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The fact that adolescent residents of smaller communities have lower aspirations than adolescent residents of larger communities is well documented. A number of possible explanations have been suggested: (1) financial resources and needs, (2) educational opportunities, (3) the sociocultural context of community life, and (4) special consequences of farming. However, no previous researcher has attempted a direct empirical evaluation of the relative importance of these explanations. In this paper data from a survey of Canadian high school girls were used to evaluate the first three, since the fourth appears to apply only to boys. This analysis indicates that educational opportunity explains most of the relationship; and when both educational opportunity and community context are controlled, all relationship between community size and college aspiration disappears. Previous research allows tentative generalization of these findings to high school boys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to consider stereotyping procedures in relation to another substantive area: that of adolescence. The main conclusions which can be drawn from empirical studies of racial stereotypes is that stereotypes have a considerable ability to resist change and to remain unaffected by new information. There can be little doubt as to the tenacity of racial stereotypes. However to argue that they are never subject to change in any degree is to misunderstand the import of empirical findings. The definition of adolescence cannot be divorced from those of childhood and adulthood. People process through each status over time. Since the procession is a temporal one there tends to be an association between each status and a particular age-range. In societies with instituted rites de passage the relationship between age and status is formally defined. The status of adolescence has important implications for the kinds of roles which are appropriate for actors. Adult status is characterized by the adoption of responsible roles. On the other band both children and adolescents are expected to play roles which are not responsible. However the status of children is such that they are not expected to play adult roles at all.

Anderson-Fabry disease (AFD) syn. angiokeratoma corporis diffusum is an uncommon sex-linked disorder of sphingolipid metabolism associated with a deficiency of ceramide trihexosidase and widespread accumulation predominantly of ceramide trihexoside. In males, AFD usually presents in childhood or early adolescence with intermittent and often excruciating pain in fingers and toes. Oedema, initially transient, hypohidrosis and obscure fever are also common. Renal damage is usually detectable in the early twenties and is ultimately the most frequent cause of death, usually in the late thirties or early forties. Cerebrovascular and cardiae disturbances are also common often with a normal blood pressure. In both sexes a characteristic symptomless corneal dystrophy is usually present by early adult life. The average expectation of life in males is 42 years. In females the disorder may remain symptomless and their expectation of life is seldom impaired. This paper reports the clinical features in fifty-seven patients with AFD including twelve females. Recent advances in the elucidation of the biochemical abnormality are discussed including leucocyte alphagalactosidase activity in eighteen patients. Histological studies including histochemical and electron microscopy findings are also reported including the first account of AFD in the uterus, enabling an estimate to be made of rate of deposition of abnormal glycolipid in the endomctrium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with studies of adaptations of physiological characteristics to a high level of habitual physical activity during adolescence. A comparative approach was used involving investigations of a group of male champion swimmers at the age of 17 and a randomized sample of boys of similar age, not active in competitive sport and drawn from the general population. Metabolic, respiratory, and circulatory response pattern to graded bicycle work was assessed. Maximal oxygen uptake averaged 20% higher in swimmers than in ordinary boys. Respiratory response pattern was similar at sub-maximal work, but the swimmers reached higher values in maximal exercise. Transfer factor for carbon monoxide increased in linear fashion to the increase in cardiac output, and was higher at rest as well as in maximal exercise for the swimmers. The transfer factor levelled off at a work rate of about 70% of maximal oxygen uptake in the ordinary school boys, while no levelling off was observed in the swimmers. Cardiac output was closely the same at rest and in sub-maximal exercise for the two groups, but the swimmers reached higher values. Stroke volume was higher for the swimmers and the heart rate correspondingly lower at all metabolic levels. Systemic arterial pressure response were closely the same at sub-maximal work rates in the two groups, but the swimmers reached higher values in maximal exercise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a paper that focuses on the part played by social subsystems in the political stabilization of the adolescent. Analysis of data; Assessment of the influence of the climate of political opinion present in the family, the high school community, and the larger social system or the country as a whole in determining the party preference of the high school adolescent; View that an adolescent's political party most times corresponds to that of their parents; Role of political interest as an intervening variable in the analysis of the socializing effectiveness of the various social subsystems.

This paper reviews research data concerned with social and emotional adjustment characteristics of mildly retarded children and adolescents. Contrary to a number of statements appearing in various texts and review articles, little is known concerning the type and frequency of occurrence of behavior adjustment problems among the mildly retarded. In addition, there is no suitable evidence to indicate that the adjustment level of special class children is superior to that of retarded children attending regular grades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides an overview of the topics discussed in the journal about families in the U.S. and discusses the developments related to the journal. The new volume of the journal is repetition free and covers a wide range of topics and problems. Some sections of the journal are eliminated including Articles in Brief, Letters to the Editor, Abstracts, and Book Reviews to accommodate a range of high quality papers devoted to families. Contributors are planning another special issue for 1965 on "ADOLESCENCE," wherein the materials will come from the Miami Beach meeting held on October 9 to 11, 1964. Also, all back issues of the "Marriage and Family Living" can be purchased in bound volumes.

