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This paper analyzes changes in the distribution of Soviet pulp, paper, and paperboard production between the years 1940 and 1965. Regional variation exists both in physical volume of production and in type of plant. Production of pulp and paper occurs primarily in integrated plants. whereas most paperboard is manufactured in non-integrated mills. but integrated manufacture of all three products has increased between 1940 and 1965. Regional location of production in the Soviet pulp and paper industry has been heavily influenced by historical events, by the Proportion of weight lost during processing of roundwood, by creation of new mills and expansion of older establishments, and by the operational characteristics of Soviet central planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reviews the relations between the federal government of the U.S. and the newsprint paper manufacturers during the years 1918 and 1919. The U.S. Federal Commission started investigations for the causes of rising prices of newsprint paper in 1916 which brought seven of the known manufacturers under the criminal provisions of the Sherman Law. After the hearing, the commission announce the award by fixing the maximum base price of $3.10 per hundred pounds or $62.00 per ton for standard roll news. But manufacturers were not content and they petitioned the Circuit Judges to review the award and an application was also filed with the Commission for a readjustment.

Presents the abstracts of papers presented at the 56th annual meeting of the Association of American Geographers on April 17-21, 1960. Sample study of land use in Santa Fe Valley, Florida; Measurements of manufacturing; Geographic work of Lewis Evans; Teaching marketing geography by the case method; Cattle in Spanish Florida, 1513-1763; Functions of the agricultural colony in the Dominican Republic.

The section of "Laundering and Dry-Cleaning" focuses on the innovations made in disposable items. It is stated that the traditional tissues, throw-away paper napkins and handkerchiefs are being replaced by other disposable items, including panties and bed linen. Some of these products are capable of being washed a few times. The Clothing Group of the Textile Institute discussed the manufacture of disposables at a seminar. It is also stated that although disposables remain a threat to laundries, a mutually satisfactory arrangement can be worked out between them.

With fluctuating sales, a manufacturer must have fluctuating production, or fluctuating inventory, or both Penalties are associated with either type of fluctuation Several papers place this problem into a conventional linear-programming framework This paper suggests that the same problem may be placed into a transportation-method framework and, further, that many transportation problems may be extended to include multiple time periods where this is meaningful A generalized scheduling problem is placed here into the standard form of the transportation table [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A conference paper pertaining to the measurement of economic and marketing efficiency is presented. According to the author, economic efficiency is the proportion of output of income to the input of factors of production. The author lists a number of factors that influence efficiency, including specialization, use of capital and business organization.

