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Purpose – This paper is a rejoinder to Lusch and Vargo's defense of their service-dominant logic paper against criticism. Design/methodology/approach – The paper responds to Lusch and Vargo's defense and criticism of the initial article primarily through examining the logic of their case. Findings – The paper finds that both the charges and the arguments against the criticism have no merit. Research limitations/implications – The paper offers guidance as to the approach needed to advance the study of service marketing. This rejects the notion that viewing all businesses as service entities is a progressive approach but recommends a disjunctive definition of service, which would throw up service-categories that needed to be studied in their own right if progress is to be made. Originality/value – The paper suggests that Lusch and Vargo's S-D-dominant logic is unlikely to be practically fruitful while remaining theoretically limited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose - This paper aims to investigate the potential impacts that differences between UK and US copyright laws for sound recordings have on musicians. It also highlights the needs for continued standardisation of international copyright laws (particularly those for sound recordings), copyright law education for creators, and a need for musicians to re-think future artistic and managerial decisions. Design/methodology/approach - In this critical analysis of current academic literature and legislation, significant differences between the domestic copyright laws of the UK and USA have been identified. The impacts of these differences on musicians are discussed and conclusions drawn. Findings - Findings suggest that there are several significant differences between the UK and US copyright laws for sound recordings, which do impact on musicians in both countries. However, determining the degree of impact is dependent on several contributing factors: the nationality of the musician; the level of success of the musician; the creative roles adopted by the musician; and the ambition of the musician. Research limitations/implications - Research scope was limited to the domestic copyright laws of the UK and USA only; and, specifically, the copyright laws for sound recordings. Findings were generalised for all musicians, regardless of type or genre. Originality/value - This paper is one of the first to investigate the impact of differences in domestic copyright laws on musicians, and identifies several strategy issues that must be considered by musicians when making future artistic and managerial decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to propose an alternative approach to the decision- and policymaking that has been practiced in most developed countries for more than a quarter of a century. Such policies followed, to a greater or lesser degree, the policies adopted in the UK and the USA since the period of the Thatcher and Reagan administrations, respectively. These policies proclaimed the supremacy of the market and downplayed government intervention in the marketplace. Design/methodology/approach - This paper draws upon earlier research by the authors as well as upon published works of other researchers. Findings - Self-interest governed the way policies are formed and through a process of extreme capitalism financial leaders took ever-increasing risks for which executives received lucrative incentive salaries. The recent crash suggests a failure in such policies and this paper proposes an alternative way of operating - the way of altruism. Selfishness and egoism are argued as endemic in economic rationalism and extreme capitalism, replacing selflessness that engenders policies more aligned to altruism. Research limitations/implications - The research is limited by the ability to examine all the research literature in the field at greater depth. However, the examination that has been possibly indicated that self-interest and greed, endemic in extreme capitalism and economic rationalism, have made significant contributions to the recent subprime and global financial crises. Practical implications - This paper provides government and corporate policymakers with an understanding of an alternative value - selflessness as aligned to altruism - than the values of selfishness and greed that are endemic in economic rationalism and extreme capitalism guiding policies that led to the global financial crisis. Originality/value - The paper fulfils an identified need and supports policymakers seeking to achieve just outcomes for all stakeholders across the globe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to outline some of the key issues related to migrant workers, work, public policy and HRM while introducing the five articles included in the special issue. Design/methodology/approach - The paper reports on the issue which is made up of articles that present research based on surveys, interviews and longitudinal census data. Findings - It is evident that high-performing economies attract migrants from lower-performing economies. However, with influxes of migrant labour there are a number of challenges that need to be met at the organisational and policy levels. Research limitations/implications - The indications are that some economies are beginning to slow and this means that migrant flows will also slow or reverse. The implications for migrant-dependent sectors and countries are not clear, although all five papers indicate areas for further research. Practical implications - Each article includes practical implications depending on the sector, skill and country being examined. Practical implications include the role of day labour centres as HR mediators between organisations and employees, the need for culturally sensitive and tailored training programs to assist professional migrants and the need for policies geared towards the assimilation of migrants and return migrants in order to assist their integration into the labour market. Originality/value - The five articles presented here represent a wide range of approaches, skill levels and sectors within the five counties examined: the USA, UK, Australia, Canada, and Finland. Some, such as the US paper which includes the first national survey of day labour worker centres, present findings from a highly under-represented area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose — The purpose of this paper is to devise a new index of wellbeing that includes social and political in addition to economic factors. The new index seeks to assess a country's underlying "enabling environment" — the extent to which individuals are able to live as each chooses. Country rankings using this new measure (the HENX) are compared with the ranking of countries using the UN's popular indicators of development, the human development index and the HPI-2. Design/methodology/approach — The paper describes the necessity of a new index, the subcomponents used in its construction, and the method of construction. Findings — Country rankings are sensitive to which measure is used for the ranking. In particular, the USA and UK fare poorly when ranked by the HPI-2 but their rankings improve dramatically when the HENX is used. Originality/value — If a measure of the enabling environment of a country is deemed to be important as a measure of the wellbeing of citizens, and if political and social dimensions are deemed to be important to this environment, rankings of the most developed economies by the UN fail to adequately capture the countries' relative positions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Purpose--The purpose of this paper is to evidence the emergence of new forms of work organisation which if observed could be seen as consistent with the concept of the "learning factory". This is attempted through reporting the views of those workers engaged in team based operations and reflects upon the emerging role of first-line and team-based supervisors. The implications of such developments are then considered from the perspective of the current HR plant managers. Design/methodology/approach--This paper reports on a study of 18 US and UK automotive component suppliers. The information gathered included questionnaire data detailing management practices and giving plant level performance measures. The paper draws primarily on data gathered from interviews conducted with workers, team