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Background: To accurately measure students' science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) career interest, researchers must get inside the 'black box' to understand students' conceptualizations of STEM careers., Aims: The aim of Study 1 was to explore whether students' conceptualizations of STEM included medical careers. The aim of Study 2 was to explore whether predictors of STEM career interest (e.g., gender and motivation) varied by STEM definition (inclusion/exclusion of medical careers)., Samples: In Study 1, the sample was US college students (N = 125) who were mostly White (80%). In Study 2, the sample was US 10th-grade high school students (N = 455) who were mostly Black (79%)., Methods: In Study 1, students completed an online questionnaire. In Study 2, students completed various measures of math achievement, motivation (science and math expectancies of success, interest and importance value) and career interest with an importance., Results: In Study 1, medical careers were less often classified as STEM careers than traditional STEM careers, but more often classified as STEM than non-STEM careers. In Study 2, science importance value was the only motivational predictor of students' STEM+Medicine career interest, and no motivation constructs predicted traditional STEM career interest. Boys expressed greater interest in traditional STEM careers, while girls expressed greater interest in STEM+Medicine careers., Conclusions: Students' conceptualizations of STEM are not binary. Thus, we recommend researchers are explicit about their definition of STEM with study participants, in their coding and in their publications., (© 2023 British Psychological Society.)

Paper‐based strain sensors (PSS) have broad prospects in disposable products due to their low cost and easy degradation as environmentally friendly materials. Herein, a strain sensor made of a laser‐induced carbonization electrode is created by direct laser writing with filter paper. The conductivity and gauge factor (GF) of this strain sensor are improved by adding lignin and applying strain engineering. This enables the sensor to simultaneously satisfy high sensitivity (GF ≈ 408 and 91) for weak tension and compression strain, respectively, and with long‐term reliability. The tensile strain GF factors of up to 201 are possible, even with a weak tensile strain of 0.00088%. Furthermore, the paper‐based sensor for monitoring physiological activities like finger gestures, pulsing, swallowing, and eye blinking is demonstrated. The facile fabrication and superior performance of PSS fabricated by direct laser writing with strain engineering may pave the way for promising applications of flexible, portable, and wearable electronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We developed two symmetrical green MR‐TADF emitters, BpIC‐DPA and BpIC‐Cz, based on the rigidification and regulation of molecular orbitals (MO) engineering strategies. Both emitters exhibited pure green emission with narrow FWHM below 25 nm and high PLQY over 84%. Among the fabricated OLEDs, BpIC‐Cz‐device showed maximum external quantum efficiency (EQEmax) of 25.7% with alleviated efficiency roll‐off characteristics (EQE1000nits = 24.3%) and longer device‐lifetime (LT90) of 291 h at the initial luminance of 1000 nits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kirigami, the ancient art of paper cutting, has evolved into a design and fabrication framework to engineer multi‐functional materials and structures at vastly different scales. By slit cutting with carefully designed geometries, desirable mechanical behaviors—such as accurate shape morphing, tunable auxetics, super‐stretchability, buckling, and multistability—can be imparted to otherwise inflexible sheet materials. In addition, the kirigami sheet provides a versatile platform for embedding different electronic and responsive components, opening up avenues for building the next generations of metamaterials, sensors, and soft robotics. These promising potentials of kirigami‐based engineering have inspired vigorous research activities over the past few years, generating many academic publications. Therefore, this review aims to provide insights into the recent advance in this vibrant field. In particular, this paper offers the first comprehensive survey of unique mechanical properties induced by kirigami cutting, their underlying physical principles, and their corresponding applications. The synergies between design methodologies, mechanics modeling, advanced fabrication, and material science will continue to mature this promising discipline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we report a 13‐inch active matrix (AM) micro‐LED stretchable display, which can be stretched by up to 20% with a 72 ppi resolution. It features a unique panel de sign, including stretchable interconnects fabricated via the conventional LTPS backplane process and micro‐LED for a light emitting device. This paper will discuss methods for realizing a stretchable panel and practical problems in stretchable display engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Power capacitors are highly reliable due to their completely enclosed configuration. They are relatively trouble-free over the long term. However, their dielectric strength can be reduced due to some stresses, including overvoltage application or thermal degradation of the insulation material during long periods of operation; these events can result in dielectric breakdown of capacitors in extreme cases. Since almost all power capacitors with oil-impregnated paper have been operated for more than twenty years, some kind of failure should be expected. To prevent these incipient accidents, it is important to examine the insulation deterioration mechanism and evaluate the degree of deterioration before capacitor breakdown. To establish a diagnostic method of deterioration of the capacitors with oil-impregnated paper, we have conducted thermally and electrically accelerated deterioration tests and investigated the changes of their characteristics. Based on the experimental results we obtained, it can be concluded that the behavior of the oil-dissolved gases can be used as a useful index to diagnose the insulator deterioration of these capacitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

III‐Nitride‐based light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) are expected to be used in enormous and broad applications. In this paper, our novel band engineering and fabrication technologies are reviewed and discussed for pursuing higher device performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reliability analysts are often faced with the challenge of characterizing the behaviour of system components based on limited data. The purpose of this study is to provide insight into which availability model input data are most significant and how many data are necessary to achieve desired accuracy requirements. The overall goal is to improve the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the data collection and data characterization processes. A 25-1V factorial designed experiment was conducted to determine which of five input data characterization factors (for a simple series–parallel structure) may significantly affect availability model accuracy. The results from this experiment show that in this instance the factors under study do not have a significant effect on model output accuracy. Additional research is planned to more closely scrutinize the effects of these factors. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. This paper was produced under the auspices of the US Government and is therefore not subject to copyright in the US. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a bibliography of process capability books, manuals and articles, in relation to the engineering sector. "Process Capability Indices in Theory and Practice," by C. Lovelace and S. Kotz; "Measuring Process Capability," by D. R. Bothe; "Process Capability Indices," by N. L. Johnson and S. Kotz.

