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Issue #50 of the Bank Street Occasional Paper Series, "Learning With Treescapes in Environmentally Endangered Times Learning with Treescapes in Environmentally Endangered Times," is intended to be hopeful. Articles in this issue contribute to the envisioning of new practices and to an architecture of knowledge to waymark a more sustainable route into the future. Trees are vital for the present and future health of the planet, its inhabitants, and ecosystems. They store carbon and breathe out oxygen. Their leaves filter dangerous pollutants. Their branches provide shade and a shelter for a myriad of other beings, allowing diverse species to thrive. They provide cooling, control erosion, and filter water. Articles in this issue include stories from teachers and their students about learning with trees, and descriptions of how engagements with trees can transform research and ways of thinking, feeling, and being. Across multiple pieces, authors reflect on how connecting with trees facilitates greater connection among humans and between humans and the more-than-human occupants of our planet.

This volume draws together a selection of papers from YAC2018, the first meeting in the annual Year Abroad Conference series, which took place at Newcastle University in September 2018. The contributions collected here examine some of the opportunities, gains, and challenges the Year Abroad brings for both students and staff. They are presented around the five broad themes around which YAC2018 was organised: mental health, year abroad preparation, student perception of the year abroad, year abroad assessment, and employability. This volume will be of interest to academics and professional services staff involved in the preparation, administration, and management of the year abroad. [Newcastle University and the School of Modern Languages in particular provided organisational and financial support in the preparation of the event.]

This issue of "Bank Street Occasional Papers" explores the value of time outside of school. Educators have given relatively little scholarly attention to young people's nonschool lives. Ignored or valorized, nonschool spaces show up in educational research only as a backdrop, implying that school learning is the yardstick by which to measure the young people's lives. Even scholars who focus primarily on nonschool spaces are limited by their inability to theorize nonschool learning without framing it in terms of school learning (Sefton-Green, 2012; Teitle, 2012). Yet this myopic view of school outcomes only serves to narrow the purpose and possibilities of nonschool time. Therefore, the editors of "Bank Street Occasional Papers" asked authors to expand the conversation about young people's lives outside of school. Contributing authors both engage with current literature on nonschool spaces and offer new and exciting ways to conceptualize nonschool activity and learning. Articles in this issue include: (1) What (and Where) Is the "Learning" When We Talk About Learning in the Home? (Julian Sefton-Green); (2) Global Childhoods, Asian Lifeworlds: After School Time in Hong Kong (Nicola Yelland, Sandy Muspratt, and Caja Gilbert); (3) Becoming-Belieber: Girls' Passionate Encounters with Bieber Culture (Kortney Sherbine); (4) Building After-School Islands of Expertise in "Wrestling Club" (Victor Sensenig); (5) Mapping the Social Across Lived Experiences: Relational Geographies and After-School Time (Jennifer A. Vadeboncoeur and Louai Rahal); (6) Changing Through Laughter with "Laughter for a Change" (Laurel J. Felt and Ed Greenberg); (7) Enhanced Participation: Creating Opportunities for Youth Leadership Development (Clara Waloff); (8) Witnessing the Power of El Sistema in Urban Communities: Sister Cities Girlchoir (Erika Kitzmiller); and (9) Playing Outdoors: The Importance of the City as a Playground for Skateboarding and Parkour (Michael Jeffries, Sebastian Messer, and Jon Swords). Individual articles contain references.

This document contains four papers that examine four diverse topics from the field of adult education: multiculturalism, ageism, mathematics, and new paradigm research. In "Editorial Introduction," Roger Fieldhouse gives an overview of the papers and the experience of their authors. The first paper, "Multi-Cultural Perspectives on Adult Education: Putting Policy into Practice" (Nancy Gidley), discusses the need for multicultural education and issues of curriculum, access, staff development, resources, and management. The role of nurse education in challenging ageist attitudes among student nurses in the delivery of health care to older adults is examined in Catherine Cadman's paper "Ageist Practice in Nursing: The Challenge to Professional Education." In her paper "Transposing Mathematics from the Margins to the Centre," Roseanne Benn discusses the links between democracy, adult education, and mathematics. Allen Parrott's paper "Adult Education and New Paradigm Research" describes new paradigm research and suggests that adult education would be an especially fertile ground for new-style inquiry methods and philosophy because of their accord with adult education values. (MN)

This document contains six papers examining the theoretical and practical development of university adult continuing education (ACE) curricula in the late 1990s. The following are among the factors considered in "An Exploration of the Factors Affecting the Adult Continuing Education Curriculum" (Roseanne Benn): goals; cultural, political, and educational forces; and experiences or philosophies of knowledge. "Word-Power: The Influence of Language on Practice in Curriculum Development" (Simon Trezise) explores the power of the dominant discourse and the power of individuals to resist or change it. The drive toward vocational relevance in ACE in the last 2 decades and its effect on curriculum development is analyzed in "A Re-formation of Liberal Values: Embedding Transferable Skills in the Adult Continuing Education Curriculum" (Roger Fieldhouse). The trend toward a "skills-based" history in ACE is traced in "Developing a History Curriculum for Adult Learners--A Case Study" (Lynne Thompson). "A Part-time Humanities Degree off Campus: Factors in Curriculum Design" (Ella Westland) describes efforts at the University of Exeter's outpost in Cornwall to respond to changing student demands and funding formulas. "Widening Access: A Curriculum for Distance Learning" (Caroline Whiting) outlines the process of setting up distance learning provision in ACE at Exeter. (MN)

