Search

Due to the large-scale integration of renewable energy and inevitable disturbing events (including natural disasters and deliberate attacks), the invulnerability of power grids is facing a great challenge, thus the security criterion is demanded to upgrade from N − 1 to N − k. However, with the increasing of k and the expanding of network scale, resource consumption of network expansion shows an exponential explosion. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the invulnerability of power grids from a new perspective. In this paper, the definition of nodal N − k security criterion is proposed, which divides buses into different security levels based on realistic demand, and decouples the security analysis from the system level to individual nodes. A two-stage robust optimization model is established, cooperating with the nodal N − k security criterion, the load demand of critical buses could be guaranteed. Moreover, the proposed discrepant upgrade scheme is flexible and has strong generalization performance, where enhanced buses and security levels can be selected independently based on the preferences of decision-makers. The effectiveness and efficiency of the proposal have been demonstrated in 5 cases, i.e., the IEEE 9-bus, 24-bus, 57-bus, 118-bus systems and an actual test system in India. • The definition of nodal N − k security criterion is proposed. • A defender–attacker–defender (DAD) model cooperating with the criterion is established. • A gradual and progressive enhancement framework is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a novel approach to designing and optimizing a Solar-Wind Hybrid Energy System (SWHS) for an Electric Vehicle Charging Station (EVCS) and a university shopping complex in India. Objectives include addressing sustainable energy challenges, ensuring reliability, and minimizing the Levelized Power Supply Price (LPSP). Key contributions encompass a two-stage framework for optimal SWHS configuration, consideration of uncertainties in renewable energy generation, and the use of the Ebola Optimization Search Algorithm (ESOA). The first stage models SWHS components, formulates an objective function, and addresses reliability to minimize LPSP. The second stage employs ESOA, inspired by Ebola spread, exploring both local and global search spaces. Simulation results and a load profile analysis validate the proposed framework and ESOA's performance, observing a significant improvement of 15% in LPSP and a 10% increase in system reliability. The study provides insights into optimal Distributed Generation (DG) sizing in SWHS, ensuring reliable and cost-effective power supply for EVCS and commercial applications, contributing to the renewable energy system design and optimization field. The analysis indicates an enhanced system reliability by 10 % and a notable reduction in LPSP by 15 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sustainability transition of electricity sectors is a matter of competition between multiple emerging renewable systems and dominant, established conventional systems. These transitions are multi-dimensional and are featured with non-linear and causal interactions between social, technical, economic and political components. Understanding the dynamic of transitions, i.e. how transitions unfold, can inform effective policy interventions. This paper aims to present a narrative-modelling approach to improve the understanding and description of transition dynamics in electricity sectors. The central ideas of the paper are: (1) the use of qualitative transition narratives helps to capture the co-evolving nature of society and technology which are simplified in modelling approaches; (2) narratives, with concepts from the sustainability transitions field, also guide the development of a model structure; and (3) computational models, in return, reproduce the complexity of transition dynamics, i.e. feedback loops, non-linearity, and time delays—the features which are impracticable to analyse with transition narratives alone. We use the historical transition of India's electricity sector to demonstrate the implementation of our proposed approach. First, an overview of the transition narratives is presented and the model structure, developed based on the narratives, is explained. Then, it is argued how the coupling of the narratives and model improves our understating of the positive impacts as well as the side-effects of stable feed-in tariffs and accelerated depreciation on the penetration levels of wind and solar electricity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With increasing awareness towards environmental concern, efforts are made to reduce harmful effects of conventional electricity generation methods and uses of renewable sources of energy to generate electricity. India has enormous potential of renewable energy resources to meet its power generation requirements. India can meet with global footsteps in the economic and social advances through the advancement in field of renewable sources. In remote area applications, where grid approach is either not feasible or very costly, hybrid energy systems are recommended to supply electric power needs of single or multiple user utility for household or irrigation applications. In the areas where grids are not connected, electrical power can be generated by solar cells, wind turbine generators, hydro power plants or diesel engine generators. Multiple sources can be combined for generating the desired electrical energy for remote areas. When majority of the sources are renewable generating sources, then the combination is known as Hybrid Energy System. The purpose of this study is to provide a conceptual framework for hybrid system setup, modeling, renewable energy sources, criteria for hybrid system optimization and control strategies, and software utilized for optimal sizing. In addition, this