leaders and managers, including HR managers. Findings--While the majority of plants may be some way from a "learning factor" model there is evidence of changing practices, structures and expectations in each that are in varying ways broadly consistent with elements of this approach. As a consequence of the prioritisation for increases in devolution of responsibility to other employees, the traditional role of the HR manager was seen to be evolving which to a number of managers was creating difficulties. Originality/value--This paper contributes to the growing evidence of the devolvement of traditional "managerial" responsibilities to lower levels within increasingly "lean" manufacturing organisations. It also comments on the evolving role of HR managers in contemporary manufacturing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose -- This paper aims to evaluate the institutional complementarity thesis, which anticipates that the institutional context of the firm will have a considerable influence on the choice and success of employment relations strategies. Focusing on two liberal market economies, the paper presents analysis of secondary data from the US airline industry and primary data from UK civil aviation to assess the power of the institutional context on employment relations. Design/methodology/approach -- Secondary data were drawn from trade journals, newspaper reports and other civil aviation information sources such as the Civil Aviation Authority database. Primary data collection involved interviews with airline management, officials at the British Air Line Pilots Association, and pilots. A large-scale questionnaire survey of pilots was also conducted. Findings -- In both liberal market economies airlines have adopted a range of employment relations strategies, which demonstrates the robustness of strategic management choice. Moreover, in both the UK and the USA, airlines with institutionally complementary employment relations strategies performed less well over a range of measures than their counterparts with employment relation strategies more closely aligned with coordinated market economies. Originality/value -- The findings identify best practice in the management of people in the airline industry and build a business case for cooperating with employees and their trade unions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose -- This paper aims to undertake a study of national configurational demographics in order to determine the spread of understanding of the chairman's role, performance and contribution. Designs/methodology/approach -- Qualitative methodology, exploratory in nature through in-depth interviews and workshop discussion involving 103 UK, US and Australian participants, was undertaken. Findings -- The role of chairman is considered as having a distinct effect on board dynamics, role and contribution and the monitoring and support of management. Nine demographic factors are identified as affecting the manner in which the role of chairman is exercised in the UK, USA and Australia. Research limitations/implications -- The findings of this qualitative exploratory study need to be integrated into a quantitative empirical survey in order to ascertain the validity of the results to date. Practical implications -- The two key conclusions highlight the requirement for governance due diligence, examining the financial and competitive strength of the organisation as well as uncovering contextual sensitivities. Originality/value -- Insufficient attention has been given to the role of chairman. The study offers additional insight on how demographic factors influence the shaping and determination of the role of chairman. This paper should be of interest to practitioners, consultants, line managers, board members, chairmen, management academics and business studies students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose - The aims of the paper are to examine the nascent area of corporate marketing. Design/methodology/approach - The paper draws on some of the key literature relating to the history of marketing thought. Findings - The study reiterates the case that corporate identity, corporate branding, corporate communications, and corporate reputation should be integrated under the umbrella title of corporate marketing. The paper introduces the 6Cs of corporate marketing. Originality/value - The paper integrates British and US perspectives on the area and draws on Balmer's work vis-à-vis corporate marketing and Greyser's historical overview of marketing written for the Marketing Science Institute (MSI). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to develop an analysis of the improbable events of housing market bubbles occurring in a period when US and UK central bankers were responding to perceived risks of a new deflation.Design/methodology/approach The methodology focuses on how the anti-deflation policies implemented by the Federal Reserve and the Bank of England contributed to the housing market bubbles. The central bankers perceived the deflation as a Keynesian short-run deficiency in aggregate demand, triggered by a financial crisis. Indications are that the deflation is in the nature of long-run aggregate-supply-driven trend as explained in Veblen’s theory of “chronic” deflation driven by cost-reducing advances in technology and globalization.Findings The Keynesian anti-deflation policies of the Federal Reserve and Bank of England failed to counter the deflation risks while contributing to housing market bubbles. Moreover, the policies failed to address the structural problems of unemployment and income inequality associated with long-run aggregate supply deflation.Originality/value Effective policies must be based on a correct theoretical understanding of the problems. The chronic nature of the new deflation points to the need for new approaches to deal with the negative income and employment effects that exclude an increasing number from the housing markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to summarize the Group of Thirty's recommendations and explain how they relate to other concurrent financial market regulatory initiatives in the USA. UK, and Europe. Design/methodology/approach - The paper summarizes the report's four core recommendations, describes how they relate to recent reports by the US Treasury Department, the US Chamber of Commerce, and Committee on Capital Markets Regulation, and discusses how they may signal the direction of forthcoming domestic and coordinated international regulation. Findings - Momentum has been building for consolidation, increased oversight, and international coordination of the legal and regulatory framework that governs the financial industry. The report has an unabashedly pro-regulatory agenda. Originality/value - The paper provides helpful reference on the current direction of international financial institution regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marketing is a relatively recent field of study in British educational institutions. The progressive establishment of marketing in the educational curricula has proceeded during a period when the scope of marketing has increasingly been questioned. The re-examination process has been most evident in the United States, but is also reflected in the British literature[1]. A number of American writers have suggested that marketing faces an "identity crisis": confusion resulting from different conceptions of marketing[2]. Since the academic development and teaching of a subject is inextricably tied to educators' conceptions of the field of study, the topic is considered important. Nickels[3] has reported a survey carried out in America exploring this matter. The purpose of this paper is to present the findings of a similar survey carried out in Britain. As well as describing British teachers' conceptions of marketing, some comparative analysis is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the growth of gambling and risk management in the financial services industry. An evaluation of the world gambling industry has been presented in terms of the annual turnover. The ideas at a Centre for the Study of Financial Innovation conference in November 2003 showing the overlaps between the betting and traditional risk transfer products have been discussed in the article. Some surveys on the gambling industry in the United States and Great Britain have also been discussed in financial terms.

