric shapes in which the close relationship between art and science stands out. Most of realized buildings have been demolished or destroyed because of catastrophic events. Therefore, the problem of knowledge of such manufactured products arises increasing and integrating the available data with those newly acquired in emergency situations. This paper proposes a digital platform aimed to analyze and catalogue Guarini's heritage; the data sheets can be shared and easily implemented. A special section is dedicated to buildings no longer existing. The aim of this project project is to allow the faithfuls, visitors and the Fathers of the Order themselves to be able to "review" and "relive" the Theatine lost architecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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There is a growing interest in realizing the benefits of continuous processing in biologics manufacturing, which is reflected by the significant number of industrial and academic researchers who are actively involved in the development of continuous bioprocessing systems. These efforts are further encouraged by guidance expressed in recent US FDA conference presentations. The advantages of continuous manufacturing include sustained operation with consistent product quality, reduced equipment size, high-volumetric productivity, streamlined process flow, low-process cycle times, and reduced capital and operating cost. This technology, however, poses challenges, which need to be addressed before routine implementation is considered. This paper, which is based on the available literature and input from a large number of reviewers, is intended to provide a consensus of the opportunities, technical needs, and strategic directions for continuous bioprocessing. The discussion is supported by several examples illustrating various architectures of continuous bioprocessing systems. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 104:813-820, 2015 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, a content analysis is performed for the papers that appeared in Total Quality Management and Business Excellence. A total of 1132 papers which appeared in the volumes from 6 to 19 are analysed into several different dimensions. Country origins and academic unit of authors (engineering/basic sciences/management sciences, etc.), research methods (library search/conceptual study/case study/simulation/field survey, etc.) and unit of analyses (individual/company/firm/regional/national/international level) are included in this analysis. In addition to those attributes, keywords of the papers and the content of case studies (manufacturing/service/information technology) are computed as well. Association mining has also been performed to determine the consequential relationships among the attributes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to develop a model of investment behavior in manufacturing industries to discriminate between the effect of demand and that of the cost of capital. Starting from the neoclassical framework this model relaxed the assumption of constant cost of capital and improved the description of the effect of taxes. It also replaced the traditional partial adjustment process by an improved model of expectations. The model was tested on the paper industry. It explained well investment, capacity, and prices from 1964-83, and less well the financing of investments. Simulations using the model showed that demand shifts were the most important determinants of investment in the paper industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Availability analysis has been an important issue in the design field of any Industrial system as the system structure has become more complicated. Also, the system availability is affected by many factors such as design, manufacturing, installation, etc., and so it may be extremely difficult to model, analyze and predict the failure behavior of the system. The purpose of this paper is to develop a new approach for computing various performance measures, namely reliability, availability, MTBF (mean time between failures), ENOF (expected number of failures), failure rate and repair time, for any industrial system. In the proposed approach, the failure rates and repair times of all constituent components are obtained using genetic algorithms and then various performance measures are computed using fuzzy lambda–tau methodology. Washing system, the major part of paper industry is the subject of study. The interactions among the working components are modeled using Petri nets. Failure and repair rates are represented using triangular fuzzy numbers as they allow expert opinion, linguistic variables, operating conditions, uncertainty and imprecision in reliability information to be incorporated into system model. Based on calculated reliability parameters, a structured framework has been developed that may help the maintenance engineers to analyze and predict the system behavior. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper offers a review of the development and use of multi-agent modelling techniques and simulations in the context of manufacturing systems and supply chain management (SCM). The objective of the paper is twofold. First, it presents a comprehensive literature review of current multi-agent systems (MAS) research applications in the field of manufacturing systems and SCM. Second, it aims to identify and evaluate some key issues involved in using MAS methods to model and simulate manufacturing systems. A variety of different MAS applications are reviewed in three different classified research areas: production design and development, production planning and control, and SCM. In presenting a detailed taxonomy of MAS applications, the paper describes MAS application domains from five different perspectives. The review suggests the MAS approach represents a feasible framework for designing and analysing real-time manufacturing operations, since the approach is capable of modelling different levels of agent behaviour and dynamical interactions. The paper also highlights a number of key issues which have to be taken into account in attempting to design MAS-based research paradigms for future applications in manufacturing systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Korea superconducting tokamak advanced research (KSTAR), which is under construction at the National Fusion R&D Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon, Korea, has the mission to develop a steady-state