OLEDs have been established as key light sources for high‐end displays. In addition to their ideal optical characteristics, the inherent compatibility with various form factors gives OLEDs a competitive edge with respect to conventional technologies. Such versatility in form factors makes OLEDs attractive not only for displays but also for wearable devices. In this respect, this talk explores OLEDs from the perspectives of wearable applications. The first part describes engineering required for highly flexible and stretchable OLEDs adopting non‐conventional electrodes. The second part then introduces OLEDs used in wearable healthcare applications such as pulse oximetry sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Children begin foundational learning in early childhood that sets the stage for later learning and academic success. Research regarding engineering in early childhood is limited yet growing. Purpose: Because interest in engineering in early childhood is growing, this article reviews research regarding interactions, materials, and activities that promote prekindergarten children's engineering thinking, and in turn how this engineering thinking is related to developmental outcomes. Scope/Method: The initial search for papers with relevant keywords returned over 2,000 papers. Upon review, 27 papers pertained to children age five or under and to engineering. The following research questions were addressed: What (a) interactions and (b) materials and activities promote prekindergarten children's engineering thinking? What developmental outcomes are related to children's engineering thinking? Conclusions: The small body of research regarding engineering thinking in prekindergarten children only allows for a few limited conclusions. Specifically, results indicate that children display engineering thinking when actively engaged with materials, adults are better able to facilitate engineering thinking if they have received some guidance on both engineering principles and asking children questions, and children's engineering thinking can promote early math skills and possibly social and emotional development. However, a consistent limitation in the literature is that measures are underdeveloped and their psychometric properties are often unestablished. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under high stress conditions the `freak' and `strong' subpopulations lie very close to each other on the time scale. It is easy to `read' such a time-to-failure distribution as unimodal. especially when probability paper is used. This paper puts forward Parzen's estimator of the probability density function as a very useful method of indicating the `freak' subpopulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This special issue contains a selection of distinguished papers from the 19th Working Conference on Reverse Engineering, held in Kingston, Ontario, Canada on October 15th-18th, 2012. The papers address a variety of topics related to reverse engineering, namely the analysis of execution traces, development of fast and efficient forward static slicing techniques, and mining of software repositories aiming at deriving novel patterns related to reverse engineering activities, such as the migration in Java libraries and the analysis of effects of file editing patterns on source code quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As INCOSE also envisions in their recently published vision paper on the future of systems engineering (https://www.incose.org/about-systems-engineering/se-vision-2035), the future society will experience a level of interconnectedness, interrelatedness and networkedness which was not seen before. The technical reality of the realization of this vision largely depends on how we interpret and implement the notion of openness. In particular, the OpenMBEE initiative represents an industrially backed research and development endeavor towards open systems engineering ecosystems of the future. In the OpenMBEE concept and tool portfolio, the open‐source aspect of openness is emphasized. In this paper, we aim at providing a complex analysis of the organizational, conceptual and technical landscape of open digital engineering ecosystems along the notion of the digital thread, where different, often commercially driven engineering domains, tools and stakeholder perspectives fuse into a single, interconnected digital engineering experience. What could be the role of commercial players in, and attitude towards open digital thread ecosystems? Where do emerging initiatives and standards like SysMLv2 take the systems engineering community from this perspective? The paper provides an in‐depth analysis of openness in digital engineering, as seen from a technological, organizational and techno‐social perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Testing the suitability of tactics for never‐used complex systems in a brand‐new warfare domain and forecasting the impact of these new tactics on system's requirements and design is challenging. The Model‐Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) approach seems to be the key to dealing with such complexity. However, to be truly effective this approach requires integration of the descriptive and physics‐based models. This integration results in an executable MBSE model that enables realistic mission analysis of system architecture prior to physically prototyping it. An executable model should significantly improve and enhance the feasibility of analysis of any mission during the early design phases. This paper aims to enhance the fidelity of a system model developed in the Cameo Systems Modeler by integrating it with a high‐fidelity dynamic model developed in the MATLAB/Simulink development environment. Specifically, this paper deals with a two‐satellite co‐orbital engagement mission and walks through all steps of the integration process. The paper also provides an example of mission analysis and reshaping the design space based on the results produced by running the developed integrated executable model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Model‐Based Engineering (MBE) has transformed the worlds of mechanical, electrical, chemical, software, systems engineering, and now cybersecurity. Model based cybersecurity allows this concern to be addressed as an integrated part of the solution as opposed to being a separate solution. To best take advantage of this, we must examine which modeling practices, languages, and standards are best suited to handle cybersecurity. Currently, UAF is the most effective tool being used to provide Model‐Based Cyber Security at the Enterprise and Systems Level. It achieves this largely through its integrated security viewpoint as well as by facilitating capability‐based engineering. Furthermore, it allows modelers to integrate with other cybersecurity‐focused modeling tools to include cybersecurity in the digital thread. The INCOSE Future of Systems Engineering (FuSE) Initiative defined 12 key concepts including "Capability‐Based Security Engineering" and "Security as a Functional Requirement." This paper discusses these FuSE concepts and demonstrates how they can be effectively realized via the use of UAF and shows how UAF coupled with complementary tools and standards provides powerful verification and validation capabilities. Note that this paper is derived from INCOSE Insight articles Brooks, Hause (2022) and Hause, Brooks (2022) published in a special issue on FuSE Security. References are included below. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The integration of Digital Twin technology in small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) has brought forth a transformative paradigm in engineering practices. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the use of Digital Twin in SMEs and its implementation of advanced digital technologies in an engineering context. The paper highlights key benefits, such as the ability to simulate, analyze, and predict the behavior of products or processes before their physical instantiation. By leveraging advanced modeling and simulation techniques, SMEs can efficiently explore multiple design iterations, identify potential issues, and optimize engineering solutions without costly physical prototyping. Furthermore, the paper discusses integrating other advanced digital technologies, such as the Internet of Things (IoT) and Artificial Intelligence (AI), with Digital Twin to create intelligent and interconnected systems. The implementation of Digital Twin technology in SMEs extends beyond product design to encompass various aspects of the product lifecycle, fostering efficiency, accuracy, and innovation. However, challenges such as data integration, cybersecurity, and skill requirements are addressed. With proper planning and investment, SMEs can unlock the full potential of Digital Twin technology to gain a competitive edge in the dynamic engineering domain. In conclusion, this paper demonstrates that the use of Digital Twin in SMEs and its integration with advanced digital technologies revolutionizes engineering practices. By offering virtual representations of physical assets and processes, Digital Twin enables SMEs to make informed decisions, optimize performance, and drive innovation. As the technology evolves, it becomes an indispensable tool for SMEs seeking to thrive in the ever‐evolving engineering landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cable trees are primarily employed in industrial products to facilitate energy transfer and information exchange among various components. When utilizing machines for assembly, it is essential to convert the wiring plan into a sequence of cable insertion operations executed by the machine under various constraints. This poses a combinatorial optimization problem. In this domain, constraint programming (CP) solvers often exhibit outstanding performance by leveraging their robust problem‐modelling capabilities, excellent scalability, and precise solving capabilities. However, CP solvers may achieve various performances for different problem instances. Selecting the most suitable CP solver for each problem instance is crucial. This paper introduces an automatic selection algorithm for CP solvers to solve the cable tree wiring problem (CTW). Firstly, a scoring system is used to conduct an in‐depth analysis and compare four well‐known CP solvers: CPLEX, Chuffed, OR‐Tools, and Gurobi. The results indicate that OR‐Tools and CPLEX outperform other solvers in performance. Moreover, these two solvers exhibit complementary advantages in quickly finding optimal and feasible solutions within specified time limits. Therefore, CP and machine learning are ingeniously integrated, harnessing their complementary advantages. 4240 instances covering various scenarios are randomly generated to form the problem space. This method incorporates decision trees, random forests, K‐nearest neighbours, and naive Bayes, utilizing these four machine learning techniques. The proposed method can achieve better results than traditional single CP solvers. Among all the evaluated machining learning techniques, the automatic solver selection methods based on decision trees and random forests can achieve accuracy rates of 91.29% and 84.15%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Review of Sociology is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Mission Engineering is the deliberate planning, analyzing, organizing, and integrating of current and emerging operational and system capabilities to achieve desired warfighting mission effects. A Mission Engineering process was developed to capture the approach defined in the DOD's Mission Engineering Guide. The purpose of this is to help train new mission engineers and merge this with standard approaches for capturing mission architectures. The Unified Architecture Framework (UAF) provides a framework of standardized views from which to model different aspects of an architecture, including the various concepts and properties of the mission being engineered. This paper will discuss mapping between the UAF workflow and steps in the Mission Engineering Guide and how to use UAF when doing Mission Engineering activities. The Mission Engineering steps are tied to the workflow steps in the Enterprise Architecture Guide for UAF to help inform mission engineers of which UAF views can be used during the Mission Engineering effort, especially when defining Mission Threads and Mission Engineering Threads that will be part of the overall Mission Architecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A core challenge in modern systems engineering is executing the Digital Transformation to produce Digital Engineering (DE) products that meet traditional program needs. Model Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) focuses the formal application of models to support the systems engineering process, but is often difficult to apply in practice due to a lack of a well‐defined methodology. This paper first introduces an openly available MBSE methodology concentrating on a development process for system architecture models, a style guide defining how the process steps are executed, and a validation suite which serves as a tool to help execute development. Then, this paper describes the experience in applying this process to a DoD program developing a space‐based sensor system to a Critical Design Review (CDR) level of maturity. Real‐life successes and lessoned learned are described through model metric data pulled directly from the SysML development model. This paper concludes by identifying opportunities for future research/work from which to further build the DE/MBSE capabilities of the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on the Zienkiewicz Numerical Methods in Engineering Prize. It was introduced in 1998. It is awarded biennially to a post-graduate researcher under the age of 40 who submits the paper that contributes most to research in the field of numerical methods in engineering. The papers to be submitted must either be in a form suitable for publication or already have been published after the 30th of June 2006 in several journals listed in the article.