This paper makes use of a half-yearly series for planned and actual new capital expenditures in the Australian manufacturing sector to examine two investment relationships. Section I of the paper tests a modified form of the acceleration principle in which unfulfilled investment plans of the previous period enter as an explanatory variable. Section II examines reasons for the non-fulfilment of plans, introducing a new hypothesis involving capacity constraints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pakistan offers a fascinating environment in which to study problems of industrialisation in low income countries. Manufacturing industry has grown very rapidly since independence in 1947; the expansion over the past decade has been well sustained. Yet the difficulties faced in the manufacturing sector have been great. Supplies of raw materials and capital equipment have often been uncertain. Technological skills have hardly existed for many branches of industry. Industrial and commercial enterprises have had to be created in a society which in the past placed no emphasis upon them. This paper attempts to analyse one major problem affecting the manufacturing sector in Pakistan, namely the extent of excess productive capacity in various industrial categories, and to assess the possibilities for remedying the problem. The early parts of the paper discuss the policy techniques applied to Pakistan's manufacturing industries as well as some general features of the economy. The available evidence on capacity use is presented. The latter sections represent an attempt to work out whether or not this excess capacity is mainly the result of weak administrative arrangments, shortages of foreign exchange, and a failure to equate overseas and domestic prices through a "realistic" exchange rate. The standard explanation in Pakistan has been in terms of the shortage of foreign exchange and the peculiarities of project aid and tied loans or grants. The study casts doubt on this interpretation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advantages of progressive assembly of products have been evident to industry for many years. The problem addressed in this paper is to assign models to several mixed model lines so as to minimize the assembly costs associated with each line. Criteria are developed which represent costs affected by mixed model assembly. These include balance delay, learning, and a type of inefficiency introduced in this paper called sequence delay. When the criteria are combined, the result is a quantitative measurement of assignment effectiveness in terms of predicted mixed model assembly costs. Typical applications are given demonstrating the consequences of the criteria and their scope of utilization. In addition, a heuristic procedure for assigning models to lines is given. Through an actual example, the applicability of the procedure is demonstrated. The solution, while not optimal, yields assembly costs significantly lower than costs resulting from a large group of randomly generated assignments. SUMMARY. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses planning problems which arise when different products are manufactured on several assembly lines and production has to be co-ordinated with other manufacturing centres. In a limited labour market flexible production capacity requires the transfer and retraining of existing workers.
The first section of the paper explores the simplest possible planning element which still contains enough of the essence of the problems to shed some light on the nature of a solution. This model consists of the planning of production of a single product in one location, under the supposition that teams of girls may be relinquished to (or obtained from) a labour reservoir at a penalty which corresponds to retraining costs. A production planning game based on this model is constructed, and played with teams of human planners. The game is also played by means of two types of systematic decision rules:(1) a linear production smoothing rule; (2) the optimum rule for the game, developed by dynamic programming. This permits a comparison of the efficacy of human planners in comparison to automatic decision rules.
The dynamic programming model is extended in the next part of the paper to cover a more realistic model of the situation. The results of the dynamic programming analysis are shown to be a very valuable tool for the production planning of several product types in one plant, as well as for the co-ordination of different plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A group of Faculty members of the School of Industrial Management at Purdue University have for some time been engaged in studies of decision making in a large, decentralized American manufacturing company. These studies have investigated decisions at the mills producing raw material and the converting plants of this fully integrated company. Examinations have been made of decision processes within and between company plants with the objective of adding to theory of behavior in organizations, particularly theory of working relations and theory of cognitive processes in the carrying out of complex organizational tasks, and application of theory to the solution of practical problems, such as those of scheduling production and of formal organization.
This paper discusses one of these projects, an attempt to construct a behavioral model of the decision rules actually employed to schedule orders for production in one of the firm's plants. This project has sought to embody decision rules in a computer program which will, in fact, take incoming data on orders and plant capacity and convert this into an operating schedule in a manner highly analogous to that of the human schedulers who performed this task.[] The following discussion avoids technical details, since the aim of this paper is to give an overall picture of the major purpose and problems of this type of research; to describe its origin and to suggest possible future application as seen by the researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Journal of Production Research is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Journal of Production Research is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The main focus of this paper is on factors that influence how well prepared an organization will be for succession in its top positions. Data are drawn from cases of imminent or completed succession in over one hundred small manufacturing companies. In these companies the main factors influencing succession planning and subsequent profitability appear to be the availability and competence of a family member as successor. Their influence appears to operate mainly through their effects on the timing of the succession-planning process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Retail dealers whose major business is in the products of a single manufacturer form an organizational system with that manufacturer. For this system to operate effectively as an integrated whole and to compete with similar manufacturer-dealer systems, certain administrative functions must be performed for the system, over and above the administration of the formally separate manufacturer and dealer organizations. This paper examines the interdependent roles of manufacturer and dealer and the administrative attempts to control quasiindependent units. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a discussion by the author on two papers by Richard B. Heflebower and Richard Ruggles about price and market theory. According to the author Ruggles has given a lucid appraisal of the limitation to orthodox value theory concepts for purposes of empirical analysis while Heflebower has pointed toward an inductive theory derived from observations on the real world. Each is an appropriate complement to the other. Unfortunately, throughout his analysis Heflebower mostly disregards the analytical tools of orthodox value theory and appears to rely heavily upon something bearing close resemblance to the principle of cost-plus pricing. Heflebower's analysis must be appraised against the objective sought to attain and the principal conclusion to which it led. Ruggles' paper raises significant questions about the very heart of economic theory, namely, value theory and its usefulness. Value theory, historically considered, has been concerned with the relative importance of goods and services.