The six articles in this issue tackle topics that relate to the role and function of numeracy in adult life. "Reading Comprehension in Written Mathematics Problems" (Sue Wareham) examines the levels of reading ability required of numeracy students and offers strategies to help students with limited reading skills. "Can Ordinary People Do Real Maths?" (Joan O'Hagan) tackles the issue of "real" math through a review of historical, philosophical, and cultural perspectives on the nature of mathematics and considers the consequences for tutors and students. "Numeracy: A Core Skill or Not?" (George Barr) reviews the place of numeracy within recently established core skills frameworks. "Sorting Out Statistics: Confessions of a Numeracy Tutor" (Sarah Oliver) considers the place of statistics in life and in the curriculum. "Learning Contracts in Higher Education: Towards Confidence in Developing Numeracy Skills" (Ian Beveridge, Gordon Weller) describes the development of numeracy support for Access (a program which attracts a lot of single parent mothers, housewives with older children, and non-mainstream groups) and higher education students at Luton College, England. "Effective Provision of Literacy and Numeracy Instruction for Long-Term Unemployed Persons" (Joy Cumming), an article that reviews the provision of employment-related courses in Australia, evaluates the features of good practice in both literacy and numeracy, and considers the most effective approaches in developing numeracy skills. (YLB)

The six articles in this issue attempt to answer questions that have arisen due to the increase in programs that cross existing or traditional age barriers in literacy education. They draw upon recent and current research and practice both in the United Kingdom and the United States. "Family Literacy: An Intergenerational Approach to Education" (Sharon Darling) describes and comments on some current models for family literacy programs in the United States. "Intergenerational Literacy Intervention: Possibilities and Problems" (Peter Hannon) starts from research into school reading attainment and offers a framework for parental involvement in reading acquisition. "Workforce Education, Family Literacy, and Economic Development" (Thomas Sticht) places family literacy in the context of the needs of the work force and examines the interrelationship of literacy acquisition in these different areas. "Parent Involvement in Family Literacy: An Anti-Poverty Perspective" (Ray Phillips) traces the development of parent involvement initiatives against the background of broader social and policy change in the British/European context. "Techniques in Family Literacy" (Keith Topping) looks at specific techniques for parental intervention in basic skills acquisition by children, including paired reading, cued spelling, and paired writing. "A Typology of Family and Intergenerational Literacy Programmes: Implications for Evaluation" (Ruth Nickse) explores issues of evaluation by seeking to establish a typology of family literacy programs. (YLB)

This symposium on human resource development (HRD) theory consists of three presentations. "The Real Debate: Who Does HRD Serve?" (Wendy E.A. Ruona) finds three distinctive sets of beliefs about who/what HRD serves, namely that HRD serves individuals, organizations, and multiple stakeholders. "Theorizing HRD" (Jim McGoldrick, Jim Stewart, Sandra Watson) attempts to derive a conceptual "map" of HRD in the United Kingdom and does not present a particular position on HRD. "HRD as a Factor in the Inevitable Move to Globalization" (Gary N. McLean), an opinion piece, explores the implications for HRD of globalization. Concluding that globalization is inevitable, the paper makes recommendations for HRD's role, with emphasis on integrity in the process. All three papers include substantial bibliographies. Two of the papers include substantial bibliographies. (YLB)

This document contains three papers on global knowledge transfer issues and human resource development (HRD). "Indigenizing Knowledge Transfer" (Gary N. McLean) explores examples of HRD in which ethnocentric perspectives predominate and argues that, unless a HRD develops a global perspective, efforts to transfer knowledge within academia and corporate HRD settings are nearly certain to fail. "How to Develop Human Resources: Technical Rationality or Social Moral Responsibility? A Comparison of Western and Chinese Human Resource Theory and Practice" (Baiyin Yang, De Zhang) proposes a theoretical framework for cross-cultural study in organizational behavior and uses the framework to compare U.S. and Chinese human resource theory and practice. The study demonstrates that Chinese managerial philosophy is centered on social morality whereas U.S. managerial philosophy is characterized as technical rationality. "Enhancing Commitment and Overcoming the Knowing-Doing Gap: A Case Study at the Technikon Northern Gauteng (TNG) in South Africa" (Hilda Martens, Jan Verhagen) reports on a case study during which a social constructionist framework was used to examine the problem of overcoming the knowing-doing gap and increasing commitment in an action research at a South African tertiary educational institution. All three papers include substantial bibliographies. (MN)