The article focuses on an action perspective on new industrial relations in Great Britain offshore oil industry. The paper examines problems involved in developing collective bargaining in the traditionally non-union environment of the strategically important Great Britain offshore oil industry. In doing so, it provides evidence on the success of the new stakeholder industrial relations environment established by the present Great Britain government Drawing on an in-depth insight into management and union strategies gained from action research. During the 1990's, developments in industrial/labour relations received increasing attention in the U.S. and Great Britain, following earlier commentary on the U.S. mutual commitment models and more recent discussion of partnership agreements by Great Britain New Labour government as a key element of their stakeholder ethos on industrial policy. Thus there was a strand of powerful and official rhetoric in Great Britain of collaboration between employers and new model unions.

This paper reports some preliminary findings from a research project on the management of problem solving and continuous improvement in UK and US first tier automotive component manufacturers. It draws on organizational theory to interpret emerging structures, relationships and roles in the light of recent work on the "learning factory" model of manufacturing. There is considerable evidence of shifting patterns of roles and responsibilities, especially for operators, front-line managers and a new cadre of continuous improvement specialists, but only limited evidence of knowledge transfer across organizational boundaries. Overall the findings suggest that there are various routes toward the learning factory and that ultimately this model of operations is likely to have numerous practical incarnations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes some of the outcomes from a two-year research project conducted by members of the Centre for Executive Development at the University of Ulster. In initiating the research the authors were mindful of the fact that the principal and available, "off the shelf", frameworks of managerial competence had been researched outside of Northern Ireland and were largely focused on lower level managers employed within the larger organizations. This decision enabled the authors to prosecute, via the research process, an objective of seeding, stimulating and spreading a debate on top team competency within and across companies in Northern Ireland. Further, it enabled one to rethink and tackle some of the voiced issues, concerns and criticisms of existing approaches to, and frameworks of, managerial competence. In particular, the project sought to address: The disparity which has grown up between, on the one hand, approaches to competence developed in the USA and, on the other hand, those approaches being adopted in the Great Britain.