capable advanced superconducting tokamak to establish the scientific and technological bases for a fusion reactor. After an intensive R&D program, substantial progress of the KSTAR tokamak engineering had been made on major tokamak structures, superconducting magnets, in-vessel components, diagnostic system, heating system, and power supplies with industrial manufacturers by May 2002. The engineering design has been elaborated to the extent necessary to allow a realistic assessment of its feasibility, performance, and cost. Since May 2003, the project has been in the phase of procurement. The fabrication of main tokamak structure such as vacuum vessel, cryostat, and supporting structures is well progressed. The manufacturing work of superconducting coils is also proceeding favorably. The tokaniak assembly started in July 2003 after site preparation and assembly jig. The start of commissioning is scheduled for June 2006. This paper describes the key features and engineering progress of the KSTAR tokamak and elaborates the work currently underway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Applying life cycle assessment (LCA) early in the development of technologies is essential to anticipate potential unforeseen environmental consequences. Modelling the lifecycle of a complex product is nevertheless challenging, as the data required is usually scarce. The approach presented in this paper integrates product entropy into end-of-life modelling for LCA. This enables anticipating the fate of a product after its end-of-use leading to a more realistic allocation of environmental impacts. The approach is demonstrated for the case study of recycling traction batteries with emerging traction battery cell chemistries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: In this paper we introduced a model for prognosis of profit of industrial enterprises. This model gives a possibility to make a prognosis of profit of these enterprises with account increasing of quantity of manufactured products, as well as various expenses of enterprises (raw material purchase costs, transportation costs, ...). Design/Methodology/Approach: An analytical approach for analyzing of the influence of changing of various parameters on the profit of industrial enterprises has been introduced. Findings: The model gives a possibility to decrease risk of decreasing of profit due to decreasing of overhead expenses. Practical Implications: The model gives a possibility to make the prognosis of profit with account changing of quantity of manufactured products, as well as various expenses (raw materials, transportation costs, ...). Originality/Value: In this paper we introduce a model for prognosis of profit of industrial enterprises with account of changing the volume of manufacturing production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Der vorliegende Aufsatz stellt ein Konzept für den Entwurf und die Herstellung von gefalteten schalenförmigen Tragstrukturen aus zementbasierten Verbundwerkstoffen vor, das in Anlehnung an die japanische Papierfaltkunst Origami entwickelt wurde. Die räumlichen Tragstrukturen werden durch Faltung von ebenen Elementen mit vorgegebenen Faltlinien hergestellt. Ziel ist die Entwicklung einer Entwurfs- und Herstellmethodik für dünnwandige Faltwerke mit einfachen oder doppelt gekrümmten Geometrien, die als segmentierbare Hüll- und Konstruktionselemente mit optimierten mechanischen Eigenschaften eingesetzt werden können. Wegen der hohen Variabilität der Formen und der großen Anzahl von Freiheitsgraden der Faltstrukturen ist eine Unterstützung mit numerischer Simulation in allen Phasen des Entwurfs und der Herstellung unabdingbar. Gegenüber der traditionellen Herstellung von Schalentragwerken mithilfe aufwendiger gekrümmter Schalungen verspricht die Methodik ein hohes Potenzial an Wirtschaftlichkeit. Insbesondere durch die Verwendung von modernen, zementbasierten Verbundwerkstoffen werden durch das Konzept neue Anwendungsfelder erschlossen, die sich durch geringen Materialverbrauch, einen hohen Ausnutzungsgrad des Werkstoffs sowie eine einfache systematische Herstellung auszeichnen. Oricrete - design and manufacturing methodology for folded plate structures made of novel cementitious composites The present paper shows an approach for the design and production of folded plate structures made out of novel cementious composite materials. The idea of the approach is derived from the Japanese art of paper folding, origami. The spatial structures are obtained by folding of planar elements provided with prescribed crease lines. The aim of the present work is the development of a design and manufacturing method for the production of free-form structural members with optimized mechanical properties applicable as façade and load bearing segments. Due to the high variability of forms and the large amount of degrees of freedom of the fold patterns, a support by numerical simulation in all phases of design and production is required. The method has a high potential to reduce the production costs compared to traditionally fabricated shell structures with complex curved formworks. New fields of application for cementious composite materials can be entered that are characterized by low material consumption, a high exploitation of the material and a systematic manufacturing process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We pursue a two-fold objective in this paper. First, we try to describe comprehensively the behaviour of sectoral growth cycles in Turkish manufacturing by using several statistical measures and to analyse the co-movement between them via correlation and peak-through analysis. One of the remarkable results of this study is the emergence of the "chemicals" and "paper and paper products" sectors as the leading sectors of total manufacturing. Another important result reveals that export-oriented sectors, which have a high correlation with total manufacturing and with each other, appear as the main drivers of total manufacturing. The second objective of this study is to investigate the response of output in Turkish manufacturing industries to monetary policy shocks within the vector autoregressive framework. The results show that all manufacturing sectors respond to a contractionary monetary policy shock with a reduction in absolute output but that the degree of output reduction is not the same in all sectors. The total manufacturing output declines very quickly after the shock, reaching its minimum value within three