This volume contains papers submitted to the 10th Annual Conference of the Bulgarian Comparative Education Society, held in Kyustendil, Bulgaria, 12-15 June 2012. The overall goal of the 10th BCES conference is to facilitate discussion of different perspectives on international education providing a forum for scientific debate and constructive interaction in a multi cultural social environment such as Bulgaria. This is a jubilee conference. Ten might not mean too much for large scholarly societies in other countries, especially in the Western world. However, for a small society like BCES, ten means a lot. It means trust, international recognition, constant interest, well-developed academic cooperation, and the most important--it means an established conference tradition. The following papers are included in this volume: (1) Foreword: Remembering the Past--Anticipating the Future: Reflections on the BCES's Jubilee Conference (Karen L. Biraimah); (2) Editorial Preface: An Established Conference Tradition (Nikolay Popov, Charl Wolhuter, Bruno Leutwyler, Gillian Hilton, James Ogunleye, and Patrícia Albergaria Almeida; and (3) Introduction: A Framework for Understanding International Perspectives on Education (Alexander W. Wiseman). Part 1: Comparative Education & History of Education: (4) Also a door to the inside of a new house --yet another use for Comparative Education (Charl Wolhuter); (5) Structures of School Systems Worldwide: A Comparative Study (Nikolay Popov); (6) The Role of Comparative Pedagogy in the Training of Pedagogues in Serbia and Slovenia (Vera Spasenovic, Natasa Vujisic Zivkovic, and Klara Skubic Ermenc); (7) Konstantinos G. Karras & Evanthia Synodi Comparative and International Education and the teaching profession. The case of Marc-Antoine Jullien (Konstantinos G. Karras and Evanthia Synodi); (8) Comparing management models of secondary schools in Tamaulipas, Mexico: An exploration with a Delphi method (Marco Aurelio Navarro-Leal, Concepción Niño García, and Ma. Luisa Caballero Saldivar); (9) Classroom and Socialization: a case study through an action-research in Crete, Greece (Pella Calogiannakis and Theodoros Eleftherakis); (10) E-learning, State and Educational System in Middle East Countries (Hamid Rashidi, Abbas Madandar Arani, and Lida Kakia); (11) Approaches to internal testing and assessment of knowledge in relation to the pupils' achievements in national assessment of knowledge (Amalija Žakelj, Milena Ivanuš Grmek, and Franc Cankar); (12) The Stereotypes in Pupil's Self Esteem (Franc Cankar, Amalija Žakelj, and Milena Ivanuš Grmek); (13) Insecure identities: Unaccompanied minors as refugees in Hamburg (Joachim Schroeder); (14) The origins of religion as an historical conundrum: pedagogical and research methodological implications and challenges (Johannes L. van der Walt and Ferdinand J. Potgieter); (15) A brief overview of the history of education in Poland (Katarzyna Charzynska, Marta Anczewska, and Piotr Switaj); (16) "Everybody is given a chance, my boy … everybody who is willing to work for socialism": An Overview of English Textbooks in the Postwar Period in Hungary (Zsolt Dózsa); and (17) Situated literacy practices amongst artisans in the South West of Nigeria: developmental and pedagogical implications (Gordon O. Ade-Ojo, Mike Adeyeye, and F. Fagbohun). Part 2: Pre-Service and In-Service Teacher Training: (18) Constructivist Foundations of Intercultural Education: Implications for Research and Teacher Training (Bruno Leutwyler, Danijela S. Petrovic, and Carola Mantel; (19) Theory in Teacher Education: Students' views (Leonie G. Higgs); (20) Policy and practice of pre-service and in-service teacher training programmes and facilities in Nigeria (Stephen Adebanjo Oyebade); (21) Student Perceptions of the Distance Education Mode Compared with Face-to-Face Teaching in the University Distance Education Programme (Claudio Rafael Vásquez Martínez, Graciela Girón, and Antonio Ayón Bañuelos); (22) Environmental Education: From the Perspective of Scientific Knowledge for Constructivist Learning (Graciela Girón, Claudio Rafael Vásquez Martínez, Juan Sánchez López, and Antonio Ayón Bañuelos); (23) The Competencies of the Modern Teacher (Olga Nessipbayeva); and (24) Pre-service teacher action research: Concept, international trends and implications for teacher education in Turkey (Irem Kizilaslan and Bruno Leutwyler). Part 3: Education Policy, Reforms and School Leadership: (25) Changing policies changing times: initiatives in teacher education in England (Gillian L. S. Hilton); (26) Dealing with Change in Hong Kong Schools using Strategic Thinking Skills (Nicholas Sun-Keung Pang and John Pisapia); (27) Institutions' Espoused Values Perceived by Chinese Educational Leaders (Nicholas Sun-Keung Pang and Ting Wang); (28) Social Service Community Education as an area of training and participation for social development (Amelia Molina García); (29) English Language Education Policy in Colombia and Mexico (Ruth Roux); (30) Compensatory Programs in Mexico to Reduce the Educational Gap (Emma Leticia Canales Rodríguez and Tiburcio Moreno Olivos); (31) Changing times, Changing roles: FE Colleges' perceptions of their changing leadership role in contemporary UK politico-economic climate (Aaron A. R. Nwabude and Gordon Ade-Ojo); (32) Role perceptions and job stress among special education school principals: Do they differ from principals of regular schools? (Haim H. Gaziel, Yael Cohen-Azaria, and Klara Skubic Ermenc); (33) Multiculturalism: challenge or reality (Olivera Knezevic Floric and Stefan Ninkovic); (34) Privatization of higher education in Nigeria: Critical Issues (Phillips Olayide Okunola and Simeon Adebayo Oladipo); (35) Policies and initiatives: reforming teacher education in Nigeria (Martha Nkechinyere Amadi); and (36) Leadership in Educational Institutions (Esmeralda Sunko). Part 4: Higher Education, Lifelong Learning and Social Inclusion: (37) Validation of skills, knowledge and experience in lifelong learning in Europe (James Ogunleye); (38) Empowering women with domestic violence experience (Marta Anczewska, Joanna Roszczynska-Michta, Justyna Waszkiewicz, Katarzyna Charzynska, and Czeslaw Czabala); (39) Sixty Five Years of University Education in Nigeria: Some Key Cross Cutting Issues (Aloy Ejiogu and Sheidu Sule); (40) Brain Drain in Higher Education: Lost Hope or Opportunity? (George Odhiambo); (41) Searching for the Dividends of Religious Liberty: Who Benefits and Who Pays? (Donald B. Holsinger); (42) More than Mere Law: Freedom of Religion or Belief (Ellen S. Holsinger); (43) Intergenerational Learning in the Family (Sabina Jelenc Krašovec and Sonja Kump); (44) Students' Views on Important Learning Experiences--Challenges Related to Ensuring Quality of Studies (Barbara Šteh and Jana Kalin); (45) Campus life: The impact of external factors on emotional health of students (Dalena Vogel); (46) Education and Lifelong Learning in Romania--Perspectives of the Year 2020 (Veronica Adriana Popescu, Gheorghe N. Popescu, and Cristina Raluca Popescu); (47) Scientific reputation and "the golden standards": quality management system impact and the teaching-research nexus (Luminita Moraru); (48) The implementation of the Validation of Acquired Experience (VAE) in France would be a cultural revolution in higher education training? (Pascal Lafont); (49) Hilary English Transition of students from economically disadvantaged backgrounds to research led Universities (Hilary English); (50) Attitudes of Parents towards Contemporary Female Higher Education (Miss Shamaas Gul Khattak); (51) Structured Peer Mentoring: Enhancing Lifelong Learning in Pakistani Universities (Nosheen Rachel Naseem); (52) The Rise of Private Higher Education in Jamaica: Neo-liberalism at Work? (Chad O. Coates); (53) Educational Developments in the British West Indies: A Historical Overview (Chad O. Coates); (54) Focus Learning Support: Rising to Educational Challenges (Elizabeth Achinewhu-Nworgu, Gertrude Shotte, and Queen Chioma Nworgu); (55) Distance Education in Higher Education in Latvia (Daina Vasilevska); (56) Evidence-based research study of the Russian vocational pedagogy and education motivational potential in the internationalisation projection (Oksana Chigisheva); (57) Healthy lifestyle formation within the extra-curricular activities of students at universities (Saltanat Tazhbayeva) [title provided in English and Bulgarian, abstract in English and paper in Bulgarian]; (58) Management based organisation of school's educational process (Tursynbek Baimoldayev) [title provided in English and Bulgarian, abstract in English and paper in Bulgarian]; (59) Modernization of higher education in the context of the Bologna Process in the Republic of Kazakhstan (Sanim Kozhayeva) [title provided in English and Bulgarian, abstract in English and paper in Bulgarian]; and (60) About the problem of self-definition of personality (G. T. Hairullin and G. S. Saudabaeva) [title provided in English and Bulgarian, abstract in English and paper in Bulgarian]. Part 5: Learning and Teaching Styles: (61) Learning Styles and Disciplinary Fields: is there a relationship? (Patrícia Albergaria Almeida); (62) ICT competences for teachers in 21st Century--a design framework for science primary teacher education courses (Cecília Guerra, António Moreira, and Rui Marques Vieira); (63) Teacher Education in the context of international cooperation: the case of East Timor (Patrícia Albergaria Almeida, Mariana Martinho, and Betina Lopes); (64) How would Virtual Learning Environment (VLE) Enhance Assessment for Learning Mathematics by the Special Education Needs Students (SENs) in Secondary Education Sector (Aaron A. R. Nwabude); (65) A gender perspective on student questioning upon the transition to Higher Education (Mariana Martinho, Patrícia Albergaria Almeida, and José Teixeira-Dias); (66) Student-Centred Learning: A Dream or Reality (Sandra Ozola); (67) Problems of development of E-Learning content in historical education on the Republic of Kazakhstan (Gabit Kapezovich ?enzhebayev, Saule Hairullovna Baidildina, and Tenlik Toktarbekovna Dalayeva) [title provided in English and Bulgarian, abstract in English and paper in Bulgarian]; and (68) The world pedagogical idea in the context of comparison: Confucius--Al Farabi--Ibn Sina--Balasaguni (Aigerim Kosherbayeva, Kulmeskhan Abdreimova, and Asem Anuarbek) [title provided in English and Bulgarian, abstract in English and paper in Bulgarian]. A list of contributors in included. (Individual papers contain references.)