Purpose - This research has been conducted with the aim of determining if celebrity endorsers in political party advertising have a significant impact on UK voter intentions. The use of celebrity endorsements is commonplace in the USA, but little is known about its effects in the UK. This research also aims to incorporate the use of celebrity endorsements in political party advertising with the political salience construct. Political salience represents how prominent politics and political issues are in the minds of the eligible voter. Design/methodology/approach - A 2 (endorser: celebrity; non-celebrity) × 2 (political salience: high; low) between-subjects factorial design experiment was used. The results show that celebrity endorsements do play a significant role in attitudes towards the political advert, attitudes towards the endorser and voter intention. However, this effect is significantly moderated by political salience. Findings - The results show that low political salience respondents were significantly more likely to vote for the political party when a celebrity endorser is used. However, the inverse effect is found for high political salience respondents. Practical implications - The results offer significant insights into the effect that celebrity endorsers could have in future elections and the importance that political salience plays in the effectiveness of celebrity endorsement. If political parties are to target those citizens that do not actively engage with politics then the use of celebrity endorsements would make a significant impact, given the results of this research. Originality/value - This research would be of particular interest to political party campaigners as well as academics studying the effects of advertising and identity salience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose — The article aims to identify differences in consumers' evaluations of goods made in either the USA or China at different levels of analysis; to trace variations in consumers' evaluations with regard to various cues characterizing US or Chinese goods; and to provide a comparison of consumers' evaluations between US and Chinese goods at different levels of analysis and across different product cues. Design/methodology/approach — The study builds hypotheses that correspond to each of the three research objectives. Information was received through personal interviews from a sample of 404 British consumers, aged 18 years and above. Respondents were randomly selected at central locations using a systematic stratified procedure. Data were gathered using a structured questionnaire, with questions focusing separately on the USA and China, at five different levels of analysis, and in six different categories of product cues. Using confirmatory factor analysis, the reliability and validity of the scales were found to be satisfactory. The hypotheses were tested using either student-t or ANOVA statistics. Findings — The results provide support to all three hypotheses, revealing that there are significant differences in consumer evaluations across the various levels of analysis, caused mainly by the brand, which overshadows country-of-origin effects in the case of the USA, but emphasizes these effects in that of Chinese goods. Research limitations/implications — The results of the study have serious implications for corporate and public policy-makers, especially for the countries involved in the analysis. These implications should be seen within the context of various geographical, product, time, and other limitations, which provide the basis for undertaking future research on the subject. Originality/value — As opposed to extant research on country-of-origin effects, the study offers a multi-level and multi-cue comparison for products manufactured by two major actors in the international trade arena (USA and China), as these are perceived by consumers living in an important developed market (the UK). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the difference in the approach of the United States and the United Kingdom to business and public diplomacy. Diplomacy is performed in two aspects, which are communication between one government and another government and in the form of private discussions. Technological innovations and mass media also changed how diplomacy works since conversations between state leaders could not be exclusively done between themselves. The different approach of the United States and the United Kingdom led to the conclusion of a need for a more open and comprehensive position on public diplomacy.

