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National Forest Inventories (NFI) cover whole countries and strive to put the resource forest and the ecosystem forest into a quantitative framework. While for forest management inventories it is very obvious that they shall support management decisions and contribute to making forest planning, silvicultural interventions, conservation management and timber sales more efficient, the purpose of NFIs is not immediately visible nor “measurable”: they are to support national (and sub-national) level policy processes that relate to forests. NFIs have a long history and do experience currently a boom because the availability of a science-based quantification of the forest resource and its changes is among the prerequisites for results-based payments to developing countries when they implement measures that are efficient - and evidenced by verifiable results – in reducing greenhouse gas emissions from forests. While forest monitoring science does currently focus very much on increasing precision and accuracy of forest monitoring, on integration of ever more efficient remote sensing techniques and modelling methods, surprisingly little research is being published on background, strategic justification, institutionalization and impact of NFIs.

The study identifies the approach of comptrollership on papers published in the annals of the USP Congress on Comptrollership and Accounting from 2001 to 2006, based on documentary research and descriptive denotation. The results show that in the conceptual perspective there is no concern in defining the term comptrollership and neither its relationship with other areas of knowledge. In the procedural perspective, there is no consensus about the typical activities but it stands out the one related to information systems. In the organizational perspective, the comptrollership is not seen as a formally established organizational unit with power of decision, but as an administrative unit that supports the decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Purpose: It is known that individuals make decisions in a not entirely rational way, which leads to wrong decisions. People rely on a limited number of heuristic principles and cognitive biases, which reduce the complex task of setting up probabilities and predicting values in judgments. In this context, this paper aimed to identify the relationship between the bias of numerical cognition in managerial decision-making and the variables age, gender, education and mathematical knowledge. Methodology: A self-applying questionnaire which contains made-up situations of a management environment was utilized, aiming to know the answerers' perception of the real magnitude of the numbers. The research was operated in two stages: in the first, the presence of numerical cognitive bias was verified; in the second, the influence of the mentioned variables. The analysis was performed with a sample group of 252 academics (160 from a socalled "managerial" group and 90 from the named "non-managerial" group). For testing the presence of the numerical cognitive bias, ANOVA was used, and, for the statistical inference, the logistic regression, once it allows the explanation of the dependent variable in relation to the independent variables. Results: The results indicate that the numerical cognitive bias is present in both groups (managerial and non-managerial), not showing statistically significant difference, which corroborates the idea that the cognitive bias is inherent to the human beings, regardless its involving in managerial practices. It was also observed that male and older answerers are less prone to the effects of the numerical cognitive bias. Contributions of the Study: The study helps to build a new paradigm for evidences based on perfect rationality and on markets' efficiency for the purpose of understanding the choices and emotions of the decision-makers, elaborating a theoretical-descriptive framework for the decision-making process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immunization, the most successful public health intervention to date, can only be effective if eligible individuals or their legal representatives have access to vaccines and subsequently comply with their use. Under-vaccination stems from multiple causes: access, affordability, awareness, acceptance and activation. In this paper, we focus on acceptance and, specifically, on factors pertaining to individual or parental compliance, specifically the psychology of judgment and decision making. We describe how heuristics and cognitive biases - a facet of thoughts and feelings - affect vaccination decision making. Additionally, we address when and how social processes play a role and how attitudes towards vaccines might reflect a more general underlying attitude or ideology. The understanding of how decision making, with regards to vaccines occurs, and the role played by heuristics and cognitive biases can help inform more appropriate public health interventions.

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This paper analyzes the decision-making process involving the formulation of Bill 3077/20081 by the Ministry of Social Development and Fight against Hunger, and its subsequent approval as Law 12.435/2011, which institutionalized the Unified Social Assistance System (SUAS). The methodology was based on bibliographic research, analysis of the minutes of the National Social Assistance Council from 2008 to 2011, and public documents from the Ministry and interviews with key stakeholders who worked at the Ministry between 2008 and 2011. The results showed that the Law aimed mainly to legitimize management practices already underway in Social Assistance and to establish legal certainty for federal managers. The decision to propose the Law highlights the relevance of "policymakers" in including issues on the public agenda.

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