Background: Digital‐first assessments leverage the affordances of technology in all elements of the assessment process: from design and development to score reporting and evaluation to create test taker‐centric assessments. Objectives: The goal of this paper is to describe the engineering, machine learning, and psychometric processes and technologies of a test security framework (part of a larger ecosystem; Burstein et al., 2021) that can be used to create systems that protect the integrity of test scores. Methods: We use the Duolingo English Test to exemplify the processes and technologies that are presented. This includes methods for actively detecting and deterring malicious behaviour (e.g., a custom desktop app). It also includes methods for passively detecting and deterring malicious behaviour (e.g., a large item bank created through automatic generation methods). We describe the certification process that each test administration undergoes, which includes both automated and human review. Additionally, we describe our quality assurance dashboard which leverages psychometric data mining techniques to monitor test quality and inform decisions about item pool maintenance. Results and Conclusions: As assessment developers transition to online delivery and to a design approach that places the test taker at the centre, it becomes increasingly important to take advantage of the tools and methodological advances in different fields (e.g., engineering, machine learning, psychometrics). These tools and methods are essential to maintaining the security of assessments so that the score reliability is sustained and the interpretations and uses of test scores remain valid. Lay Description: What is known about this topic?: As more and more testing programmes transition to test taker‐centric administrations, effective measures to prevent cheating and protect content are critical to ensure the validity and integrity of scores.Two of the most common forms of cheating in online testing are (a) having someone other than the person who has registered take the test, and (b) stealing content and providing it to others to assist them in achieving a higher score. What does this paper add?: In designing a test taker‐centric digital‐first assessment, a test security framework must inform decisions from end‐to‐end (i.e., registration, onboarding, communications regarding test taker behaviours, test preparation and practice, test administration, and post‐administrative activities including scoring).Security is safeguarded through active and passive design methods; active methods include having test takers attest that they will follow the rules governing testing and informing them that they will be videoed during testing; passive methods include a computer adaptive design that limits item exposure and test overlap rates, development of a large item pool using automated item generation, and applying artificial intelligence to review test administration videos to flag unauthorized behaviours for human review. Implications: With more educational and assessment programmes transitioning to online digital models, the paper presents a comprehensive review of security issues and identifies an integrated approach for preventing cheating and other unauthorized behaviours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A call for papers which will be nominated for the Zienkiewicz Numerical Methods in Engineering Prize is presented.

The article invites submissions for research papers about numerical methods in engineering.

The paper provides a picture of the changes and advances in the field of strain measurement and related topics, as represented by the contents of the journal Strain, from its inception in 1965 to the present day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Study: The research discusses the need for a paradigm shift in engineering education current practices to accommodate the digital native students. The paper emphasizes the importance of integrating disruptive technologies, namely Virtual Reality (VR) through Head Mounted Displays VR (HMD VR) and Desktop Based VR (DB VR) and comparing it with the traditional teaching methods. The research focuses on second‐year undergraduate students enrolled in a concrete structures course. Objectives: The objective of the study is to analyse the impact of DB VR and HMD VR on students' motivation, performance and workload in comparison with traditional 2D drawings. The study also aims to investigate how simulation sickness and system usability could impact students' motivation and performance when interpreting concrete structures. Methods: The study divided second‐year civil engineering students into three groups, 2D, DB VR and HMD VR. The performance and motivation levels of students were assessed based on the number of mistakes identified and an intrinsic motivation survey. Furthermore, data on system usability and simulation sickness were collected. Spearman rank correlation was conducted to analyse the relationships between the variables tested. Results: The results have shown that students' motivation and performance were much higher when using VR in general and HMD VR specifically, students' efficiency and accuracy were also observed. On the other hand, usability was found to be moderately correlated with motivation, with students rating HMD VR as the most usable approach. A moderate inverse correlation was observed between simulation sickness and motivation, indicating that higher simulation sickness led to lower motivation levels. Conclusion: The study concludes that integrating VR in general, DB VR, or HMD VR into a concrete structures course for undergraduate students can significantly improve students' performance and motivation. Furthermore, enhancing usability of any of the methods used can also improve the performance and motivation. On the other hand, simulation sickness inversely affects motivation and performance, therefore, VR developers and educators should not neglect it. Lay Description: What is already known about the topic: Traditional teaching methods in engineering education require improvement.Integrating digital technologies into engineering education enhances performance.Digital technologies can potentially enhance motivation. What this paper adds: Compares traditional teaching methods for concrete structures interpretation with virtual reality.Establishes correlations between motivation, performance and usabilityIntroduces how desktop‐based VR and head‐mounted display VR can produce varying results. Implications for practice and/or policy: Decision‐makers can use the information to integrate updated pedagogy into engineering curricula.Allows