There are many ways to construct an incentive program. However, most compensation plans tend to be focused on profitability and profitability-related accomplishments with little or no incentive for corporate social responsibility. Director's compensation continues to climb with the United States leading and Britain following modestly behind The question as to where fair pay ends and over-compensation begins - and what that means for the community - is rarely raised In order to understand the impact of fair and over-compensated director's pay on other stakeholders, a geo-political perspective is proposed that builds on knowledge of existing theories of the firm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines whether business really is undergoing a revolution or just the latest in a series of incremental changes with the universal and seemingly exponential spread of Internet technology. While it is tempting to regard the Internet as a unique challenge through its dual role as a driver of change and provider of tools for change, the article begins by drawing on a number of historical precedents in order to question some of the "hype" surrounding current Internet developments. By analyzing relevant literature and primary data from a number of case studies. In Great Britain and the U.S., the particular challenges facing marketing are then examined to establish whether there are any parallels in marketing history from which lessons for the future may be learned.

This article examines the issue of uprating the minimum wage. It argues that this issue is nearly as important as the level of the minimum wage, but one that has been relatively neglected. It also maintains that Britain lacks an adequate uprating mechanism and outlines some consequences of this and argues that increases in the United Kingdom have had an erratic pattern that may be related to the electoral cycle. Drawing upon experience in the United States, the article argues that the lack of an adequate mechanism may lead to avoidable and intense political lobbying, greater instability and uncertainty for low paying firms, and unfairness to those on or near minimum wages, who are then held captive to the vagaries of the political process to maintain the value of their incomes. Considers the possible form of any uprating mechanism with an overview of the U.S. and French experience. The article argues that any uprating mechanism must not only maintain the value of the minimum wage in relation to inflation but also to those of more highly paid workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the notion and value of managing diversity to establish its current theoretical positioning and potential organisational significance, focusing on a recent case study examination of equality at work in a major, national public sector organisation. Managing diversity has its origins in the U.S. Its rationale is usually attributed to projections of the U.S. labour force which indicated that white males would form a minority of new entrants in the labour force by the year 2000. However, it has been argued that managing diversity will become increasingly influential in Great Britain in the late 1990s, indeed a strategic business issue for many organisations. That this assertion is credible is due to not only the widespread demographic changes, but also to managing diversity potentially offering a complement or supplement to equal opportunities approaches. In 1996, the Institute of Personnel and Development heralded managing diversity as a vision for the development of equal opportunities.

Addresses an area which has been neglected in the international retailing literature; the internationalization of the fashion designer's brand. Initial exploratory research revealed that there were 114 international fashion design houses competing for a global market of around £24 billion. Further research by postal questionnaire to entrants into the UK market, in addition to semi-structured interviews with European and US designers, confirmed that this market was buoyant, fuelled by the development of diffusion Lines for the mass market. Identifies four stages of market development: wholesale channels to department stores; the creation of ready-to-wear flagships; large diffusion flagships; the opening of stores in provincial cities. In order to acquire capital to enable this expansion, over 60 per cent of all fashion designers are now public limited companies. Even then franchising of stages 3 and 4, diffusion line development, is often franchised to third parties with the designer maintaining control over the product and its brand image. Between 20-30 per cent of gross margin is spent on advertising support to create global campaigns to enhance brand image in foreign markets. However, there is increasing tension between the desire to be exclusive yet becoming involved in product line extensions and widespread distribution which could ultimately dilute the brand's value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reviews the history of accountancy professionalization in the U.S. and Great Britain. Also, it identifies the persistent struggle of accountants in the both countries with the conflicting phenomena of economic self-interest and public duty. The article is divided into difference sections: The nature of professionalization, the birth of the accountancy profession, establishing and defending professionalization, and a retrospect and prospect. The article reveals how professional accountancy in both countries evolved from internalized disputes to externalized defences of the professional mission. This evolution caused the actions of the accountants to be scrutinized increasingly in public. The accountancy profession which developed into a powerful sector in the modern economy was not free of major problems. The most significant issue was the persistent public criticism of accountants and their services. The study found that accountants used the public interest argument continuously as a means of protecting their economic self-interest.