paper gives a mathematical model of the hybrid system components, highlighting the significance of power reliability and system cost, and discusses a comparison of the most popular topologies utilized for the implementation and sizing of HRES. This article concludes with a comprehensive review of the various algorithms and software programmes utilized for size optimization. Then the paper also discuss the various uncertainty analysis in HRES size optimization. • This paper present a review of HRES size optimization and forecasting methodologies. • The comprehensive review of HRES optimization and software tools is presented. • For knowledge collection of HRES, various reviews and surveys are conducted in past. • Old literature not give social, technical, economic, environmental, reliability aspect. • Review of solar and wind forecasting methods are not discussed for HRES optimization.. • Effect of using forecasted weather data on HRES is not properly analyzed till date.. • Performance of HRES optimization algorithm and forecasting effects are analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drastic increases in oil prices and need to reduce global warming are issues that have raised huge public awareness, which in turn encouraged many developed and developing countries to adopt new energy policies. Renewable energy resources are gaining fast attention in solving power supply problems in almost every area to shield the environment. In solving power supply problem standalone microgrid systems including renewable energy sources plays a key role. For a stand-alone renewable power delivery system, battery is the crucial component which allows storing excess renewable energy and further using the energy as and when needed by the load. In order to achieve the best performance and utilization the state of charge of the batteries should be assessed. This paper presents heuristic approaches to evaluate the state of charge (SOC) of lead–acid battery through optimal power generation in a standalone hybrid wind-solar renewable power delivery system. The mathematical analysis is made by the application of modified heuristic techniques, i.e. tuned genetic algorithm (TGA) and improved colliding body optimization(ICBO), for a specific loading condition in India. More optimized power is generated by the renewable distributed energy sources when evaluated by ICBO than that achieved by TGA, for both winter and summer load demands. These optimized value of power generated by the application of ICBO, resulted in low average value of SOC. The low values of SOC further prevent the battery from malfunctioning for a longer period of time. In order, to explore more optimal generation pertaining to good value of SOC parametric studies of modified algorithms, i.e. TGA and ICBO have been carried out. A set of critical operational parameters have also been obtained through parametric study of TGO and ICBO for a specific real time load profiles. Thus the reliable and optimal values lead to a better prospect in utilizing standalone renewable power delivery system for Indian future power scenario. Moreover, a comparative study has also been performed in analysing the performances of conventional and non-conventional methods in this regard. It has been found that the heuristic techniques, viz ICBO and TGA delivered 13% and 17% better result in comparison to that obtained by linear programming method respectively. Thus it can be surmise that the heuristic techniques perform well in considering the uncertainties and approximations of real world problem of generation renewable power, pertaining to better values of SOC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Biomass has often been regarded as a promising renewable energy resource to mitigate climate change. However, what will be the impact on global surface temperature if biomass replace fossil fuel remain unclear. This paper, through a case study in Uttar Pradesh, India address this issue by assessing biomass resource potential to reduce fossil fuel demand and mitigate climate change. Impact of biomass power related GHG emissions on global surface temperature is estimated using the Absolute Global Temperature change Potential (AGTP) climate metric. Uttar Pradesh can produce 71 Mt surplus biomass annually, equivalent to 7298 MW power. Power density of biomass range between 0.10 and 0.25 Wm-2. Significant amount of GHG emissions reduction is possible if biomass replace fossil fuel as a power source in the region. Annual GHG emissions associated with 1 MWh of power derived from coal, natural gas and biomass would cause 4.10 × 10−7, 2.40 × 10−7 and 1.25 × 10−7 mK rise in global surface temperature, 100 years after an initial emission, indicating potential of biomass power to mitigate climate change. Variation in spatio-temporal distribution and low power density could be delimiting factors in large-scale deployment of biomass power. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights • Biomass resources and power potentials are assessed for Uttar Pradesh, India. • GHG emissions from biomass power is assessed and compared with fossil fuels. • Climatic impact of power generation is assessed via novel climate metric. • Biomass power can mitigate climate change by replacing fossil fuels. • Spatio-temporal variability and low power density are limitations of biomass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India has a significant importance in achieving the global Paris agreement's long-term goal as it is the world's third-largest consumer of energy. This paper aims to improve the understanding of the opportunities and constraints of decarbonizing India's electricity sector and adds to the growing body of literature by modelling the electricity sector in India with a dynamic optimization approach that assesses options for effective greenhouse reductions through carbon