for further exploration of different digital technologies that can be used for concrete structure interpretation.Allows instructors to introduce virtual reality in their courses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The coexistence of fisheries and offshore wind depends in part on the feasibility of fishing within turbine arrays. This paper explores the value of the Automatic Identification System (AIS) to measure tows of commercial trawl and dredge vessels as quantitative indications of their spatial characteristics to inform offshore wind assessments. Methods: Public records from the AIS provide objective, detailed data supporting the measurement of fishing tows from recent years. Patterns and dimensions were examined from 45 trawl and dredge trips of 35 vessels. Result: Although vessels spread some trips over large areas, they also make multiple passes in swaths as narrow as 0.3 nautical miles (NM). Turns are made by towing the gear through an arc ranging from 0.2 NM to more than 1 NM in diameter or by hauling gear to the boat and turning in less than 0.1 NM. These practices are confirmed by fishing captains. Conclusion: These objective data from actual fishing trips could be valuable in considering the feasibility of fishing in wind farms and planning appropriate layouts. This first effort provides too small a sample to be considered representative, but it may demonstrate the concepts and encourage further research. Techniques could be refined and extended to other regions and activities, as expanding marine interests share limited space. Impact statementOffshore wind power for climate change mitigation must be developed in coexistence with fishing and other ocean uses. The Automatic Identification System provides detailed data on fishing and other activities. We show an application of these data to inform spatial solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)—the simplest and most common silicone compound—exemplifies the central characteristics of its class and has attracted tremendous research attention. The development of PDMS‐based materials is a vivid reflection of the modern industry. In recent years, PDMS has stood out as the material of choice for various emerging technologies. The rapid improvement in bulk modification strategies and multifunctional surfaces has enabled a whole new generation of PDMS‐based materials and devices, facilitating, and even transforming enormous applications, including flexible electronics, superwetting surfaces, soft actuators, wearable and implantable sensors, biomedicals, and autonomous robotics. This paper reviews the latest advances in the field of PDMS‐based functional materials, with a focus on the added functionality and their use as programmable materials for smart devices. Recent breakthroughs regarding instant crosslinking and additive manufacturing are featured, and exciting opportunities for future research are highlighted. This review provides a quick entrance to this rapidly evolving field and will help guide the rational design of next‐generation soft materials and devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The anterior‐posterior spread concept is relied upon to understand the bioengineering aspects of cantilevers in fixed complete denture prostheses. This concept is not evidence‐based. With no other category existing in contemporary implant dentistry, this conventional anterior‐posterior spread concept may have limited more precise and accurate biomechanical analysis. This paper aims to validate a scientific rationale for utilizing this new prosthesis‐implant arch area ratio instead of the preexisting anterior‐posterior spread concept. Materials and methods: Utilizing the preexisting mathematical principle of "Heron's formula," enabling the calculation of the area of a triangle with three known lengths and no angular information, a new prosthesis‐implant arch area ratio is introduced through algebraic derivation. Geometrically, three different sections of prosthetic cantilevers are defined as: (1) anterior cantilever; (2) lateral cantilever; (3) posterior cantilever. The prosthesis‐implant arch area ratio is defined as the prosthesis arch area (anterior, lateral, or posterior cantilever) divided by the sum of the platform arch area and the selected prosthesis arch area. As a proof‐of‐concept experiment, fifteen different laboratory cast arches (n = 15) were chosen; theorized four implant platforms were referenced from the conventional anterior‐posterior spread ration of 1:1.5, followed by calculating platform arch area and prosthesis arch area using Heron's formula. Then, three different horizontal arch width ratios (1:1, 1.25:1, and 1.5:1) under the constant linear height ratio of anterior‐posterior spread (1:1.5) were drawn to assign different experimental groups of prosthesis arch area on each patient scenario, followed by cantilever comparison combining all ratio values (n = 45). One‐way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc multiple comparison tests were used for statistical analysis. Results: One‐way ANOVA revealed statistical differences of all prosthesis‐implant arch area ratios on each cantilever group; anterior cantilever, F(2, 42) = 8.326, p = 0.0009; lateral cantilever F(2, 42) = 43.92, p < 0.0001; posterior cantilever, F(2, 42) = 26.66, p < 0.0001, as well as cantilever's comparison, F(2, 132) = 240.8, p < 0.0001. Tukey's post hoc test showed a statistically significant ascending trend of prosthesis‐implant arch area ratio as the horizontal width ratio increases. Interestingly, the posterior cantilever had the greatest prosthesis‐implant arch area ratio. Conclusions: Compared to the preexisting anterior‐posterior spread concept, a new prosthesis‐implant arch area ratio seemed to be a more categorized, geometric, and perceptive modality of assessing the prosthetic cantilever in a full‐arch implant‐supported prosthesis, allowing a more systematic indexing of different full‐arch implant clinical scenarios with greater specificity and consistency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Practical engagement, which can be conducted in real, virtual, and simulated modes, is well known to support the cementing of conceptual knowledge in engineering education. This paper proposes integrating the benefits of the different modes in the context of control system learning in a mechatronics engineering course. A low‐cost ball‐on‐beal demonstrator with a Matlab/Simulink software interface is used to bridge the theory‐practice divide in teaching state space control theory. The paper examines the contribution of each mode of learning to highlight how student learning is