This book contains the following papers about considerations in developing joint European quality norms for vocational guidance: "Joint Quality Norms in Guidance"; "Careers Guidance in the Information Society" (Frans Meijers); "The Changing Nature of Guidance" (J. Chamberlain); "Quality with Policy: Beyond Calimero?" (Saskia den Broeder); "Ethical Guidelines for Guidance Counsellors. Discussion Paper Draft Version" (Danish National Council for Vocational and Educational Guidance); "Ethics in Careers Guidance" (Frans Meijers); "Internationalisation: Economy and Ecology" (Peter Plant); "Deregulation and Quality" (Frans Meijers); "Quality and Careers Guidance in the UK" (Cliff Spracklen); "Quality Issues for Guidance Counsellors in Ireland: Perspective of the Institute of Guidance Counsellors" (Breeda Coyle); "Quality Management in Vocational Guidance" (Mariet Herle); "ISO [International Standards Organization] 9000 in Vocational Guidance" (Soren Borch); "Quality Improvement and Quality Assurance in Knowledge Intensive Service Organisations" (Eric Mooijman, Ronald Stevens); "Quality Management and ISO Standards in the PMS Centres for Community Education in Flanders" (Anita Faucompret); "Quality Management in a Danish Technical College" (Lisbeth Hojdal); "The Employment Office and ISO Certification" (Frank Witkamp); "Assessing Course Information Material" (Dutch National Careers Guidance Information Centre); "Complaints about Course Information Material"; "A Case Study of Course Information Material--with Transnational Comparison" (John McCarthy); "Quality Norms for Written Information in Denmark" (Ole Dibbern Andersen); "Summary of Contribution to the Enigma Expert Meeting on Quality in Information" (Anne van der Meiden); and "The Enigma [ENhancing the quality of Information and Guidance MAterial] Group." (MN)

This report presents the findings of an analysis of the new or updated Children and Young People's Plan (CYPP) published in 2007. The documents analysed, known variously as plans, reviews or refreshes, are collectively referred to throughout the report as CYPPs. Attendees at the Planning for Excellence (PFE) network workshops suggested that further analysis of the CYPPs should focus on topics of current relevance to local authorities. They, together with the Local Government Association (LGA), highlighted a particular interest in the commissioning process. The value of analysing the 2007 CYPPs in relation to the areas of safeguarding and looked-after children (LAC) was also raised. In addition, the analysis of the 2007 CYPPs examined their format and presentation in the same way as in 2006. This report therefore presents findings on: (1) commissioning; (2) safeguarding; (3) looked-after children; (4) format and presentation. It was also suggested at the PFE workshops that analysis of the plans should be combined with qualitative research examining the planning processes. A follow-up report detailing findings from local authority case studies focused on the planning processes is planned for later in the year. Contents include: (1) Introduction (Mary Atkinson); (2) Commissioning (Catherine Paterson); (3) Safeguarding (Megan Jones); and (4) Looked-After Children (Emily Lamont). Information on format and presentation is appended (Catherine Paterson). (Contains 7 tables and 5 figures.) [This project was co-funded by the Local Government Education and Children's Services Research Programme; and part funded by the National Foundation for Educational Research (NFER) Research Development Fund.]

