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The article discusses the report and research papers published by the Great Britain Royal Commission on Trade Unions and Employers' Associations, pertaining to industrial relations. The Commission was set up on April 8, 1965 and reported in June 1968. In addition to its report, it published between June 1966 and May 1968 thirteen substantial research papers. The report is closely argued and its recommendations proceed logically from the argument. It begins with certain assumptions. Those who hoped to see the Commission indict the unions and impose legal restraints upon them have been disappointed. The Report as a whole is thus a consistent, restrained, dignified document concerned equally with realities and civilized standards. Reading the Report and the research papers, one is struck by the concordance between the approaches of the researchers and that of the Commission. The first part of the paper is mainly cast in the form of a lecture to management. The studies of Employers' Associations make one wonder why they were included in the terms of reference of the Commission. For occupational psychologists it could be the practical introduction to all those aspects of industry, which are left outside their syllabus.

The paper presents comparison between the associations of British and American voluntary associations. The development of postwar research on the structure and functioning of voluntary associations has been uneven, and there have been marked differences between British and American research in this field. This paper offers a narrow definition of voluntary associations. It defines voluntary associations as groups in which membership is in no sense obligatory, which have a formal constitution, but which do not have paid officials at the local level. The next section of this paper places the subsequent analysis in context by pointing briefly to the very substantial similarities between research in Great Britain and the U.S. The third section discusses differences in the research environments of the two countries, and suggests their relevance to the main problem. The fourth section assesses the differences in research orientations between the two countries, as it has influenced the study of voluntary associations. The final section considers the effect of these differences upon the functional analyses that have been made.

In a previous paper [12], an attempt was made to show how spectral techniques could be used to compare the effects of two seasonal adjustment procedures on the series to which they were applied. The two procedures compared were: (a) the technique currently used by the Bureau of Labor Statistics for seasonally adjusting employment, unemployment, and labor force monthly statistics, and (b) the so-called "residual" method, proposed by Brittain [2], Samuelson [16], and others. Spectra of the original and the seasonally adjusted series and the cross spectrum of the two were used to aid in the assessment of whether either procedure removed more than could be considered seasonal, introduced spurious regularities, and/or distorted temporal relationships. It was concluded that both techniques removed more than seasonal effects from, and produced some temporal distortion in, the series to which they were applied. Neither method appeared to be superior to the other. It is the purpose of this paper to carry the previous analysis one step further and to compare the BLS procedure with a modified version of the regression method of seasonal adjustment suggested by Cowden [3] and Mendershausen [11], and recently revived by Harman [9, 10] in an exceptionally sophisticated form. In addition to Hannan's work along the lines suggested, Nettheim [13] and Rosenblatt [15] have made studies. Rosenblatt [15] has carried out analyses similar to those reported here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on a meeting on freshwater ecology held at the Exeter, England-based University of Exeter from 3-7 July, 1964 and a meeting of the Tropical Group on patterns in dry tropical vegetation held in London, England-based Linnean Society on November 4, 1964. Series of papers presented at the meetings; Discussions on each paper; Participants of the meetings.

A recent paper published in this journal (Poole & Kuhn, 1973) has reported that ‘a relatively large family appeared to be no impediment to the educational achievements of middle-class children’. This finding, however, is based upon an analysis which fell into a relatively unknown statistical trap. Poole & Kuhn are only the latest in a long line of victims of this trap and some of their predecessors are reviewed below. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper discusses recent speculation concerning the normative bond which ties the lower class to the present structure of British society. It focuses on the assertions by some theorists that the normative opposition which can arise 'spontaneously' within the lower class is inherently limited in scope, and that any future class based movements of a radical kind depend on the action of agencies 'external' to the lower class. Some preliminary results are presented from a recent survey of council tenants in Barking, East London, some of whom were on rent strike. This evidence reveals the existence of attitudes 'deviant' to dominant values concerning the ownership and rights of property. In conclusion, the nature of lower class normative opposition is reassessed and it is suggested that the lower class are not as conceptually restricted as is often suggested, and that future possibilities of radical action do not necessarily depend on the activities of the Labour Party or trade unions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper challenges the type of interpretation of the successful political incorporation of the British working class in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries which stresses normative factors-'deference', craving for respectability, bourgeoisification, religious feelings etc. It corrects misleading statements in some of these accounts and uses historical evidence to stress the importance of objective, structural constraints on working class ability to mobilize on a class basis in the political system prior to 1918. Following this interpretation some points are made about the British political culture on theoretical grounds stemming from Durkheim. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article comments on the paper "A twenty-five year follow-up of an extended interview selection procedure in the Royal Navy," by K. E. Gardner in this issue. One of the interesting results from the study is that the best indicator of operational success is a weighted combination of a number of selection factors and performance indicators from training courses and on-the-job performance. The optimum weights would vary depending on the kind of career. this is consistent with the current civil service policy of Great Britain with regards to choosing administration trainees.

