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The process of reviewing the European pharmaceutical legislation resulted in a codex, which contains two new instruments related to marketing authorisation of biological medicines: Plasma Master File (PMF) and Vaccine Antigen Master File (VAMF). In the manufacture of plasma derivatives (e. g. coagulation factors, albumin, immunoglobulins), usually the same starting material, i. e. a plasma pool, is used for several products. In the case of vaccines, the same active substance, i.e. vaccine antigen, may be included in several combination vaccine products. The intention behind the introduction of PMF and VAMF was to avoid unnecessary and redundant documentation, and to improve and harmonise assessment by means of procedures for certification of master files on the community level.

Currently, it is becoming alarmingly clear that pharmaceutical companies are continuously withdrawing from antibiotics research and that there is now a market failure. The future decline in the gross domestic product alone is now estimated in the trillions of US dollars. The predicted number of people who could die in 30 years from resistant germs is an urgent call for action. This paper aims to examine the situation on the basis of possible forms of organization and with the help of individual ideas of the principal-agent approach, a theory from economics that can be used to analyze problems between the principal and agent. The result demonstrates the urgent need for action by the state. The longer the alarming proportions of this development is not fully taken into account in the political decision-making process, the more drastic state measures and fewer available options for action there will be at a later point in time.

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Copyright of Transfer: Zeitschrift für Kommunikation & Markenmanagement is the property of Deutsche Werbewissenschaftliche Gesellschaft and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of HMD: Praxis der Wirtschaftsinformatik is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Bibliometric research has recently gained much interest from academics seeking to investigate a particular topic. This study aims to explore the interest of marketing specialists in investigating marketing-related topics using bibliometric analysis. The paper includes the following sections: general information about bibliometric analysis, research methodology and how the database of articles was designed, data analysis results, conclusions and other insights. In this study, we considered the Scopus database for selecting the set of scientific papers. The applications used in the data analysis process are VOSviewer and QDA Miner. To achieve the purpose of the research, we analysed the productivity and impact of countries, journals and papers on the topic of bibliometric analysis in marketing. We also tried to identify the marketing-related concepts that generated the most interest from the specialists in their bibliometric analysis. The study aims to highlight the favorite topics related to marketing that specialists are interested in exploring through bibliometric research.

The maritime industry faces the challenge of implementing a digital culture inherent in the 21st century and a modern way of doing business in shipping, maritime ports, and a more expansive, within a whole maritime logistic chain. The main question is the implications for marketing when the maritime business's digital transformation is an emerging issue. The paper is designed using the PEST impact matrix. The systematic literature review, literature analysis, and synthesis are the main methods applied. The most important results are political, economic, social, and technological changes of modern maritime business and their important implications for maritime marketing. These implications revealed the nature of change, the anticipated impact of change, opportunity or threats, and marketing's strategic response to the contemporary external environment.The paper fills the current literary gap and draws attention to the trends of the marketing, business organization, and human resource management in the maritime industry. All is linked with digital culture, which is still developing within the maritime industry.

Copyright of Sozialer Fortschritt is the property of Duncker & Humblot GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper presents some philosophical practices and categories that can be successfully applied in organizations, trends that come from the openness manifested by aesthetics, a field of philosophy that although initially was dedicated to the art and concept of beauty, now it shows an opening for everyday life, where the interpersonal communication is present. The application of concepts and categories specific to aesthetics was developed in the form of applied philosophical norms and concepts, and will positively influence the communication process that takes place in organizations at all its levels. The aesthetic concepts may be involved in other activities of the organization, such as marketing, building branding or in promotion and advertising actions, or active participation to building messages and press communicating, preparing the company's mission statement, organizing events, presence and promotion of the organization in online, activities that will take into account and compliance to some rules derived from aesthetics. The elements taken from aesthetics are the form of some categories, defined since antiquity by Aristotle, synthetically reformulated by Kant, and contemporary, they are adapted to other forms of the social application, in a new applied concept called the organizational aesthetics, which can be successfully introduced into the practice of any organization, with beneficial effects on the organization as a whole, but also on the community in their areas. The introduction of the new concept of aesthetics applied in organizations can have a wider area of implementation than that of organizational communication, such as social actions of the organization, with effects in developing the social responsibility applied in the community and to increase the organization's reputation, both within the community and in the business environment where it is located. The paper also indicates some adaptations of organizational communication for periods of crisis, with the recommendation to include in the communication process rules and concepts specific to applied aesthetics, in order to maintain the current trend of including them in business consultancy, offered in the form of specialized services of philosophical practice, through the new specialists called the organizational philosophical consultants. Other philosophical practices and the ethics applied in organizations are briefly presented in the paper, projected to support leaders and managers in making optimal decisions, which can benefit from professional organizational consulting and ethics services, which are promoted through a new specialization in Romania, that of the philosophical counselling and the consultancy applied in organizations and communities.