This volume contains a collection of selected papers submitted to the 19th Annual International Conference of the Bulgarian Comparative Education Society (BCES) held in June 2021. The 19th BCES Conference theme is "New Challenges to Education: Lessons from around the World." The book includes 40 papers written by 66 authors from 15 countries. The volume starts with an introductory piece co-authored by Zoltán Rónay and Ewelina K Niemczyk. The other 39 papers are divided into 6 parts representing the thematic sections: (1) Comparative and International Education & History of Education; (2) International Organizations and Education; (3) School Education: Policies, Innovations, Practices & Entrepreneurship; (4) Higher Education & Teacher Education and Training; (5) Law and Education; and (6) Research Education & Research Practice. The papers included in this year's conference volume outline a variety of challenges all actors in the education process (students, teachers, administrators, policy decision makers) at all levels of the education systems have recently faced. Readers can find conceptual and empirical studies, quantitative and qualitative methods, descriptive and analytical approaches, and even pessimistic and optimistic authors' views. This volume presents how novel concepts, ironical definitions, and provoking considerations are born in difficult times, when restricted life meets unrestricted spirit. [Individual papers are indexed in ERIC.]

The UNESCO International Meeting on Innovation and Excellence in TVET Teacher Education took place in Hangzhou/China in November 2004. The main aim of this conference was to establish a platform for discussion about improving the quality of Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET). The focal point was the development and implementation of an international Master Degree Standard in teacher and trainer education in TVET. One year later, in December 2005 the conference, from which this book derives its content, entitled "Development and Implementation of a Master Degree Standard for Teacher and Trainer Education in Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) in East and South East Asia," took place at the University of Tianjin in China. This conference represents an outcome of the close cooperation between InWEnt--Capacity Building International of Germany, the Ministry of Education (MoE) Beijing in China and the UNESCO-UNEVOC, International Centre for TVET, from Bonn in Germany, and set a precedent for the further development of Master degree programmes in TVET. At the conference, various existing Master degree programmes were discussed in the context of the international framework developed in Hangzhou. Thus, the structure and content of Master degree programmes of Asian universities were introduced and discussed with particular regard to the implementation of the international framework together with broader aspects of provision impacting on TVET. The book begins with key note papers which provide the reader with the (political) background to current developments in TVET. The subsequent three chapters summarise nineteen papers delivered by participants from different countries. Significant threads emerging from the conference presentations included debate and critical analysis of the identification of training needs, based on recent research findings and empirical evidence. In addition, discussions illustrated how standards in teacher and trainer education in TVET within the international Master Degree Standard could be implemented under different national and often frequently changing policy contexts. Following a preamble and editors' preface, the following key notes and papers are presented: (1) Importance of Developing and Implementing an International Master Degree Standard for Teacher and Trainer Education in Technical and Vocational Education and Training (Rupert Maclean); (2) Capacity Building in TVET Staff Development in the Context of International Cooperation (Harry Stolte); (3) Increasing the Profile and Professionalisation of the Education of TVET Teachers and Trainers (Felix Rauner and Joachim Dittrich); (4) The International Framework Curriculum for a Master's Degree in Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET): A Case Study of the Implementation of a Joint European-Asian Masters Degree Programme in TVET (Frank Bunnin and Klaus Jenewein); (5) International Master Degree in Technical Teacher Education: The Case of Islamic University of Technology (IUT) (Che Kum Clement); (6) Problems and Perspectives of Master's Degree Programmes for In-Service TVET Teachers: A Case Study at Tongji University (Zhang Jianrong and Le Yanyan); (7) Case Study: Example of Internationalisation through Development of a Master's Degree Dual Award between Anglia Ruskin University, UK and Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany (Gordon Bellamy and Frank Bunning); (8) On Problems and Countermeasures in TVET Master Education (Wang Wei-Bo and Diao Zhe-Jun); (9) Vocational Disciplines--What Could a General Framework Look Like? (Joachim Dittrich); (10) Modular TVET-Teacher-Training-System, Based on Teacher-Qualification-Standards--A Proposal of UNIP (Peter Gerds and Zhi-Qun Zhao); (11) Research for TVET Policy Development (Jon Lauglo); (12) Modular Employment Oriented Curriculum Development (Harry Stolte); (13) In-Service TVET Teacher Education and Training for Sustainable Development (Eb Trowe); (14) General Survey of a Sino-German Training Project for Teachers of Vocational Education (Wu Quanquan); (15) Virtual Learning Infrastructures for Process-Oriented Qualification of Teachers and Trainers in Germany (Gert Zinke); (16) Virtual Learning Community: A New Approach to Teacher Professional Development--Reflective Research into an eLearning Program of Intercultural Collaboration between China and the United Kingdom (Bangxiang Liu); (17) Experience and Perspective of the University-Based International Cooperation and Research (Tao Qiuyan, Gao Lin, and Bao Jie); and (18) VET from the Viewpoint of the Enterprises--New Challenges for Companies and Training Institutions (Winfried Heusinger). Appended is: International Conference on "Development and Implementation of a Master Degree Standard for Teacher and Trainer Education in Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) in East and South East Asia." (Individual papers contain references.) [This imprint was prepared by UNESCO-UNEVOC International Centre for Technical and Vocational Education and Training and published by InWEnt--Internationale Weiterbildung und Entwicklung gGmbH.]