Offers a flexible training package to provide executives with tools to deal both with changes in the global environment and in the nature of the corporation in Great Britain. Understanding of crisis decision making, international bargaining and negotiation skills; Guidance on corporate planning in a regional and international context relevance to the international operations of corporation.

The study presented in this article addresses a gap in the product-planning literature, which is the approaches companies use to tackle product launch and elimination decisions. In the prescriptive literature the product launch decision is given as the final stage of the new product development process. Product launch and elimination decisions were investigated with respect to a range of dimensions of decision making in samples of Great Britain and the U.S. companies. The study identified several approaches to tackling these decisions, based on differences in their decision-making behavior. Review of the product planning literature revealed few empirical studies, with the majority of the literature being conceptual contributions. This study also addressed formality in the product elimination process. These conclusions relate directly to the need to study the actual decision on whether or not to eliminate products. The main conclusion was that the organizational contextual variables and external environment variables that were investigated give only a partial explanation of formality within the process.

This article presents information related to a comparative history of advertising self-regulation in the Great Britain and the United States. The purpose of this article is to describe and compare the British and American systems of advertising self-regulation, seeking to identify the factors that were important in determining their present forms. Advertising self-regulation has been an increasingly important topic in many countries in recent years, but there is little literature on its history and development. An understanding of history has a practical value in helping one to understand the present and facilitating judgements about needed changes in the future. It seems likely that a comparative analysis of circumstances and actions leading to the establishment of the British and US systems of self-regulation may hold lessons not only for the two systems themselves, but also for those of other countries in varying stages of development. In most "Westem", economically developed nations with a market system, business executives, consumers and govemment officials usually agree that advertising is a legitimate and important business activity.

Researchers used the product life cycle concept to explain the behaviour of the U.S. exports of manufactures. They suggested that a new product will first be produced in a technologically advanced country which has plenty of scientific and engineering skills, in relatively small quantities and using skilled labour, and sold in the home market. Empirical tests in the 1960's established that the international product life cycle approach fits the experience of the United States trade. Most of them found that the international product life cycle model had strong predictive power in the first two or three decades after World War II, especially in explaining United States trade flows. However, the international environment has changed so much recently with the growth of multinational companies that the international product life cycle model may become inappropriate for the modern industrialized economy. The results of an empirical investigation show that there is a strong positive correlation between "growth" sectors and export performance. This finding is consistent with the international product life cycle hypothesis that "growth" products tend to be export competitive. Therefore, this study shows that the international product life cycle model is still valid.

Recent years have seen a profusion of new models for strategic analysis. Their common purpose is to guide decision as to which business/product areas to focus on, which to downplay, and to define the strategies consequent upon such decision. Theory and have imagined that such structures can be simply used like any other totem of U.S. culture that has weathered the journey overseas. In the U.S. by contrast there exists a strong orientation in favor of change: assumptions of flux and fluidity are sealed into the culture. Few products are allowed to survive long enough to become emblematic of the "American Way." Moreover, effective strategic planning depends on the accessibility of information, and such access is a preoccupation in the U.S., but in many countries there are all sorts of cultural impediments to collecting it. Strategic planning is often stimulated by the existence or anticipated existence of aggressive competition. Likely threats have to be prepared for: but in many societies, monopolies are permissible e.g. in the Great Britain or competition is even restricted by law as part of the accepted cultural norm of reciprocity between dominant groups.

The article presents the findings of several studies on industrial training conducted in 1991. According to a survey by the American Society for Training and Development, training and development continue to be gaining ground in the U.S. despite of the recession in the country. Analysts from Key Note have projected a £22.3 billion growth in industrial training in Great Britain. According to a survey of major companies in Great Britain and Europe conducted by the Economist Intelligence Unit, management training providers are well-supported and they consider the courses to be good investment.