Copyright of HeilberufeSCIENCE is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Bibliothek Forschung und Praxis is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this article is to explore collocations in the language of marketing. The method used relies on the description of scientific papers in the field of marketing published in specialised journals on the basis of a computer-held text archive or corpus in three languages (German, English and Spanish). In the first chapters different definitions for collocations are presented and the methods which have been applied for the extraction of collocations from corpora up to now are described and analysed. On this basis a new model for the extraction of collocations from corpora is presented and applied to the corpus. The results of the extraction of collocation candidates for German, English and Spanish are compared with each other and final conclusions are drawn. The results and findings of this piece of research can be applied to improve the performance in the fields of Translator Training and Second Language Acquisition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Focusing on the major flows of gold in early 20th century offers new perspectives on the various and often overlapping political, sociocultural and economic spaces that are linked to the production, transport, marketing and consumption of gold around the world. A material, but not materialistic, biography of gold helps to overcome the narrow 'centrist' logic that still dominates many narratives of globalization as well as the historiography on gold. The paper studies different spatial impacts such as the geology and geographical conditions of the places where gold was found, the newly built infrastructures for energy and water with far-reaching effects, the political segregation of different ethnic groups, the systems of migrant work across national and imperial boundaries, work in mines on the surface and underground, channels of transport, the informal arrangements to direct the international flow of gold towards London, strategies of workers and unionists, the difficult conditions of peasant families in India as well as in South African reserves, and the important question of by whom and from where the global commodity chain of gold may have been directed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scientific Journals are widely used sources in the history science. First and foremost they are analyzed under the aspect of professionalization and the development of scientific topics. However, the impact of the increasing number of advertisements on the journals has been almost systematically excluded from historical analysis. The paper analyses the relations between pharma marketing and medical journals. However, the emphasis here is not so much on the development of print advertisements. Instead the paper uses sources, which were produced in the process of marketing to access the history of the medical scientific journal, its change and its reception by physicians.

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Öffentliche und Gemeinwirtschaftliche Unternehmen (ZÖgU) / Journal for Public & Nonprofit Services is the property of Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Against the background of expected changes in demography, this paper takes a deeper look at the concept of organizational age management. On the basis of the analysis of 32 organizational examples of good practice in age management, this paper seeks to make statements about the drivers, implementation strategies and effects of age management and derive requirements from this.

Background: An increasing number of television series deal with neurological disorders, including fictional portrayals of multiple sclerosis (MS). The aim of this paper was to analyze every available TV episode with an MS character., Material and Methods: Productions were identified by film databases and by hand search. Each episode was evaluated along neurologic and cinematic lines., Results: Between 1985 and 2006, portrayals of MS appeared in 17 episodes produced in Germany, the US, and the UK. The frequency of symptoms shown onscreen strongly differed from epidemiological data. In particular sensory, cognitive, and bladder symptoms as well as difficulties with sexual function were under-represented. The authenticity of the disease depiction was strongly dependent upon the genre. Coping stories could be identified as the most prominent genre. Television patients were often portrayed as "brave fighters", "refined characters", and "afflicted without symptoms"., Conclusions: Television series attract millions of viewers and thus shape the public image of a disease. Sound knowledge of how symptoms, diagnosis, and therapeutic options are presented in mass media is therefore indispensable for all who deal with MS patients, relatives, and caregivers.