This research paper presents a reliability study of psychiatric diagnosis in childhood and adolescence. The reliability study on the GAP classification by 20 psychiatrists has demonstrated a high interindividual and intraindividual consistency. This diagnostic consistency is equal to the findings of any high agreement study in adult psychiatry and comparable with diagnostic error reported in other medical specialties. Researchers propose that all forms of clinical practice have a measurable degree of diagnostic error and if all branches of medicine could be tested this phenomenon would probably be quite universal. The New South Wales study on the GAP classification has confirmed that child psychiatry is no exception to this rule.

The paper is about the factors contributing to juvenile delinquency in the U.S. It has long been a problem why some children steal and not others, why some play truant, or why some set fires and damage property. Theories have been advanced from time to time to explain these things. Officers of the juvenile courts, child welfare associations, educational bodies, and mental hygiene clinics have been instrumental in bringing together a vast amount of data concerning juvenile delinquency, from which certain general conclusions may be drawn. Delinquency itself is socially inadequate adjustment on the part of the individual to difficult situations. The factors which go to make up these difficult situations, together with the mental and physical conditions which influence an individual's capacity to adjust, constitute the causes of delinquency. Each juvenile offense is the outcome of a complexity of causes, some of whose origins date back years before the committal of the offense and others whose origins are more obviously and immediately connected with the act of delinquency. It has been shown that a different set of causes is involved in each individual case. It is impossible therefore to state the group of causes which will invariably result' in any particular offense.

The present paper presents data comparing the performance of a sample of institutionalized adolescent mentally retarded patients on Forms L and LM of the Stanford Binet. Forms L and LM were administered in a counterbalanced order. A one month interval between testing sessions was observed strictly. Two examiners tested the entire sample, the same examiner administering both tests to a given subject. Testing was continued until the subject had failed all the items at two successive years on the test.

The capacity to appreciate and produce metaphoric language is thought to develop at adolescence. Yet metaphors are frequently noted in the speech of preschool children. To resolve this apparent contradiction, a test that probed metaphoric capacity was devised. Matched groups of subjects ranging in age from 3½ to 19 were required to indicate knowledge of the literal meanings of antonymous word pairs and then to project these terms onto domains where they applied only in a metaphoric way. Though there was improvement with age, preschool children demonstrated considerable ability at this task; the order of difficulty of words and domains were regular across age, except for an isolated difficulty displayed by the preschool children in projecting words onto swatches of color; reasons for matches differ markedly across ages. Whether metaphoric capacity is attributed to children appears to depend upon whether the ability to select acceptable metaphors or an explicit awareness of the rationale for the metaphor is the criterion. Both the distinction between an operative skill and an awareness of its existence and the preconditions for metaphoric competence are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to investigate whether adolescence is a period of disturbance for the child's self-image and, if so, at what age of adolescence and under what social conditions the disturbance is greatest. Several dimensions of the self-image were measured among 1,917 urban school children in grades three through twelve. Compared to children in the eight to eleven age group, the early adolescents, particularly those between twelve and thirteen, were shown to exhibit heightened self-consciousness, greater instability of the self-image, slightly lower self-esteem, and a less favorable view of the opinions held of them by significant others. Evidence is presented suggesting that the child's environment may have a stronger effect than his age in producing such changes. Children who had entered junior high school appeared more disturbed along these lines than their age-peers still in elementary school. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reviews the studies on the prolongation of adolescence that suggests that the educational plans of adolescents may be more affected by peers. The relations between school social class composition and the college plans of students in this article appears to involve a positive effect of the student upon the desire to attend college, which is transmitted through personal friends in school and a negative effect upon self-perceived ability to attend college. The effects is traced in this article that involves a comparison of one's grades in high school. The review of the studies found some degree of positive relationship between school social class composition and the college plans of students of a given social class.

This article presents abstracts of four academic papers on child and adolescent development published in scholarly periodicals. They are: "Goals for Children and Youth in the Transition from War to Peace", from the U.S. Department of Labor, "Boys and Girls Employed in Agricultural Programs-1943", by Ione Clinton, "Discipline for Today's Children and Youth", and "Our Concern: Every Child. State and Communtiy Planning for Wartime and Postwar Security of Children".