The article presents a brief account of notes on functional representation in the British House of Commons. The purpose of this paper is to consider two different but related hypotheses concerning functional representation in the House of Commons. Although private members usually represent party interests with considerable cohesion, a significant number also conspicuously represent various par- ticular interests; when this is true, their behavior during debate will reflect this type of representation as well as their party representation. A debate on the procedures of the House of Commons, which must of necessity consider the role of the private member, is in part a debate over theories of representation. It may be that the recent discussions of Commons procedures are, whether so intended or not, a reflection of some discontent with the present balance between collectivist views of representation and the concepts of functional representation. Certainly a consideration of the way in which institutional changes might alter the access of interest representation in Britain is necessary for a full understanding of these institutions themselves.

It is the purpose of this paper to discuss certain selected topics which illustrate how the tendency to approach the study of American institutions in terms of the British system has given rise to errors in judgment, to a mistaken emphasis, and to the distortion of facts. In the U.S. the investigating committee with its extensive hearings and its sifting of evidence has done much to correct shortcomings and failures in the administrative branch and has paved the way for the adoption of reform legislation. Although select committees were the most important instrumentality used in Great Britain for inquiry purposes in the nineteenth century, they have today almost completely ceased to be of any political importance. The tendency of the British Cabinet to treat "every serious criticism of the work of the Departments as an attack upon itself, to be resisted with the whole strength of its majority," has caused parliamentary discussions to become stereo-typed debates between opposing armies under rigid party discipline rather than informative and critical analyses of present-day conditions. The advantages of the English cabinet system over the American presidential system have frequently been pointed out. However, the major problem of government today is how to maintain an effective control over the administrative machine.

The article discusses Bimetallic controversy of fifty years ago. Bimetallism thrilled people as perhaps no other controversy of the day. It was at its height in the years preceding the discovery of the Rand in 1886, a discovery which before the end of the century had robbed it of all but academic interest. In Great Britain itself it became a lively issue owing to the sharp and prolonged fall in the gold price of silver and other commodities after 1872. It gave a minister of the government Alfred Marshall the opportunity to expound before the Gold and Silver Commission of 1887-8 and the House of Commons Committee on Indian Currency (1899) not only his plan of Symmetallism, i.e., of paper based on a composite of gold and silver; but his whole theory of money and credit. In the United States, which had a great silver-producing interest, it drew from William Jennings Bryan, the democratic candidate for the American presidency in 1896, the famous challenge "Shall mankind be crucified on a cross of gold?" But all Europe was interested; and it is on the Continent that the story begins and develops.