pricing. Attaining significant variable renewable energy penetration in India by 2050 is consistent with the lowest cost power generation options identified through our simulations, where solar and wind can provide 66 % of the electricity needs by 2050, even without a carbon price. With a carbon price of US$50/tCO2e, the simulations project that wind and power generation share in the electricity mix will rise to 81 %, leading to significant emission reductions. In this scenario, power sector emissions will be 164 million tCO2e by 2050, which is only about 14 % of the emissions levels in 2019. The analysis also indicates that fossil fuels remain part of India's electricity mix in 2050, but their role and operation would dramatically change. When a carbon price of US$50/tCO2e is introduced, coal capacity remains valuable to fill demand when solar and wind are not available. This would require modifications in operation schedules and repurposing coal power plants for frequent ramping up and down. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes an integrated decision-making framework for the systematic selection of a renewable energy source (RES) from a set of RESs based on sustainability attributes. A real case study of RES selection in Karnataka, India, using the framework is demonstrated, and the results are compared with state-of-the-art methods. The main reason for developing this framework is to handle uncertainty and vagueness effectively by reducing human intervention. Systematic selection of RESs also reduces inaccuracies and promotes rational decision-making. In this paper, q-rung orthopair fuzzy information is adopted to minimize subjective randomness by providing a flexible and generalized preference style. Further, the study found systematic approaches for imputing missing values, calculating attributes' and decision-makers' weights, aggregation or preferences, and prioritizing RESs, which are integrated into the framework.. Comparing the proposed framework with state-of-the-art-methods shows that (i) biomass and solar are suitable RESs for the process under consideration in Karnataka, (ii) the proposed framework is consistent with state-of-the-art methods, (iii) the proposed framework is sufficiently stable even after weights of attributes and decision makers are altered, and (iv) the proposed framework produces broad and sensible rank values for efficient backup management. These results validate the significance of the proposed framework. • Missing values are imputed systematically in decision matrices. • Hesitation of decision makers is captured during attribute weight calculation. • Decision makers' weights are calculated rationally for aggregation. • Preferences are aggregated by capturing interdependencies among decision makers. • q-rung orthopair fuzzy TODIM is proposed for renewable energy evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a quantitative assessment of Sustainable Energy Security (SES) of the energy demand sub-system for India by calculating a multidimensional SES index. The demand sub-system has been evaluated for four dimensions of SES, viz., Availability, Affordability, Efficiency and (Environmental) Acceptability using 23 selected metrics. A hierarchical structure has been used to construct indices using ‘scores’ (objective values of selected metrics), and ‘weights’ (subjective values, representing importance of each metric) which are then aggregated, to obtain a SES index. Various sectors of the energy demand sub-system are evaluated and dimensional and sectoral indices are calculated for the years 2002, 2007 and 2012. Assessment of the obtained energy indices is undertaken (separately for rural and urban residential sector) and results reveal that all (except one) sectoral indices have shown an increase during the period of assessment. The results show that from 2002 to 2012, the aggregate SES index has increased by approximately 10% which indicates a gradual improvement in the sustainability and security of the energy demand sub-system. However, the SES index is approximately 0.7 (against a desired target of 1.0), which implies that there is still a large scope for improvement in the performance of the India’s energy demand sub-system. A sensitivity analysis of various indices reveals that the SES index is relatively robust to variation in weights allotted to different dimensions and hence provides a reliable assessment of the energy demand sub-system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economic growth and rapid urbanization are resulting into increase in generation of municipal solid waste (MSW). In India, approximately 68 MT of MSW generated annually in urban areas and more than 80% is disposed in unhygienic manner leading to problems of health and environment to inhabitants. To manage MSW, there is a need to plan infrastructure development. There are many technologies available for handling MSW which treat plastic to convert fuel oil by gasification, pyrolysis, biomethanation and catalytic conversions. The useful products like liquid fuels, chemicals and power are being generated through these processes. The final products need to comply with environmental regulations and demand a lot of technological improvement. Based on MSW/feed quality, there is a need to identify the suitable technology for converting MSW into useful products, which can meet the statuary regulations. Hence, treating MSW, converting into useful products and selection of suitable technology is a big challenge. The present paper focuses to compare: • All suitable treatment technologies and products generated from MSW. • Types of thermal treatments like combustion/incineration, gasification and pyrolysis. It also highlights development of a systematic approach to comply with all environmental regulations to create value for all types of MSW and reduce landfill. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable biomass resource has been receiving much attention worldwide due to the depletion of raw material for fossil fuels. However, for proper and optimal exploitation of the available biomass, there is a need to quantify the district-wise availability of biomass in our Country and to prepare a zone-wise recommendation for adopting appropriate technologies for converting the biomass into biofuels. Earlier in 2007-08, TIFAC had carried out an in-depth nationwide survey on biomass generation, consumption, costing patterns and surplus availability from select agro & forest residues. Subsequently, a ‘Centre for Biofuels’ has been set up at National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science & Technology (NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram towards undertaking cutting edge research activities in bio-refinery related technologies. Six biomass feedstock were identified for their abundant availability in India. The Lignocellulosic (LC) ethanol pilot plant with a biomass processing capacity of 80 kg/ day has been completed, wherein the first phase focused on detailed laboratory scale studies for select Indian biomass. The second phase would primarily deal with the validation of laboratory scale data at pilot plant for techno-economic analysis of LC ethanol. TIFAC has recently taken up the task of mapping the current biomass availability and also to assess the technologies for their conversion to biofuel before coming up with zone-wise recommendations. TIFAC would source inputs from both secondary as well as primary research including those from GIS and remote sensing. Automated updation of biomass availability based on current data is also being planned. The paper presents TIFAC initiatives in the biofuel sector – past and present besides recapitulating the technology trend in biofuels sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy has a critical role in limiting the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This paper assesses the implication of aligning renewable energy deployment target with national emission reduction target for mitigation cost. The assessment methodology uses Asia-Pacific Integrated Assessment/computable general equilibrium (AIM/CGE) model to determine the mitigation cost in terms of GDP and welfare loss under alternative renewable targets in different climate-constrained scenarios. A range of country-specific emission constraints is taken to address the uncertainties related to global emission pathway and emission entitlement scheme. Comparative results show that China needs to increase its share of non-fossil fuel significantly in the primary energy mix to achieve the stringent emission reduction target compared to India. The mitigation cost in terms of economic and welfare loss can be reduced by increasing the penetration of the renewable energy to achieve the same emission reduction target. The modeling results show that coordinated national climate and renewable energy policies help to achieve the GHG emission reduction target in an efficient and cost-effective manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Small Hydro Power (SHP) is one of the most important renewable energy generation sources. It is a cost-effective technology that is being used for rural electrification in the developing countries including India. The Indian government is providing attractive initiatives to the private investors to promote faster development of SHP. Until now, a lot has been written about assessment, potential, advantages and the technical aspects of the SHP plants. However, the important business sustainability perspective has not been yet subjected to empirical analysis. Sustainable development involves three interconnected dimensions: social, economic and environmental sustainability. This paper attempts to investigate whether SHP business in India is a sustainable business. The study is based on the analysis of qualitative data acquired through 28 in-depth interviews with various actors that are connected to the SHP industry in India which include Independent Power Producers (IPPs), manufacturers, designers, consultants and representatives of various government organizations. The empirical material was collected in four states of India namely New Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand and Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) in February, 2013. The data was acquired by individual in-depth interviews, group discussions and direct observation of one SHP plant. The results show that all the three dimensions of sustainability are being realized to a certain extent. However, utmost efforts have to be undertaken in order to call this sector completely sustainable. Both benefits and challenges in all these dimensions are highlighted and recommendations towards a sustainable SHP sector are provided. Further, this study also proposes suggestions for the interested investors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nearly all long-term energy projections rely heavily on renewable energy sources on the assumption of abundance. Yet, already today, wind and solar projects can encounter local objections and competition with other uses. This paper presents the ranges of realistic potential supply for solar and wind electricity, using a 1 km 2 grid level analysis covering the whole world at country level. In addition, the potential for building-based solar electricity is assessed. We find that long-term combined potentials range between 730 and 3700 EJ/a worldwide, depending crucially on the acceptable share of land—up to 3.5% of total (non-ice covered) land on earth. Realistic potentials account for limitations such as land-use competition and acceptance, together with resource quality and remoteness as proxies for cost. Today's electricity demand (65 EJ/a) is well covered by the range, but