This article presents an abstract of the academic paper "Juvenile Delinquency and Adult Disorganization," by H. V. Hentig published in a scholarly periodical. Adolescent delinquency is predicted to be an indicator of future conduct disorders in adulthood in the postwar period, including a distorted perception of social and interpersonal relations.

This article focuses on the psychological aspects of adolescence and presents a comparison of the characteristics of the adolescent peer group to those of a suppressed minority group which reveals some striking similarities in relation to antagonism. One possible way of analyzing the adolescent is to consider him a member of a suppressed minority groups. The argument for uniqueness of the adolescent is based on biological, psychological, and sociological observations. From the biological point of view, it may be concluded that adolescence can be biologically defined as that period of growth between the terminal stage of childhood, that is, from the beginning of puberty to the onset of maturity or adulthood. But on the other hand, adolescence is identified not only by a particular period of physical growth but also by a period of mental and social growth. The article concludes that the consequent feeling of general alienation among adolescents manifests itself in many different ways which can be grouped as rebellions and non-rebellious. Generally speaking, the kind of behavior is dependent upon the social and institutional mechanism available for reducing the alienation.

Inferred value hierarchies were judged from the protocols of interviews conducted with 111 boys and girls in 8th, 10th, and 12th grade. The changes observed in these value hierarchies were analyzed over the 5 years of development. Enough early maturity and constancy in the typal hierarchies of vocational values over 5 years of adolescence has been shown to warrant further investigation of Ginzberg's theoretical position that values do not play an important role in early vocational development. The authors contend that the constancy indicates a maturity of self-concepts early in the 8th grade sufficient enough to justify close attention for counselors at that time, while shifts in values of some students testify to a healthy maturation during adolescence. Although some sex differentiation occurred in the typical hierarchies, it is contended that similarities in the data outweigh differences, and the boys and girls appear to be rather alike in their employment of vocational value categories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three studies were conducted in order to determine whether black and white youths, dressed so as to appear to be a black nationalist or hippie, would receive differential treatment as compared to their conventionally dressed black and white counterparts. These individuals requested an exchange of two nickels for a dime (or vice versa) from persons leaving a supermarket. Experiment I demonstrated that white subjects were less likely to comply with the requests of both black and white deviants than with the requests of their conventional counterparts. Experiment II demonstrated that black subjects cooperated with the white deviant to the same extent as the white subjects did; however, they cooperated more with the black deviant. Experiment III showed that persons over 30 were less cooperative with deviants than those under 30. The results were explained in terms of Rokeach's theory of belief congruity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forty-one college students in an adolescent psychology class completed the Allport-Vernon Scale of Values, Part 2. Three weeks later they met singly with one, and then another, student and discussed a topic for five minutes with each of them. Before and after each discussion they filled in the A-V Scale as they thought their partners had filled theirs in. During one of the interactions the Ss believed that their partner had selected them as a person with whom they would like to talk, during the other interaction they believed that they had been selected as a person with whom their partner would rather not talk. Results indicated that increase in assimilative projection was associated with the order of the situations-increase occurred during the second inter- action-but was not associated with the stability (acceptance or rejection) of the group nor with the interaction of order and stability. Discussion of the results attempted to point out the need for further investigation of the construct change during such verbal interaction to account for the demonstrated effect of order on assimilative projection change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. This study gives empirical support to the general idea that boys are more destructive than girls. 2. That girls seemed more willing to confess privately than publicly to destructive acts suggests that social attitudes and expectations account for at least part of the difference between the sexes. 3. The episodes described showed that boys were more vigorous, bold, and less inhibited than the girls in their destructive escapades. 4. The enjoyment of excitement, the stimulus of a crowd situation, and the expression of aggression were the motives of which, the respondents seemed most aware. 5. The fact that several respondents mentioned enjoyment of the act itself suggests that the urge to destroy may be closely associated with the urge to create. If so, the greater destructiveness of boys over girls may be associated with the greater achievement of creativity of the male sex. 6. The urge to destroy, though better controlled in adults, survives the ages of childhood and adolescence, and presumably it derives from the same motives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Adolescence, as we know it, was barely recognized before the end of the last century. An examination of various written materials from the period 1800-1875 uncovers (1) almost no usage of the word and (2) only a limited degree of concern with the stage (and its characteristic behaviors). About 1900, however, G. Stanley Hall and his students made adolescence the focus of a new current of psychological study. Their work evoked a broad popular response though in subsequent years it was discredited in academic circles. The "discover" of adolescence can be related to certain broad changes in American life—above all, to changes in the structure of the family as part of the new urban and industrial order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spatial dimensions and arrangement of the dwelling can affect family interaction and privacy of individuals as well as dictate house use patterns of family members. Study was made of 20 five-member families in four stages of the life cycle who lived in controlled house space. The children of the last tow groups of families were no longer in the home. Analysis is made of differences and similarities in time spent in privacy and interaction by role positions and for families as a unit. Factors other than amount of space and family size which have bearing on interaction and privacy include stage of the family life cycle, allocation of space to persons and for use, age and sex of children, orientation to privacy by individuals, and husband's occupation demands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies of the relationship between family conflict and adolescent divergence from parental political views have produced inconclusive findings. A notable weakness of pass research has been its reliance on recall data from respondents concerning the level of conflict experienced during adolescent years. By analyzing data directly from a sample of junior-high adolescents, the relationship of family conflict to political orientation has been reexamined. Findings indicate a positive and moderately strong relationship between family conflict and male adolescent divergence from father's political position and a weaker relationship for divergence from mother under a condition of high parental interest in politics. No significant relationships were established for females and their departure from parental political views under a condition of either varying conflict or parental political interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New insights into learning processes and into the unconscious springs of behavior make inescapable a recognition of the need to educate for responsibility. Young people need to learn to understand and to share the responsibilities of adult living—not suddenly at 21, but gradually throughout the years of growing up. Reading statistics backwards is recommended, as is recognition of the potential law breaker within human beings. A solemn meritocracy which undervalues the less able and leaves no room for gaiety and nonsense in the tidy plans will inevitably breed the rebellious young people it deserves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research exploring the organization of the adolescent personality has conceptualized personality as a self-other system which includes reference groups, role prescription, and self-conceptions among its components. Relationships within and among these and other components remain to be analyzed. An ultimate objective is a fully developed theory of adolescent personality which incorporates the sociological perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three observations are dealt with, arising out of the study of a rapidly evolving industrial society: the missing function of adolescence; extra-cultural determinants of behaviour; and problems of emotional security. These are discussed by relating the educational system to social demands and do not arise out of a systematic examination of the educational sector itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adolescence represents a developmental continuum between childhood and adulthood. Assessment of an adolescent's behavior can be based upon his efforts in accomplishing developmental tasks and his functioning relative to his stage of development-early adolescence and the casting-off of childhood; middle adolescence with the teen-age subculture; or late adolescence with the establishment of adult values. One should be aware of the conflicts and complications which may arise in each stage of development and routinely evaluate the adolescent's functioning within his family, peer group, and school situation. Assessing behavior in this frame of reference enables the physician to differentiate variations of normal development and behavior from pathological states in his adolescent patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on new teenage boy and girl growth charts for pediatric office use. These charts are in pounds and inches only, which are the forms of measurement used in most office practices. Inclusion of centimeters and kilograms was omitted in order to minimize visual confusion. Also, to facilitate charting, the increments of two pounds and one inch per horizontal line are exactly the same as in the original continuous boy-girl growth chart. Another feature that speeds charting time is the placing of age in years at three different levels, instead of only once as in conventional graphs. For simplicity, only the 5th, 50th and 95th percentiles of height and weight appear. The advantage of printing the boy and girl growth charts back to back on a single sheet is that fewer forms are needed. These teenage charts cover the specific range from 11 to 16 years of age, with each yearly age divided into three month intervals. It is easy to plot growth when desirable even at monthly office visits.