Economic-lot-size formulas result in order quantities that minimize combined inventory and set-up (and ordering) costs In manufacturing problems, economic-lot-size formulas may result in unrealizable schedules-in some production periods the shop may not be able to meet requirements, whereas at other times slack periods that result in idleness may occur This paper describes a technique that permits the computation of order quantities so that requirements are met with available labor and machines The technique involves a simple step-by-step computation particularly adaptable to electronic computers [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a report of a study of innovation of consumer nondurable products. A simple hypothesis about consumer behavior in short run, nonequilibrium situations is presented. Following classical economic methodology, the behavior of individuals is then aggregated. This aggregate equation form is tested and shown to be not rejected by the data. The effect of marketing actions of the firm upon consumer behavior is also explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents information on books and articles related to international trade, economic and socio-political relations among various countries. The subjects covered in the book "Economic Bulletin for Latin America," are the current economic situation, progress in planning, agricultural problems and prospects, price levels and purchasing power of Latin American currencies, the adoption of machine tabulation for Ecuadorian foreign trade statistics. Many pages of figures on the economic situation in Latin America are included. In the book "Columbia," a moderately favorable estimate of the country's climate for investment is made following a detailed study of the nation's economy. The article "Some Details About Sweden," covers details about Sweden's population, national product, foreign trade, agriculture, manufacturing industry, housing, transportation, wages and income, labor markets, politics and life. The political, social, and economic status of modem Britain are analyzed by leading thinkers in the article "Suicide of a Nation," by Arthur Koestler.

It is the purpose of this paper to examine the marketing arrangements for a group of capital goods — namely, office machinery. The first section describes the distributive channels available to manufacturers and some of the factors which influence the type of outlet selected. The importance is stressed of the consumer characteristics and service content of the products as factors influencing channel choice. The second section provides a more detailed description of the marketing channels of a representative selection of the products manufactured by the industry, namely adding machines, accounting and calculating machines, dictating machines, typewriters, and, finally, machinery for integrated data processing. The third section examines the employment of exclusive agents as distributive outlets. The sole or exclusive agent occurs in all fields of office machinery, although more in some than in others. The main criticism of the agent is that the exclusive selling rights he enjoys may restrict outlets for new firms and for established firms contemplating product diversification. It is also argued that the agent's deficiencies may be more serious at a time when the development of complex office machinery demands a closer liasion between manufacturer and user than the agent can offer. These arguments lead to the conclusion that some relaxation of the restrictive elements in the contracts of agents might have a beneficial effect not only in widening the number of distributive outlets but also in encouraging the emergence of new manufacturing firms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes what writers at three different periods said about the place of manufacturing in the sequence of development: Carlyle and Ruskin at the middle of the nineteenth century, when industrialism was triumphant in Britain and they were its adversaries; Hamilton and Jefferson in the early years of the independence of the United States, when the issue was whether the state should foster the development of manufacturing; and Hume and Smith, at the start of the period of classical economics, who between them constructed a theory of the natural and unnatural order of development. The paper examines what each man wrote from the viewpoint of his own purposes and his own particular avenues to them. I have not looked for ideas about manufacturing that are interesting and useful today, although there are some and they are reported. What I have looked for are the ideas that the past believed were interesting and useful to itself. This seems a more instructive approach to the history of ideas than its opposite. The opposite is, however, often tempting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The general pattern of cyclical fluctuations in advertising has become familiar today. But what remains less well understood is how one type of advertising may behave differently from others. A better insight into this subject will help media in reducing business instability and to assist advertisers in planning effective advertising strategies. This article demonstrates how differently advertisers of different types of products and of various sizes react to business fluctuations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses methods of distribution for appliances. The author believes that manufacturers need to know how their products are selling for production and inventory control. Estimates can be made with the help of consumer panels, reporting from dealers on sales and inventories, and warranty cards. There are two methods used to analyze warranty card data; counting each card to determine what was purchased and estimating the percentage of cards not returned with those that were returned. The author believes problems exist with these methods. There can be a considerable lag between the date of sale and the return of the card and an undefinable number are not returned at all. In an attempt to minimize error, he investigates a mathematical model to predict sales volumes.