This document contains three papers on professional development. "An Inquiry into the Continuing Professional Education of Information Technology Workers" (David D. Branigan) reports on a study in which the model of the critically reflective teacher was used to examine the practice of continuing education for the information technology profession. A set of assumptions about developers, instructors, and learners was formulated and analyzed for their alignment with similar concepts rooted in the literature and through interviews with developers, instructors, and learners. Finally, educational criticism and connoisseurship was used to provide a description of current practice. "The Relationship between Professional Learning and Continuing Professional Development in the UK: The Implications for a Research Design" (Jean Woodall, Stephen Gourlay) provides a critical review of theories of professionals' learning processes and the ways in which they manage their learning when in professional practice. "A Comparative Analysis of Problem-Based Approaches to Professional Development" (Margaret C. Lohman) presents the results of a literature review of the following problem-based approaches to professional development: case study; goal-based scenario; problem-based learning; and action learning. Key differences in the nature of the case problems and training strategies used in the approaches were identified and shown to result in different training outcomes. All three papers include substantial bibliographies. (MN)

This document contains three papers on emotions and behavior in the workplace and their implications for human resource development (HRD). "Analyzing Training from an Emotions Perspective" (Darren C. Short) reviews the empirical and theoretical literature on emotions and explains how the literature can be used to analyze incidences in the training context. Two short scenarios are presented that illustrate how the literature can be used to provide insight on breakdowns during a training course and on building emotions into the training design. "The Planned and Unintended Emotions Generated by a Corporate Change Programme: Managing the Gaps and Their Implications for HRD Practice" (Sharon Turnbull) discusses a study that examined the implications of management of emotions through culture change programs by investigating the emotional response of participants in one such program at a large corporation. "Conceptualizations of Emotional Behavior in Organizational Contexts: A Framework for Understanding the Implications of HRD Research and Practice" (Jamie L. Callahan, Eric E. McCollum) applies paradigmatic lenses to the study of emotional behavior in organizations. The paradigmatic approaches are represented by the interconnection of objective-subjective and emergent-managed continua regarding emotional behavior. A scheme of four overlapping approaches (functionalist, interpretivist, dialogic deconstructionist, structural determinist) to emotional behavior practical interventions is also presented. All three papers include substantial bibliographies. (MN)

This document contains three papers from a symposium on change and the consultant that was conducted during a conference on human resource development (HRD). "A Theory of Consultancy" (Daniel R. Boroto, Douglas A. Zahn, Darren C. Short) presents an emerging theory of consultancy that is based on an analysis of thousands of videotaped consultations and contains the following elements: structure; relationship; attitude; experience; language; and technical content. "The Method of Narrative Change Accounting" (Matti Laitinen, Ville Nurmi, Kari E. Nurmi) outlines an eclectic method for describing organizational change processes that adapts elements of social psychology, the theory of social action, ethnography, film theory, and oral historical research. "Colleges of Education and Internal Consultants" (Gene L. Roth) provides an overview of the literature on internal consulting and offers the following advice to faculty members interested in building skills and knowledge in the role of internal consultant: behave like an external consultant; be proactive and aggressive at least 25% of the time; focus on the job to be done; be your own person; adopt a collaborative approach based on empathy, communication, and participation; and recognize the political and ethical issues of tackling certain internal consulting assignments. The papers contain reference sections. (MN)

This document contains three papers from a symposium on research methods in human resource development (HRD) that was conducted as part of a conference on HRD. "Utilizing Electronic Mail To Survey Human Resource Development Practitioners: A Comparison between Electronic Mail and the U.S. Postal Service for the Purpose of Data Collection: Reducing the Costs of Bureaucracy" (Harold Shoemaker, James J. Kirk) reports on a study establishing that electronic mail elicited a significantly higher response rate than regular mail (41% versus 25%) but did not alter response patterns by gender or years in the HRD profession. "Trends in the Literature: A Comparative Analysis of 1998 HRD Research" (Loretta L. Donovan, Victoria J. Marsick) documents the following three trends in HRD research: (1) HRD has made strong inroads as an area of professional practice; (2) the field continues to use qualitative and quantitative tools relatively equally; and (3) the number of articles published in the field increased by 50% this past year. "Reflection-in-Action of a Research Partnership" (Wendy E. A. Ruona, Darren C. Short) outlines the learning points identified as key to successful research partnership projects by two researchers who spent more than 2 years in such a partnership. The papers contain reference sections. (MN)

This packet contains three papers from a symposium on cross-cultural issues in human resource development (HRD). The first paper, "The Perceptions of Physical Therapy Students Regarding the Provision of Transcultural Care" (Theresa J. Kraemer), examines the perceptions of 12 entry-level master's degree program physical therapy (PT) students on providing cross-cultural care. Data were collected via a qualitative, emergent case study design using interviews, observations, and document review. The results revealed the following five domains: (1) personal preparation; (2) prior medical care preparation; (3) academic preparation; (4) clinical preparation; and (5) the provision of culturally congruent care. The second paper, "An Intercultural Training/Consulting Process and Its Implications on Meaning Making and Organizational Change: The Case of a Hungarian Organization" (Maria Cseh, Darren Short), presents an in-depth look at an intercultural training and consulting process between an HRD team from the United Kingdom and a large public service Hungarian organization, using the case study method. The last paper, "Theory of Intercultural Adjustment and Implication for HRD" (Soomi Ha), examines theories of adjustment process and presents an integrated model through synthesizing previous literature. The papers contain reference sections. (KC)

