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This paper is the first of a number of position papers for the workshop “Towards Criteria of Sustainability and Social Meaningfulness in Development“

In the Winter 1973 issue of the Journal was presented a chapter on planning the technical article, part of a projected book on publishing in technical journals and magazines. This particular chapter discusses the organization of the technical paper as distinct from the technical article. It shows the relationship of the paper to the report and compares the practices of several scientific and technical journals.

The ideal technique for abstracting medical papers is contained in the “PMRC” formula which calls for the purpose (P), methods (M), results (R), and conclusions (C) of the research or clinical observations to be stated in 200 words or less. This formula is a useful framework to help writers prepare more substantive abstracts. By selecting keywords and the significant findings, and by stating in concrete terms, succinctly and accurately, the four parts of the formula, one builds the abstract directly from the paper. A reader, author, professional abstractor may use the formula, although the techniques and application may vary in steps for completeness and refinement. Notes taken by the reader serve as an instrument to facilitate recall. The formula provides a framework for comprehensive, well constructed abstracts for writers. The PMRC formula is an effective pattern for writing abstracts which are more informative, concise, and valuable than abstracts without these four parts distinctly present, are not interchangeable with summaries, and can stand alone without the entire article. One argument against an abstract—it is not the whole original paper.

(1974). Toilet Tissue, Textbooks, Term Papers, and Trees. The Journal of Environmental Education: Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 24-26.

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the thesis that the child acquires English spatial expressions by learning how to apply them to the child's prior knowledge about space and that the child acquires English temporal expressions in turn by extending the spatial terms in a metaphor about time. The main evidence for this thesis is the strong correspondence between the properties of the spatial terms and the properties of man's innate perceptual apparatus, and between English spatial and temporal expressions. The correspondence is so strong that it simply could not be coincidental, and it, therefore, needs explanation. Time, for example, is not just expressed with an occasional spatial simile, but rather it is based on a thoroughly systematic spatial metaphor, suggesting a complete cognitive system that space and time expressions have in common. The chapter outlines the thesis, its evidence, and what it could mean for the acquisition of English. This theory argues that grammatical relations are fundamentally locative in nature, and they are, therefore, derived ultimately from notions of location.

1 p.; International audience

Publisher Summary Operants are constructed by reinforcement contingencies. The chapter describes the procedures for inducing new response topographies, including reinforcement, discriminative stimulus control, deprivation, reflex elicitation, release of instinctive response patterns, and emotional induction. Emotional induction covers operations that are insufficient by themselves to guarantee the occurrence of any particular topography but that set the stage for a certain range of stimuli to be effective in inducing a delimited range of topographies. Sometimes the effects of emotional induction take the form of modulating the direct effects of reinforcement contingencies on operant behavior, and sometimes they take the form of inducing wholly new and unexpected topographies. Examples of emotionally induced topographies include schedule-induced polydipsia and pica; shock-induced copulation, eating, and aggression; extinction-induced aggression; behavioral contrast; and distress vocalizations induced by removal of an imprinted stimulus. Not all induced topographies are equally amenable to becoming operants. The ease of rendering a topography operant may be related to the ease with which the topography can free itself of control by its inducing stimuli.

A bacteriologist frequently finds occasion to demonstrate cultures of micro-organisms, either to student classes within or near the laboratory or at meetings at some distance. In such circumstances it would be desirable to have not only some light and compact receptacle for such cultures, but also one in which the cultures could be shown to the best advantage. It was for just such an occasion that, in looking about for a proper demonstrating case, I finally invented the form of folding paper display case shown in Figure 1. This case is easily made by using a No. 160 white card paper. The design is mapped out, cut and creased, as indicated in Figure 2. The holes are punched out with a ⅝-inch die. The case is then folded, fastened and put away until it is to be used. When the cultures to be demonstrated are ready they are placed in