This article describes the procedures which are employed to sustain a continuing professional relationship with those patients who have been under our care during childhood and now are entering adolescence. We begin by arranging a preliminary conference with the parents, to be followed by one with the boy or girl at the time of the annual office visit for a checkup. It is emphasized that an adolescent often needs a confidential relationship Parents, too, should have the opportunity to discuss, also in confidence, their questions and concerns about their adolescent son or daughter. This is the reason for this visit and others as necessary.with his doctor.

The article reports on the social and psychological consequences of early puberty. Nearly all girls have begun to menstruate as they reach the middle forms of secondary schools, and some during their last year or two in junior schools. Recent surveys indicate that in Great Britain the average age of full puberty in boys is about 15 years. This means that in all boys puberty is reached during the time of their secondary school education. Earlier puberty cannot be held to be responsible for the loosening of sexual conventions, the alterations in sexual behavior, and the more tolerant attitude to sexual deviations, which have characterized the social history of the last 25 years in Western countries. The earlier age of puberty for both boys and girls, which most now experience during their years at a secondary school, may well have educational and social advantages as well as drawbacks. Whatever one concludes with respect to the intellectual growth spurt at puberty, there can be no doubt that at puberty both boys and girls are livelier, more idealistic, more receptive, more enthusiastic and easier to teach.