This packet contains three papers from a symposium on feedback systems held at a conference on human resource development (HRD). The first paper, "The Role of Feedback in Management Development Training" (K. Peter Kuchinke), reports on a survey-based study that investigated the role of feedback in nine management development training settings in a British government agency. The results of the study suggest that participants sought information about their performance frequently and from a variety of sources and that the feedback-seeking is important in the process of management development training. The second paper, "A Five Phase Framework for Designing a Successful Multirater Feedback System" (Allan H. Church, Janine Waclawski) notes that there is a need in the literature for more attention to the factors involved in creating a successful feedback process. A five-phase framework for designing such a system is based on the classic organizational development consulting skills model and many years of practitioner experience with large-scale feedback-based applications in Fortune 100 organizations. The final paper, "An Evaluation of the Quality of 360-Degree Assessment Instruments" (Froukje Jellema, Adrie Visscher, Martin Mulder), presents a checklist of standards on the basis of which 360-degree employee evaluation instruments are examined. Four 360-degree assessment instruments also are examined. The papers contain reference sections.(KC)

This document contains three papers from a symposium on action learning that was conducted as part of a conference on human resource development (HRD). "Searching for Meaning in Complex Action Learning Data: What Environments, Acts, and Words Reveal" (Verna J. Willis) analyzes complex action learning documents produced as course requirements in universities in Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States and discusses the credibility of relationship theories of mind and enactment theories of transformational learning. "Employee Strategies in Organizing Action Learning Programs" (Rob F. Poell, Ferd J. Van der Krogt) presents a theoretical framework for the organization of action learning and uses the framework to analyze four learning-project cases from different work contexts in the Netherlands. "Comparing Action Learning Programs at Six Universities on Three Continents: Similarities and Differences" (Robert L. Dilworth) examines action learning programs at six universities in Australia, England, and the United States and draws the following conclusions: action learning has proven its value and deserves broader application in higher education; action learning can be counter-intuitive to academics; action learning can be counter-cultural to organizations because of its underlying egalitarianism; and action learning is a manifestation of adult learning theories in practice. The papers contain reference sections. (MN)

This document contains three papers from a symposium on increasing participation in learning that was conducted as part of a conference on human resource development (HRD). "Factors Influencing Employee Participation in Training: An Empirical Investigation" (Reid A. Bates) reports on a mediated model of employee participation in training activities at a highway department. "Personal Development--I'm Not Really Interested!: Perceptions on Barriers to Learning for Mid-Career, Middle Level Managers in the Scottish Life Assurance Industry" (Martin McCracken, Sandra Watson) begins by reviewing the literature on potential barriers to learning for mid-level managers and proceeds to use empirical evidence from a qualitative study of mid-career managers in five Scottish life insurance companies to demonstrate that flatter organizational structures and changes in the traditional psychological contract can affect participation in learning, training, and development activities. "Lifelong Learning and Knowledge Transfer to the Workplace: A Longitudinal Case Study" (Graeme Martin, Judy Pate, Phil Beaumont, Jim McGoldrick) reports on a study of 114 participants in a lifelong learning program sponsored by a major United Kingdom employer, which demonstrated that participation in lifelong learning facilitates transfer of knowledge to the workplace and thus provides support for proponents of investment in lifelong learning and situated learning theorists. The papers contain reference sections. (MN)

The papers (from a symposium held at the Fern Universitat) included in this collection focus on distance education in theory and practice. Contributions are written in English or in German, with summaries available for each in the language not used for the paper concerned. Contributions are: (1) "Distance Education as Communication: The Impact of Research and the Requirements of Practitioners" (Borje Holmberg); (2) "Educational Theory and Its Application to Distance Education" (Borje Holmberg); (3) "The Study of Distance Education: Terminology, Definition and the Field of Study" (Desmond Keegan); (4) "Towards a Better Understanding of Distance Education: Analysing Designations and Catchwords" (Otto Peters); (5) "Distance Education as a Multi-Dimensional System of Communication and Production" (R. Manfred Delling); (6) "Distance Education and Communication Culture: Continuous Counselling and Two-Way Communication" (Gerhard E. Ortner); (7) "Distance Education in the Society of the Future" (Erling Ljosa); (8) "Communication in Distance Education: A Pre-Requisite of Democracy" (Gerhard Stroh); (9) "Independence and Interaction: Getting the Mixture Right for Institutions" (John S. Daniel); (10) "Group Studies and Course Incorporation: The Concept of a Multi-Campus Institution of Distance Education" (Nehemia Levtzion); (11) "Distance Education Research for Distance School Work: Requirements of Practitioners" (Heinrich Dieckmann and Bernd Schachtsiek); (12) "Testing Distance Education Programs: What Administration Expects from Theory" (Michael Vennemann); (13) "The Feasibility of a Predictive Theory of Distance Education: What Are We Allowed To Expect?" (Borje Holmberg); (14) "Autonomous Learning in Distance Education: Methodology and Results" (Helmut Lehner); (15) "Contract Learning: A Contribution To Promoting Autonomous Learning?" (Monika Weingartz); (16) "Drop In and Drop Out: The Need of Definition" (Helmut Fritsch); and (17) "Diagnosis and Therapy: Theoretical and Methodological Aspects of Drop-Out Research" (Rudolf Schuemer and Herhard Strohlein). Each paper contains its own bibliography. The volume includes a list of the authors and their affiliations. (DB)