quarters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we aim to document and analyze the long arc of connectivity between China and Latin America. First, using analytical international trade and economic tools, we provide a new economic perspective of the First Globalization–-the Ming and early Qing China's economic and business links with Latin America and Europe. Second, due to U.S. government trade policies toward China in the 1990s, the Second China's Globalization was ushered in with its entry to the World Trade Organization (WTO). During this second phase, China exchanged manufactured goods with minerals and resources from Latin America. Finally, the tough technology and trade stance by the Trump and Biden Administrations prompted China to intensify the third phase of China interaction with Latin America. For the 2020s and beyond, one important pillar of the Third China-Latin America-Europe Globalization is heightened efforts for China to increase its digital-AI, telecommunication and platform business presence and access into the Latin American markets. To enrich our analysis, we will provide Chinese-style digital-AI business and economic models to help illustrate our discussions. Throughout our paper, we want to point out that government policies were instrumental in bringing forth these Three Globalizations that involve China-Latin America-Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Manufacturing industry often uses 3D scanning technologies to inspect their products. Some of these techniques produce a point cloud that represent a section of the manufactured product. The clouds must be aligned to the model of the product in order to check its quality. Current registration methods are usually affected by dimensional problems or volumetric anomalies. This paper proposes a new method for the registration process aligning the cloud to the model in several steps. The first step is the state-of-the-art method. The second step uses the information acquired in the first one to perform a fine registration in order to not being affected by dimensional defects or little miss alignments in the previous step providing a huge improvement in the measurement of surface defects. In this paper, several techniques are proposed in order to provide a set of tools that the final users can tune to fit their needs. The whole procedure of registration can be run in real-time conditions using the sampling and caching strategies proposed. The methods proposed are tested over more than 10,000 profiles of a rail proving they successfully align the cloud and the model providing better results in the measurement of surface defects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1796, both France and England banned combinations among paperworkers. Most notably, these measures read as if they issued from a single pen. The twin efforts outlawed the coalitions and covenants that enabled the journeymen to organize strikes and walkouts, influence wages or output quotas, restrain the manufacturers' latitude in hiring, and burden, even fine, unco-operative masters. By linking the lived experience of the labour process and the law, this article explores the real grit of comparative history. In doing so, it reveals the risk of emphasizing national industrial culture in the age of manufactures and nascent mechanization. It also suggests the shortcomings of Foucauldian analysis and metaphors when they are brought to the ground, that is, the actual shopfloor struggles and everyday relations of papermaking. Moreover, this article contends that authorities in Paris and London brewed a subtle blend of intervention and retreat in the governance of the trade. In the end, however, the effective regulation of papermaking, from below, survived the sister combination acts. Mechanization tipped the balance in favour of the manufacturers, but the workers' tactics and habits of resistance persisted into the new era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increase in manufactured products has progressively generated industrial waste and, thus, the post-consumption waste, which is not adequately disposed of. Regulation and sustainability strategies have been considered as a solution to this problem, in which social, environmental and economic gains have been the main goals. Sustainability issues integrated into the main businesses and operations within the supply chain have been considered in all stages of product design to make them more sustainable. Hence, this study aimed to describe the current state of the art regarding Sustainable Design and Reverse Logistics integration, to identify the potential factors that allow for this combination and report the challenges and opportunities by means of a systematic literature review. We elaborated a systematic review protocol, which stated the inclusion and exclusion criteria for selecting publications regarding the integration between Sustainable Design and Reverse Logistics, from 2008 to 2017 and considered ten research questions as guidelines to collect information from the selected papers. Our final sample comprised of 19 papers and we verified that there are several gaps regarding the integration of the two concepts since most of the research considered indirect integration relations and they do not account for Reverse Logistics activities at the end of the product's life cycle. Therefore, we proposed three frameworks that highlight this integration and expands the Design for Reverse Logistics perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Additive manufacturing also known as 3D printing is an evolving advanced manufacturing technology critical for the new era of complex machinery and operating systems. Manufacturing systems are increasingly faced with risk of attacks not only by traditional malicious actors such as hackers and cyber-criminals but also by some competitors and organizations engaged in corporate espionage. This paper aims to elaborate a plausible risk practice of designing and demonstrate a case study for the compromised-based malicious for polymer 3D printing system. Design/methodology/approach: This study assumes conditions when a machine was compromised and evaluates the effect of post compromised attack by studying its effects on tensile dog bone specimens as the printed object. The designed algorithm removed predetermined specific number of layers from the tensile samples. The samples were visually identical in terms of external physical dimensions even after removal of the layers. Samples were examined nondestructively for