supported across cognitive, affective and systemic domains. Drawing on student feedback, performance data and lecturer observation, the analysis demonstrates that the virtual system supported cognitive and conceptual learning, while the simulated system presented significant systemic challenges. The lack of access to the real system as a result of emergency remote teaching challenges assumptions about the scope of learning possible in only virtual and simulated modes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Model‐based systems engineering (MBSE) is an increasingly accepted practice in the Systems Engineering (SE) community, however, little has been done to empirically show that MBSE provides value. Furthermore, as the industry continues in the direction of digital transformation, MBSE will become a critical component of the larger Digital Engineering (DE) approach. This paper presents a measurement framework for selecting and developing appropriate metrics to assess the value/benefits of MBSE and subsequently DE. Utilizing expected benefits identified in a review of MBSE literature, a causal map was hypothesized to show how expected benefits (potential metrics) influence and relate to each other. This was done in order to systematically determine which benefits would be the most impactful to measure. The hypothesized causal model was presented for feedback to subject‐matter experts from a working group developing the first DE measurement framework. This group is a joint effort with industry, academia, and the USA government to develop DE metric standards. Once the causal map was finalized, a case study was used to partially validate the causal model. Based on the causal map and subsequent analysis, we can recommend the first metrics to be employed for DE/MBSE based on the most influential nodes of the causal model. The potential metric candidates include: system quality, defects, time, rework, ease of making changes, system understanding, Effort, accessibility of information, collaboration, project methods/processes, and use of DE/MBSE tools. We believe a concerted effort across the industry to focus on measuring these variables is the most effective way to establish proof of the value of MBSE and DE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The techniques presented in introductory engineering textbooks for modeling and analysis of experimental data nowadays are essentially the same as the ones that were presented over 35 years ago. Considerable potential now exists for dramatic improvements in data correlation and analysis because of the introduction of personal computers along with user-friendly interactive software which performs linear and nonlinear regressions and yields standard statistical results. This article presents some basic statistical concepts which are required to understand the results obtained from a regression package and demonstrates, using an example of vapor pressure correlation the proper technique for modeling and analysis of experimental data. Our experience and student performance has indicated that a 1st-year course for engineering students can effectively introduce students to the correlation and the modeling of experimental data. This capability can be given to students during two lectures and a 1-hour computer laboratory period plus an appropriate assignment, provided that an interactive regression package (Polymath or EZfit, for example) or a spreadsheet program with multiple linear regression capabilities is available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The volume at hand presents the Special Issue on "Distributed Complex Systems: Governance, Engineering, and Maintenance". The Special Issue has been originally conceived within the context of the 2nd International Workshop on Governing Adaptive and Unplanned Systems of Systems (GAUSS 2020), one of the co‐located events of the 31st International Symposium on Software Reliability Engineering (ISSRE 2020). The authors of the best papers at GAUSS 2020 have been invited to submit an extended version of their previous work. In addition, the editors opened the submission also to all the other researches working on technical and managerial solution for governing Distributed Complex Systems. Ultimate objective of the editors with this Special Issue is to promote discussions focusing on anticipating, mitigating, or reacting to scenarios that were unplanned or under‐specified at design time. This open Special Issue collects both invited contributions from the 2nd International Workshop GAUSS 2020, co‐located with ISSRE 2020, and works from the whole research community. The Special Issue collects eight valuable research articles: four from GAUSS and four from the open call. Overall, the addressed topics span from the design, the development, the validation, and the continuous maintenance of distributed complex systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Engineering competition teams (ECTs) allow college students to learn about and practice leadership within a technical domain, yet we know little about the mechanisms by which leadership development occurs within these teams. This paper explores how ECT participation contributes to students' leadership identity development (LID). Purpose: This paper addresses the following research questions:RQ1: How does the ECT experience contribute to students' relational LID?RQ2: What other factors influence ECT participants' LID?RQ3: Does the ECT experience provide opportunities for LID that are different from those provided by other experiences? Design: This paper reports the second phase of a mixed‐methods study. ECT members participated in individual semistructured interviews. Transcripts were analyzed via an interpretivist approach using deductive and constant comparative methods. The analysis employed the LID model as the primary theoretical construct. Results: ECTs contributed to most participants' LID. Factors affecting the extent of development included project complexity, team practices related to the claiming and granting of a leadership identity, positional leadership experience, involvement with other organizations, and preconceptions of leadership. Compared with other experiences, ECTs placed more emphasis on leadership based in expertise. Technical competence was considered a key attribute of ECT leaders. Conclusions: ECTs enhanced the LID of most participants, helping them understand leadership as a relational process. The LID model offers promise for designing engineering leadership development programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The substantial growth in gamification research has connected gamified learning