Languages sit firmly in the skill-set of the 21st-century graduate. In an increasingly multicultural and multilingual job market, monolingual graduates are at a disadvantage: as the recent Born Global report (2016) notes, "multilingualism has now become the new normal". The contributions in this collection are imbued with this idea and they demonstrate clearly and practically how languages are an aid to global communication. The aim of this book is to provide a space to bring together expertise and good academic practice for the benefit of educators and academic audiences. The contributions in this collection will continue to inspire practitioners in the education sectors to embed employability skills into their curricula of studies, from as early as secondary school into higher education. Following a foreword (Michael Kelly), and Introduction to Languages and Employability Skills (Erika Corradini, Kate Borthwick, and Angela Gallagher-Brett), this book is divided into three sections. Section I, Languages in the Real World, contains the following papers: (1) Why Languages Make Business Sense (Raquel Fernández-Sánchez); (2) Language in the Workplace: Combining Academic Study with Work Experience (Jane Lugea); (3) Work Placements for Languages Students: A Transformative Experience (Alison Organ); (4) Intercultural Language Learning at Work: A Student-Designed Module (Marion Sadoux); (5) Independent Work Placements as a Gateway to the World of Work (Rosalba Biasini, Anke Bohm, and Marina Rabadán-Gómez); (6) Work Based Learning in Intercultural Settings: A Model in Practice (David Elvis Leeming and Maria Dolores Iglesias Mora); (7) The International Languages and Science Careers Fair: Focussing Minds and Making Connections (Natalie Orr and Matthew Birtchnell); (8) Careers Using Languages: How to Set Up a Conference for Schools (Alison Hayes); and (9) "Professional Contexts for Modern Languages": Work Experience and Academic Reflection in a Multilingual Context (Olga Gomez-Cash). Section II, The Professional Linguist, contains the following papers: (10) Career Adventures from Learning Languages (Paul Kaye); (11) The Professional Linguist: Language Skills for the Real World (Mary Murata); (12) Real Language Meets Real Business (Bill Muirhead and Sarah Schechter); (13) You're the Business--A Custom-Made Business Challenge for Modern Languages Students (Jean-Christophe Penet); (14) Plan Your Future! Career Management Skills for Students of Languages (Laurence Randall); (15) Communicating and Teaching Languages: A Module for Life (René Koglbauer, Elizabeth Andersen, and Sophie Stewart); (16) Get That Job! A Project on the German Job Application Process (Hanna Magedera-Hofhansl); and (17) How To: Preparing to Find a Job as a Spanish Teacher in the UK (Gemma Carmen Belmonte Talero). Section III, Bringing the Workplace into the Classroom, contains the following papers: (18) SOS Employability: A Support Structure for Language Students (Eleanor Quince, James Minney, Charlotte Medland, and Francesca Rock); (19) Is Developing Employability Skills Relevant to Adult Language Students? (Tita Beaven); (20) Up-Skilling through E-Collaboration (Saskia Huc-Hepher and Elsa Huertas Barros); (21) The Employability Advantage: Embedding Skills through a University-Wide Language Programme (Tiziana Cervi-Wilson and Billy Brick); (22) Spanish for Business: A Journey into Employability (Amparo Lallana and Victoria Pastor-González); (23) Learning by Teaching: Developing Transferable Skills (Sascha Stollhans); (24) Opening Doors to Teaching: Understanding the Profession (Jonas Langner and Andrea Zhok); (25) Leadership and Languages: Inspiring Young Linguists (Rachel Hawkes and Sarah Schechter); and (26) The Age of the Monolingual Has Passed: Multilingualism Is the New Normal (Bernardette Holmes). Contains an author index. (Individual papers contain references and links.)

The School of Cultures, Languages and Area Studies at the University of Nottingham hosted the fifth annual conference in the "Innovative Language Teaching at University" series. Under the heading "Enhancing participation and collaboration" the conference, organised by Cecilia Goria, Oranna Speicher and Sascha Stollhans, took place on 19 June 2015, and was attended by over 120 linguists, language teachers and language acquisition researchers from all over the world. This edited volume contains 15 selected short papers based on presentations from the conference, as well as Dr Jan Hardman's keynote address and a foreword by Prof. Zoltán Dörnyei. The following papers are included: (1) "Innovative language teaching and learning at university: enhancing participation and collaboration"--An introduction (Cecilia Goria, Oranna Speicher, and Sascha Stollhans); and (2) Opening-Up classroom discourse to promote and enhance active, collaborative and cognitively-engaging student learning experiences (Jan Hardman). Section 1: Fostering online collaboration: (3) Evaluating the effects of a "student buddy" initiative on student engagement and motivation (Anna Motzo); (4) "Show me where you study!"--An interactive project between German language students in Nottingham and St Andrews (Insa Hartung and Sandra Reisenleutner); (5) TANGO, an international collaborative bilingual e-learning project (Carmen Álvarez-Mayo); and (6) Open and anonymous peer review in a digital online environment compared in academic writing context (Salim Razi). Section 2: Exploring digital tools and online environments: (7) Students as producers and collaborators: exploring the use of padlets and videos in MFL teaching (Anna de Berg); (8) Can Facebook or wikis hook learners instead of the schoolbook? (Fakhreddine Brahmi); (9) "Become a reporter", the Four Skills News Project: applying and practising language skills using digital tools for level C1/C2 students (Hanna Magedera-Hofhansl); (10) Transmedia teaching framework: from group projects to curriculum development (James Reid and Filippo Gilardi); and (11) Overcoming navigational design in a VLE: students as agents of change (Marion Sadoux, Dorota Rzycka, Mizuho Jones, and Joaquin Lopez). Section 3: Beyond the language classroom: (12) From widening horizons to widening participation: transmitting the experience of global citizenship to the school classroom (Cathy Hampton and Ariane Demeure-Ahearne); (13) Intercultural communicative competence: creating awareness and promoting skills in the language classroom (Sandra López-Rocha); (14) Anything can happen out there: a holistic approach to field trips (Alessia Plutino); (15) The dichotomy of language and content in US and UK higher education--Implications for the development of intercultural competence and perspectives towards the target language (Elinor Parks); (16) We're all language teachers now: teaching subject discipline content through the medium of a second language (Neil Hughes); and (17) Challenges faced by Cantonese speakers in a UK university Mandarin course (Lan Lo). An author index is included. (Individual papers contain references.)