constraints may occur in the long run locally. Amongst large countries, Nigeria and India may need imports to meet electricity demand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to bridge the gaps to produce sustainable energy cost-effectively and technically efficient. The paper explores the techno-economic-environmental viability of photovoltaic (PV)/biomass energy potential for a rural village, Sidhwanbet, Punjab, India. The data investigation was performed by HOMER Pro v3.14 software. A hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) was designed, simulated and modelled to ensure the continuous energy supply for 770 households. The proposed optimal HRES consists of a PV module, biomass generator, converter and battery with the static specification and further improved by optimization. The optimal HRES out of the best five configurations was elected with Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) based on net present cost (NPC), cost of energy generation (COE), operating cost (ƠƇ), initial capital cost (ƗƇƇ), energy generation (ĖƓ), and a renewable fraction (Ȓϯ). The selected optimal HRES has been analyzed for economic, renewable energy and environmental aspects. The sensitivity study had performed while considering the discount and inflation rate. A simulation was performed for a 10-kW biomass generator, 1.1 kW solar array, five lithium-ion batteries, and a 3.96 kW converter. Results revealed that the PV's payback period (PBP) was 1.58 years, less than the useful life of optimal HRES. The cost of constructing an HRES for 25 years was equivalent to $21087, including initial cost, operating, replacement, and project costs. Thus, 35.6% of the necessary electricity is generated with PV and 64.4% biomass under optimal conditions for a 100% renewable energy integration. The CO 2 /year emission performance of optimal HRES is much better than Grid-only and PV-diesel generators. This technique may be used in rural regions in every other developing nation. [Display omitted] • Study of hybrid PV/Biomass/Battery energy for India rural area. • Design and optimization for off-grid electricity generation system using HOMER. • Technically and financially viable optimal configuration costs 0.0362 $/kWh. • System performance economically and environmentally analyzed by sensitivity analysis. • HRES reduced GHG compared to conventional grid and PV-biogas generator only. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: MicroSources and Renewable Energy sources refers to Distributed energy resources(DERs) and MicroGrids refers to a distribution network for electrical energy,starting from electricity generation to its transmission and storage with the ability to respond to dynamic changes on energy supply through co-generation and demand adjustment.Utilising potential of available distributed energy sources, MicroGrids can provide improved electric service reliability and better power quality to end users of electricity at conservative approach which might not be with the MicroGrids (centralized power grids). A worldwide research is going on MicroGrids, its application and control to overcome the weaknesses of the centralized power grids. In India due to power crisis a heavy load shedding has been carried out since last five years as load demand increasing day by day. Presently the concept of MicroGrids has been utilizing in rural areas of countries namely Canada, US, UK, Kenya etc. India is also having rich potential for Distributed energy resources (DERs). In this paper, potential of Distributed energy resources (DERs) in rural areas of Maharashtra state India has been predicted and suggested how application of Microgrids can reduce energy losses, improve power quality, deliver sustained power by Zero Load Shedding Model. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The dairy sector is known to have significant local and global environmental impacts; but it also has proven renewable-energy generation potential. This paper analyzes a specific niche experiment in the Indian dairy industry, wherein cattle waste management is carried out by a multitude of stakeholders. These include the waste collectors, local technology adopters, research institutions, multilateral donor agencies, the Indian government, technology suppliers and operation and maintenance teams who have managed an uninterrupted 1MWe energy production over the past 4 years. This analysis uses the sociotechnical regime framework to study the interaction of social, technological, economic and policy-related aspects relevant to the niche experiment. The analysis shows a potential to contribute to the development of two complementing regimes—one related to cooperative waste management and the other related to grid-connected renewable-energy-based electricity generation. Key factors for a successful development are not only a long-term financing protection through government subsidies to cover higher capital cost and a preferential tariff related to energy throughput, but also the adaptation of technology, the embedding in the local cooperative structure and the removal of regulatory barriers. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