to enhanced engagement, improved performance, and greater motivation. Similar to gamification, personalized learning analytics dashboards can enhance student engagement. Objectives: This study explores the student experiences and academic achievements using a gamified dashboard in a large, introductory STEM course. Methods: We examined two groups of students enrolled in different sections of a one‐semester‐long physical geology course with a total enrollment of 223 students. The only difference between the groups was that one had access to the dashboard. The data collection included students' assignments, overall performances, and exam scores. Students in both sections completed a Science Literacy Concept Inventory survey at the beginning and end of the term. Additionally, students completed an end‐of‐term survey containing open‐ended questions on their experience and interactions with specific elements. Results: Students shared mostly positive comments about their experience with the dashboard, and the final grade of students with access to the dashboard was 13% higher, on average, compared to their peers in the non‐dashboard section. Conclusion: With low costs and little time invested, gamified dashboards could have a significant impact on student performance in large STEM lecture courses. Lay Description: What is already known about this topic: Leaner dashboards that provide personalized feedback are linked to improved student performance in undergraduate STEM courses. However, students may be reticent to adopt dashboards, especially students in the middle range of the performance distribution, for whom the impact of the dashboard may be most significant.Prior research on gamification in STEM courses suggests that adding gameful elements like progress trackers, badges, and rewards can increase students' engagement in undergraduate coursework.The combination of personalized learning in dashboards and the motivational experience of gamification should boost student engagement, dashboard adoption, and ultimately foster academic achievement. What this paper adds: In this paper, we examine the differences in academic performance between students with and without access to a gamified learning dashboard in an undergraduate Geology course.We observe that students with access to the dashboard (the treatment group), outperform students without access (the control group). The greatest benefit is observed for students who use the dashboard more frequently.Students reported that the progress tracker, the badges, and the rewards all incentivized their use and provided useful feedback about their performance. Students who did not adopt the dashboard expressed a need for more detail about the tool and its purpose. Implications for practice and/or policy: Instructors and instructional designers for large enrollment undergraduate STEM courses should consider the affordances of gamified learner dashboards for increasing engagement and for providing synchronous feedback about learners' strategies in the course.Aligning the dashboard to the content of the curriculum—by ensuring that badges reflect key concepts‐ encouraged participation and helped students identify the utility of the tool. Dashboards should be personalized to individuals and to the course.Adding gameful elements in a low‐cost intervention for increasing adoption and engagement of dashboards in large enrollment introductory courses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In August 2021 the ISO 21434:2021 standard for Road vehicles—Cybersecurity Engineering has been published. At the same time the blue book from VDA (Verein der Deutschen Automobilgesellschaft; German Automotive Association) for Automotive SPICE cybersecurity assessments has been released. In addition in the period September–December 2021 the training material for iNTACS (INTernational Assessor Certification Schema) certified Automotive SPICE for cybersecurity assessors has been developed. Since February 2022 the upgrade training of assessors worldwide has started. Beside the ASPICE (Automotive SPICE) for cybersecurity blue book also a red book from VDA has been published. The red book describes the questions to check in an ACSMS (Automotive CyberSecurity Management System) audit. This paper explains the main strategy and content for ASPICE for Cybersecurity assessments and how such assessments are integrated to the overall ACSMS strategy. Also, the paper outlines an example method and tool used in ASPICE for cybersecurity assessments and how such assessment results will look like. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates whether free access to scientific literature increases the participation of under‐represented groups in scientific discourse. To this end, we aggregate and match data tracing access to Sci‐Hub, a widely used black open access (OA) repository or shadow library, and publication data from the Web of Science (WoS). We treat the emergence of Sci‐Hub as an exogenous event granting relatively unrestricted access to publications, which are otherwise hidden behind a paywall. We analyze changes in the publication count of researchers from developing countries in a given journal as a proxy for general participation in scientific discourse. Our results indicate that in the exemplary field of mathematics, free access to academic knowledge is likely to improve the representation of authors from developing countries in international journals. Assuming the desirability of greater international diversity in science (e.g., to generate more original work, reproduce empirical findings in different settings, or shift the research focus toward topics that are overlooked by researchers from more developed countries), our findings lend evidence to the claim of the OA movement that scientific knowledge should be free and widely distributed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper, a first‐person account, describes a community psychology‐aligned intervention into a precalculus mathematics class at an Hispanic Serving Research Institution. The intervention was designed because the standard precalculus mathematics class had a high failure rate, especially for Latinx students, which was serving as a barrier for declaration of a Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics major. The high failure rate indicates a structural problem that requires a structural intervention. The paper is coauthored with the teaching team, undergraduates who had taken the course, a graduate student who evaluated the class, and a community psychologist. We describe the ways that the new course, the College Math Academy, transformed the social environment through capacity building, providing access to valued resources for historically marginalized groups, facilitating opportunities to critique dominant power structures, prioritizing perspectives and experiences of people of color, and promoting understanding of how various social forces shape culture and values. The course also decentered white educational norms via adapting decoloniality and liberatory practices. In turn, each person describes their experience of the course. We draw on the first‐person accounts to show how they illustrate a transformative, decolonial, and liberatory social environment. We end with implications for how community psychologists can work in their universities to support structural change. Highlights: Changes to Precalculus class to better serve Latinx students.First person account of how structural course change shifted the classroom experience for students.Integration of a decolonial social enviornment intervention into a college math class. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the influence of the gate voltage of the power amplifier (PA) on the drain current and efficiency. This study proposes a theory of controlling input non‐linearity to improve the efficiency of PAs. The theoretical efficiency of the inverse Class F PA that controls the input nonlinearity is within the range of 77% to 97%. A new design method for the inverse Class F PA reconstructs the design of the load admittance space into a region instead of a point. To verify the validity of the proposed theory, an inverse Class F PA is designed and fabricated using a commercial 10 W GaN high electron mobility transistor (HEMT). Results of the measurement show a high drain efficiency (DE) of 78.5%, an output power of 41.6 dBm, and a large signal gain of 12.1 dB at 1.5 GHz. The overall PA's size is controlled at 80*50 mm2$$ \mathrm{m}{\mathrm{m}}^2 $$. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Effective learning in computer programming courses has been a constant challenge for university teachers and has become a relevant competence for current professionals. The literature on gamification in learning presents mixed results, mainly due to problems in instructional design and inconsistency in gamification. Studies with positive empirical results on computer programming formative activities and showing under what conditions gamification is effective still need to be included. Objectives: This study aimed to quantify the effects of gamification techniques in software tools that support computer programming learning applied to data‐structures university students. The study focused on determining whether there are differences in learning when using gamification techniques in online exercising formative activities. The effects of gamification on learning objectives with diverse complexity are studied. Methods: The study was conducted on computer engineering university students following a pretest‐intervention‐posttest design. They were divided into control and experimental groups, where both used a bank of exercises in Moodle to support learning. The experimental group considered gamification techniques, including points, leaderboards, and badges. Results and Conclusions: Gamification techniques significantly outperformed in learning gains in exercising activities without gamification. Regarding learning complexity, increasing taxonomic complexity did not negatively affect gamification learning effects. Lay Description: What is currently known about the subject matter?: Gamification has been explored as a strategy to enhance learning motivation in various educational contexts, including computer programmingLiterature shows mixed quantitative results on learning improvements under gamification.Few studies cover formative exercises, deal with computer programming tasks, or use a LMS like Moodle.Lack of literature exploring the conditions for effective gamification use, and involving learning objective complexity. What does this paper add to the existing body of research?: Quantifies the impact of gamification techniques on learning outcomes, specifically focusing on computer‐programming in university.Provides empirical evidence on gamification significantly improving learning gains compared to non‐gamified data‐structures exercisesGamification is effective in tasks of diverse levels of taxonomic complexity, with consistent effectiveness regardless of learning difficulty. Implications of study findings for practitioners: Gamification techniques, can be used in higher education to enhance student engagement and learning outcomes in computer programmingThe gamification information (e.g. points and ranking) do not require an automatic update, can be processed manually and published daily.It is effective to use gamification for learning tasks of medium‐high difficulty in Moodle on computer programming topics.It is key a thoughtful instructional design when applying gamification, ensuring alignment with learning objectives and task complexity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantification of non‐uniqueness and uncertainty is important for transient electromagnetism (TEM). To address this issue, we develop a trans‐dimensional Bayesian inversion schema for TEM data interpretation. The trans‐dimensional posterior probability density (PPD) offers a solution to model selection and quantifies parameter uncertainty resulting from the model selection from all possible models rather than determining a single model. We use the reversible‐jump Markov chain Monte Carlo sampler to draw ensembles of models to approximate PPD. In addition to providing reasonable model selection, we address the reliability of the inversion results for uncertainty analysis. This strategy offers reasonable guidance when interpreting the inversion results. We make the following improvements in this paper. First, in terms of algorithmic acceleration, we use the nonlinear optimization inversion results as the initial model and implement the multi‐chain parallel method. Second, we develop double factors to control the sampling step size of the proposed distribution, so that the sampling models cover the high‐probability region of the parameter space as much as possible. Finally, we provide the potential scale reduction factor‐η convergence criteria to assess the convergence of the samples and ensure the rationality of the output models. The proposed methodology is first tested on synthetic data and subsequently applied to a field dataset. The TEM inversion results show that probability inversion can provide reliable references for data interpretation through uncertainty analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]