The article discusses the response time taken after a request for a sample of a firm's product. One hundred and fifteen letters were mailed at the same time from the same location. The study took into account the distance to each firm. The majority of responses came within the first 10 days, and trickled off thereafter. Every agricultural companies responded, while 70 percent of the radio companies, about 69 percent of general commercial companies, and 75 percent of educational institutions replied. The author believes that with an overall chance of a 75 percent response rate, organizations aren't using this particular medium effectively, thus it will remain ineffective in generating sales.

This paper tests hypotheses about why measured "brand loyalty" varies over product classes. Factor analysis is used to solve certain difficulties in the empirical testing. Brand switching in a product class appears to be associated with price activity, distribution, characteristics of the supply structure, and the importance of the product m the consumer's consumption patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Continuous production processes characteristically do not result in production units which are well-defined from a quality control standpoints. Application of standard statistical quality control techniques requires sampling one litre, ounce or yard of product while the product is produced by the barrel, ton, or reel. Thus, direct application of quality control techniques is difficult. The possibilities offered by the use of exponential smoothing are analysed in this paper. Use of this method permits determination of meaningful control charts with a minimum of effort. The method is illustrated by applying it in the study of water pollution control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies performed over a period of eight years have confirmed that the model y+ C = a( x) derived for the learning of individuals, applies to learning of all kinds in industry. In this paper the model is discussed and its application compared with existing theories.
In general, the aim has been not so much to derive a mathematical function, as to find a model capable of simple graphical interpretation which may be used in training and production scheduling at shop floor level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Apart from the conventional theory of the minimum-cost or maximum-production cutting speed, a new concept of the machining conditions for maximizing the profit for the manufacturing enterprise was presented. Based upon this concept, a n analysis of the maximum-profit cutting speed was made and the theoretical expression for it was deduced.
The first step for economical machining is to select the most suitable type of machine tool for the production purpose. The next problem is to discuss the economics of machining itself, and high-production and low-cost tooling should be considered. Regarding the optimal machining conditions, Gilbert and other investigators analyzed the minimum-cost cutting speed at which the production cost per piece of products is minimum and the maximum-production cutting speed at which the rate of production is maximum.
In this paper, apart from the above concepts, the authors present a new concept of the maximum-profit machining conditions at which the profit for a manufacturing enterprise becomes maximum. Based upon this concept, the economics of machining was analyzed and developed. The expression for the maximum-profit cutting speed was deduced theoretically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a progress report on a study of an actual decision-making system. It scrutinizes the demands made on a manufacturing organization and the responses of the organization to these demands.
The study focuses on the ways the organization got a particular job done, namely the job of production scheduling and work-flow smoothing in the box-making plants of a manufacturer of shipping containers. The complete system can be factored into two parts. One sub-system places orders in sequence and prepares an advance production schedule. The second sub-system controls the flow of work through the actual manufacturing operations, making final adjustments in the sequence and speed of the work-flow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to develop a model concerning an aspect of the theory of advertising which has received relatively little formal analysis in the literature. The model postulates an approach that an advertiser who wishes to introduce certain products or services might take in order to determine an optimal strategy. It also suggests a mechanism which may help in understanding why it is that apparently similar organizations which continually introduce apparently indistinguishable variants of a product (cigarettes for example) find that a few are huge successes whilst the majority fail and why repeated introductions continue despite the high failure rate. It makes one point on each side of the long-standing debate concerning the relationship between perfect competition, returns to scale in advertising and freedom of entry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper is concerned with a price game of the same basic structure. The game is non-cooperative, information is perfect and complete, communication is unrestricted, strategies are complete plans of action (not such things as "raise price" or "lower price", which are in fact moves not strategies), and the solution is Nash-Pareto. Among the strategies considered are the five listed above, expressed in terms of prices. The analysis is broadened in three ways:
(1) More general substitution relations between the products are allowed. (2) More general utility functions are assumed. (3) Two additional strategies are considered. The results differ greatly from those of the output game. This is not because of the three generalizations, but rather because price not output is the decision variable. One difference is that M, under certain conditions a solution strategy in the output game, is in all cases dominated in the price game. But the main difference is that the price game has a unique solution, (B, B). This solution is moreover a generalization of several well-known theories of duopoly, in that it is characterized by a kinked mutatis mutandis demand function, the protection by the firms of their market shares, the likely appearance of barometric price leadership, and a kind of joint maximization by accident.
The objectives of the present study are, in part, the same as those of the previous one, namely, to compare the merits of the classical duopoly solutions and to explore the potential of game theory as a framework for the study of oligopoly. Two additional objectives are to contrast the price game with the output game and to relate its solution to other theories of duopoly. The plan is as follows: Relevant characteristics of the firms--demands, costs and utilities--are set out in Section I, linearity being assumed wherever possible. Price strategies are developed in Section II; as they form a substantial part of the common literature of the... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The economic determinants of entry into Canadian banking, 1963-7. The objective of this paper is to examine whether those barriers to entry which explain entry reasonably well in the manufacturing industries also explain entry in Canadian banking. On the basis of projections to banking from estimates over the manufacturing industries we predict a rate of entry into banking of over two new banks per year. This is significantly more than the observed rate over the relevant 1963-7 period of 0.25. The economic barriers to entry leave the low rate of entry into banking largely unexplained but there are provisions in the Bank Act which could be crucial entry barriers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One purpose of the present paper is to argue that in actual empirical situations it is necessary to consider the behavior of absolute prices in determining the incidence of a specific tax, the employer payroll tax.
There are four parts to the paper. Part I reviews the general equilibrium model and its conclusions on payroll tax incidence. The implications of forward shifting, backward shifting and payment of payroll taxes by employers are discussed in Part II. Results of a test for backward shifting of the tax in US manufacturing are reported in Part III. Part IV contains conclusions.
Two conclusions emerge from the analysis. (1) In the general equilibrium models under consideration the employer payroll tax is borne by labor. However, care must be taken in applying this conclusion to a real world situation where transfer payments are a component of family income. (2) Empirical tests in US manufacturing do not support the idea that the employer tax is shifted totally backward onto money wages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a previous paper [4] an estimate of the 4-variate product moment E[{x[sub I] - E(x[sub I])} {x[sub j] - E(x[sub j])} {x[sub k] - E(x[sub k])} {x[sub h] - E(x[sub h])}] was obtained. This estimate had a slight bias, as we pointed out. In this paper an unbiased estimate of the 4-variate product moment is obtained. Asymptotic results for the 3-variate and 4-variate product moments and their estimates are also obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two recent papers have pointed out that living costs are not only affected by the prices and qualities of products but also by the number of forms in which each product is offered.¹ Moreover, a tentative procedure has been outlined for measuring the economic significance of changes in product variety and for adjusting cost-of-living indexes accordingly. The present article is intended to explore the points covered in the earlier papers more fully and to answer several questions that have been raised concerning them.² [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents notes on tokens as a source of information on the history of the labor and radical movement. It does not intend to discuss the economic reasons which led to the widespread issuing of tokens during the latter quarter of the eighteenth and first quarter of the nineteenth century. The purpose is rather to examine some designs which illuminate the values and themes of reform agitation during this period. It is sufficient to say that changing economic and social circumstances resulted in a demand for small change which the Royal Mint failed to meet. The problem was particularly acute in isolated areas and manufacturers were forced to create their own coinage. The lead provided by manufacturers in the late 1780's was quickly followed by others: traders realized that tokens had publicity as well as exchange value and political partisans of both left and right also began issuing tokens. These were usually pennies, halfpennies and farthings. Thomas Spence is without doubt the most remarkable and prolific of all the token issuers who come under notice in this paper.

Although studies have been made investigating the history and development of cost accounting, little attention has been given to the question of the understanding or acceptance of the subject by courts of law. This paper, therefore, summarizes its author's research in attempting to learn what has been the attitude of justice in the U.S., as gleaned from judicial opinions in court decisions, toward the concepts, principles and practices of cost accounting. The study has been limited largely to manufacturing costs, as much work has been done in other fields. Since volumes, for instance, have been written on costs and values in public utility rate-making, that area is not considered here. The definition and delineation of costs in military procurement cost-plus-fixed-fee contracts is not only determined by government regulations, but a satisfactory investigation into such costs has been made. The many court decisions involving the Robinson-Patman Act will only occasionally be referred to herein, as most of them are not truly pertinent to this research.