abstract: Rice is a widely grown crop in the South and South-East Asia that leaves substantial quantity of straw in the field. The aim of this paper is to assess the quantity of rice straw produced, estimate Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions based on its current uses, and assess its possible energy potential and related GHG emissions mitigation potential. Updated statistics on rough rice production are used in this study in combination with the literature values on Straw-to-Grain Ratio (SGR) to quantify the amount of rice straw produced in the three countries of focus. It is estimated that 97.19, 21.86, and 10.68 Mt of rice straw residue are produced in India, Thailand, and the Philippines, respectively. In India, 23% of rice straw residue produced is surplus and is either left in the field as uncollected or to a large extent open-field burnt. About 48% of this residue produced is subjected to open-field burning in Thailand, and in the Philippines it is 95%. The GHG emissions contribution through open-field burning of rice straw in India, Thailand, and the Philippines are 0.05%, 0.18%, and 0.56%, and the mitigated GHG emissions when generated electricity is used would be 0.75%, 1.81%, and 4.31%, respectively, when compared to the total country GHG emissions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Waste generation is steadily growing in developing countries such as India due to the continuous growth of industrialization, urbanization, and population. Mismanagement of municipal solid waste (MSW) not only has negative environmental effects but also causes the risk to public health and raises some other socio-economic issues that are worth discussions. Therefore, it is essential to urgently enhance the handling of waste collection, segregation, and safe disposal. Waste-to-energy (WtE) technologies such as pyrolysis, gasification, incineration, and biomethanation can convert MSW, as an appropriate source of renewable energy, into useful energy (electricity and heat) in safe and eco-friendly ways. This review aims at (1) describing the challenges of MSW management, (2) summarizing the health significance of MSW management, (3) explaining the opportunities and requirements of energy recovery from MSW through WtE technologies, (4) explaining several WtE technologies in detail, and (5) discussing the current status of WtE technologies in India. The paper also discusses the challenges to WtE projects in India. Moreover, a number of recommendations are provided for improving the currently implemented solid waste management (SWM) in the Indian context. This review has the potential of helping scholars, researchers, authorities, and stakeholders working on MSW management to make effective decisions. • Municipal solid waste management (MSW) is a serious environmental problem in India. • MSW can be used as a renewable source of energy through various waste-to-energy (WtE) technologies. • A total of 138.3 MW of WtE capacity has been installed in India as on 31st March 2019. • WtE can produce a significant amount of energy from waste thus reduce the issue of MSW management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following India's efforts to mitigate the emission of greenhouse gases, there has been a transition from fossil fuels to clean energy sources, such as solar and wind, in the energy portfolio. The renewable energy sector is widely acknowledged as a fertile ground for employment creation, as it is labour-intensive. Against this backdrop, the main objective of this paper is to provide an empirical explanation of how the growth of renewable energy sources, particularly solar photovoltaic (PV) technology, affects employment creation in India. The findings reveal that, despite a substantial investment in India's solar PV technology, the number of jobs created by the sector declined marginally from 164000 in 2017–114000 in 2018. India's estimated employment elasticity is just 0.004, implying that the level of employment does not show a significant positive response to changes in installed capacity. Almost 60 per cent of the global solar PV workforce is in China, which has become the leading country both in terms of installed capacity of global solar PV technology and manufacturing of solar PV cells and modules. The wide disparity in solar PV employment between India and China is explained by the former's excessive dependence on China for solar PV cells. Alongside climate conservation, India should, therefore, place more emphasis on revitalising the domestic solar manufacturing industry to bring about efficient use of the nation's untapped resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The utilization of renewable energy sources or technologies has grown huge attention from the last few decades. The selection of renewable energy technologies is a laborious task for decision-makers. Therefore, the present study develops a new method using novel divergence and entropy measures of Pythagorean Fuzzy Sets (PFSs) and the Vlsekriterijumska Optimizacija I KOmpromisno Resenje (VIKOR) to evaluate renewable energy technologies. Recently, several studies have been presented regarding PFSs. However, there is very less investigation about the entropy measure of PFSs, particularly there is no study presented for a divergence measure of PFSs in the available literature. Consequently, this paper firstly develops novel information measures for PFSs. Next, the VIKOR method is extended to solve The Multiple-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) problems with PFSs which the information of criteria weights is completely unidentified. To achieve the significant degrees of the Decision-Experts (DEs) and the criteria, new approaches are determined with the help of two developed measures including Pythagorean fuzzy-entropy and Pythagorean fuzzy-divergence. Moreover, an operation is utilized to PF weighted averaging operator for integrating the individual decision information into a group decision matrix. Further, the proposed PF-divergence measure is implemented to determine the particular measure of closeness of the alternatives in the present method. Finally, to exemplify the efficiency of the proposed approach, a selection problem of renewable energy technologies is presented where the evaluation of the energy alternatives versus each criterion is expressed in terms of Pythagorean Fuzzy Numbers (PFNs). The results of this study demonstrated that the proposed PF-VIKOR was effective to select and evaluate renewable energy technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]