In this article, which is abstracted from a paper delivered at the 1931 meeting of the British Association, Dr. Myers discusses the influence on output of such factors as the size of the output-unit and the introduction of rest pauses and changes of work. He makes a distinction between practice and training, and discusses the effects of practice and training on skill and the 'transfer' of training. Other points with which he deals are the existence of types of intelligence, the relation between interest and ability, the testing of temperamental traits and their influence on industrial efficiency and on liability to accidents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article, based on a paper read before the British Association in September, 1934, summarizes the chief results of the Institute's recently-completed vocational guidance experiment in Fife. Its chief aims were (i) to compare the problems of vocational guidance in rural and urban districts, (ii) by testing children at yearly intervals from the age of eleven to determine the earliest age at which vocational guidance is practicable, and (iii) to determine minimal standards of intelligence, etc., for entry into various important groups of occupations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an historical and statistical analysis of the pre-professional education of officers of various sectors and levels of the British Army between 1800 and 1971. 'Four eras' in the evolution of educational selectivity in the army commissioning system are identified: 1800-1849---educational criteria irrelevant; 1849-I 870-partial educational selectivity; 1870-1939-examination-dominated selection; 1941 onwards- `scientific' selection. In the light of this historical pattern, it was anticipated that the officer corps would show a heavy dependence on the elite sector of education, although also, over time, a reduction in this dependence. Examination of figures for membership of Woolwich (1855-1939), of Sandhurst (1890-1967), of the army elite (1870-1971), and of the officer corps as a whole (1969) verified these predictions. Officership proves to have been a virtual monopoly of the public schools-amongst whom the major boarding schools were predominant at least up to the Second World War, and even since then public school boys have predominated at every level of the army until quite recently. However, it is also clear that an irreversible decline in the role of the public schools has now set in, and that state sector schools are now taking over the major role in the supply of new officers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper begins by examining the typology of educational systems outlined by Earl Hopper m Sociology (vol. 2, no. I, 1968) and argues against the attempt to reduce the comparative study of education to varieties of occupational selection. On the other hand, accepting that a central part of the sociology of education must be with ideology and the generation and transmission of learning, it outlines a framework for examining this in Britain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines some issues of value and practicality which concern the university psychologist at work in organisations. His professional value system is separated from his personal values, and suggestions are made about methodological aspects of i:he former. Greater intervention in ongoing situations through 'aided experimentation' is advocated. The university researcher's responsibility to earn tile right to conduct research in organisations and his responsibility to he concerned with the interests of taxpayers as a whole are emphasised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the rates of pay laid down for shift-work in 138 national industrial agreements. While the order of size of payment for different kinds of shift remains fairly constant throughout—permanent nights (greatest), discontinuous three-shift, double days (least) — the levels of payment and the differences between them vary widely from one industry to another. These shift payments purport to be compensation for the hardship (physical, social, economic) involved in working `abnormal' hours, and ought therefore to reflect ways in which the demands of different types of system are perceived. In practice they are more likely to be determined by the bargaining process and the state of the market economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim in this paper is to bring together, review and, as far as possible, to synthesize the research findings on inter-generation occupational mobility in Britain. Deficiencies in the empirical research carried out to date, and problems for further research, are indicated. On the basis of 13 empirical studies and other relevant work, the pattern and rates of inter-generation occupational mobility in Britain are described. They are then viewed against a cross-national perspective. The determinants of inter-generation mobility are considered. Social structural, demographic and psychological factors are all shown to be important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper measured subordinates' perceptions of their leaders' ability to use different leadership styles. Subjects were 124 middle and first level supervisors from accounting and R & D departments in the United Kingdom. The results indicate that subjects did not believe that their supervisors would either use the same style (irrespective of what style) or randomly employ styles to deal with four typical but hypothetical problems. These results persisted when respondents were subdivided on the basis of both organizational level and functional area. Some evidence suggests that perceived patterns of style usage may be associated, at least in the mind of subordinates, with the general task dimension, interpersonal-technical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines insects infected sacks used for the storage and packing of foods in Great Britain. Details of species of insects found in sacks; Reasons for occurrence of the insect Oryzaephilus surinamensis in flour sacks; Insects found in food sacks used for the storage of waste paper.

The article offers updates on the activities of the industrial psychology for 1935 in Great Britain. About twenty-eight sessional courses on Industrial Psychology will be conducted on October 10. The British Association for the Advancement of Science will hold a meeting on September 4 to 11. The Department of Industrial Cooperation will disseminate number of papers concerning on industrial and commercial management.

Information about the several meetings involving the Institute of Fisheries Management in 1973 Great Britain is presented. A meeting was held in February 4 which focused on the trout hatchery management. In January 17, a meeting at the Brecon Rugby Club took the form of a trout restocking forum. A successful meeting attended by 36 members presented papers on various aspects of fishery management and development.

This article reports on an annual provincial meeting of the British Endodontic Society which was held at Oxford, Great Britain, on September 28-29, 1974. The meeting on Saturday was opened by the President. He introduced Major Stock who presented a paper on his investigation into "The Comparison of the efficiency of the Giromatic system and hand operated instruments in Root Canal Therapy". Two films were shown during the meeting, one made by the U. S. Navy on Endodontic Techniques and the other on a diodontic implant technique entitled "Tooth and Nail."

Announces that a meeting of the British Sedimentology Research Group will be held at the Department of Geology, University of Bristol, on January 3, 1970. Discussion of mutual problems; Presentation of short papers; Exhibits and short films.