density. Additionally, destructive uniaxial tensile tests were carried out on the modified samples and compared to the unmodified sample as a control for various mechanical properties. It is worth noting that the current approach was adapted for illustrating the impact of cyber altercations on properties of additively produced parts in a quantitative manner. It concurrently pointed towards the vulnerabilities of advanced manufacturing systems and a need for designing robust mitigation/defense mechanism against the cyber altercations. Findings: Density, Young's modulus and maximum strength steadily decreased with an increase in the number of missing layers, whereas a no clear trend was observed in the case of % elongation. Post tensile test observations of the sample cross-sections confirmed the successful removal of the layers from the samples by the designed method. As a result, the current work presented a cyber-attack model and its quantitative implications on the mechanical properties of 3D printed objects. Originality/value: To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the original work from the team. It is currently not under consideration for publication in any other avenue. The paper provides quantitative approach of realizing impact of cyber intrusions on deteriorated performance of additively manufactured products. It also enlists important intrusion mechanisms relevant to additive manufacturing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Announces the Washington, D.C.-based American Forest & Paper Association's creation of a new Forest Products Group. Enhancement of the organization's support of wood manufacturing, product acceptance and product promotion.

Stora Enso is to upgrade and modernize one of its paper machines at its publication paper mill at Summa, Finland. The number two machine manufactures magazine and improved newsprint papers. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

An Examination of Ricoh's Communication Products. [Extracted from the article]

In recent years, China's foreign trade has continued to develop and achieved remarkable results, and the economic development trend has been steady and positive overall. However, although there are new opportunities for the development of China's foreign trade, it also faces new challenges and dilemmas. Therefore, in the current international trade situation, it is of great significance to study the impact of China's foreign trade on industrial structure and find the key points for the development of endogenous economic dynamics on this basis. China's industrial structure has undergone a clear process of upgrading and is a major trading country for industrially manufactured goods. The results of the analysis of the subsectors show that the trend of structural upgrading within the industry is equally significant. At the same time, there is often a significant trend of synergistic changes in the percentage of processing trade and the percentage change of trade in high-tech products. Based on this, this paper analyzes the correlation between China's foreign trade structure and industrial structure based on the correlation of mutual influence. The evolutionary algorithm has the advantages of a strong ability to search for global optimal solutions and good robustness, which is applied as the core algorithm of this paper. The study in this paper examines the interaction between industrial structure and trade structure from the perspective of matching the association between industrial structure and trade structure on the basis of measuring the industrial structure and trade structure at the regional level. The experimental results demonstrate the validity of the model in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Services form an important part of the economy today. Innovation for service firms is as important as for manufacturing, but the innovation process for service firms is comparatively little studied. In this paper, I review the literature there is on the innovation process for service firms, and make two suggestions for formalizing that process. The common thought that service firms do not innovate does not hold. Innovation is, however, often ad hoc for services, and it can therefore be difficult to measure firms' innovation efforts. These points are related to issues of appropriability of the benefits of innovation in services. The two issues primarily discussed in this paper — the possibilities of formalizing and appropriating in case of new service development — are central issues for service firms. It is here that this paper offers some contributions to the existing literature; it does not so much present an overview thereof. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper classifies the internal and external factors that influence the effectiveness of integrated internal audit management (IIAM) and how IIAM effectiveness affects business sustainability performance. This paper presents a meta-analysis and systematic literature review of previous academic research papers. This study used a comprehensive review of literature and content analysis to obtain information using the electronic databases, specifically ProQuest, Emerald and Scopus from the year of 2003 until 2020. The paper reviewed recently published articles on the integration of at least two out of three management systems (MSs), such as ISO 9001, OHSAS 18001 and ISO 14001. The findings from the research papers are presented according to the factors and outcomes examined. Many studies undertaken on the integration audit of management systems show that there are several internal factors (human resource capability, technological capability and quality capability) and external factors (regulator, customer and supplier) that affect the effectiveness of the integrated internal audit management. It is concluded that the use of integrated management system (IMS) has a positive impact on the firm's performance specifically on business sustainability. The findings indicated of internal and external factors, which are grounded on the identified theories (dynamic capabilities theory, stakeholder theory and contingency theory), having to consider and to understand the effectiveness and implications of integrated internal audit. Thus, based on the findings from previous research carried out and the requirement of IMS, this paper gives directions for the effective way to integrate internal audits in manufacturing firms to achieve business sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]