The centralised procedure for marketing authorisation at the European Medicines Agency (EMEA) started more than 10 years ago, offering marketing authorisation for all member states of the European Union in a single procedure. Originally it was a purely optional alternative to the established national procedures; however, its importance has been growing ever since. The introduction of the mandatory scope for several important indications was a crucial step. The increasing importance of the centralised procedure was paralleled by the increasing weight of the EMEA and of the Committee for Human Medicinal Products (CHMP) who is responsible for scientific evaluation in the centralised procedure. This paper describes the basic principles of the centralised procedure including the definitions of the mandatory and optional scope, and how the CHMP works including its responsibility in European referrals that provide a link to national procedures.

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Copyright of Bibliothek Forschung und Praxis is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

With the rapid developments in information technologies in recent years, the Internet has more place in our daily lives, and as a result, the Internet, used as a means of communication at first, has resulted in changes in the shopping preferences of today’s consumers. Online shopping is one of the most drastic of these changes. It is believed that having more information about the reasons for consumer preferences on shopping online or avoiding online shopping and defining the processes related to online shopping conducted by businesses can contribute to the efficiency of online shopping. In the present study, an attitude scale toward online shopping is developed and this scale is tested for validity and reliability. There are various attitude scales toward online shopping in the related literature. The purpose of developing this scale is to define new attitudes of consumers toward online shopping that have adapted to changing conditions of the world and technology. With the opinions of 5 academics in the fields of marketing and business management, the number of items, which was 24 on the draft scale, was reduced to 20. For the pre-study, data were collected from 60 consumers and analyzed. A pilot study of the draft scale was conducted on 154 consumers. At the end of this study, a scale consisting of 2 dimensions and 14 items with high validity and reliability was developed. Obtained findings are presented in detail in the paper.

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Copyright of WISTA Wirtschaft und Statistik is the property of Statistisches Bundesamt and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Voluntaris: Journal of Volunteer Services & Civic Engagement / Zeitschrift für Freiwilligendienste und Zivilgesellschaftliches Engagement is the property of Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article generally discusses the role marketing strategies play in promoting the nonprofit sector in its efforts to reach out and engage its audiences. Many nonprofit organizations consider the use of tactical marketing strategy as useful and essential. The success of the nonprofit sector is related to the wider environment in which it operates, such as the political, economic, socio-cultural and technological. Therefore, a carefully designed marketing strategy can help the nonprofit sector properly address the needs of the different target groups. The purpose of this paper is to explore ways in which marketing ideas and strategies are created and implemented in the non-profit sector and the tools used to achieve its mission. Part of this process is to determine how management in nonprofit organizations views marketing, as well as challenges and opportunities related to the marketing efforts. In-depth interviews were conducted with senior representatives of organizations active in the media and journalism field and the results were processed with the software Atlas.ti. Analysis of secondary data, including findings from past research, documents, and different publications, is also used to elaborate the research problem. The article found out that even though there is an understanding of the importance of strategic communication in marketing operations, still it is not practiced sufficiently due to the lack of human resources and finances. The implications of these findings are discussed in detail in the article.

The much quoted monetary crisis in the scientific publication system is to a large extent caused by the scientific community herself. In the past the world wide publication and distribution of scientific results was outsourced to the commercial publisher system. This cooperation worked for many decades. The introduction of profit oriented marketing strategies into the non existing market area "science" lead to an explosion of costs, especially in the area of journals and periodicals. Universities are now in the absurd situation of being unable to buy the journals in which their own scientists are publishing. In the era of wide spread Internet communication, paper is no longer necessary as a carrier of information and thus the scientific community no longer depends on the traditional publication system. "Open access" is a principle which allows scientists to publish their results in journals important to their career as well as to use modern distribution technologies. Open access must not be confused with the notion of everything being for free. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to collect and introduce the related theoretical background, models, and scientific goal of my future research. My aim is to reveal at a further stage of my studies how linguistic snobbery and different wordings influence consumers when choosing specific products. In my research, I will discuss the role of borrowed words in marketing communication and the communication effect of different wording of a message with the same content. A further aim of the research is to find out how consumer relates to borrowed words, whether the consumer is able to decode a communication message that contains a word of foreign origin, and what factors influence the interpretation of the message. There has been relatively little research in Hungary examining the effectiveness of communication messages, and the use of borrowed words has been considered a general linguistic issue in previous researches and has not been considered a paramount factor in communication messages. Specific literature background on the effect of different wording is not available, therefore the related theories and models should be based on several disciplines (neurolinguistics, psycholinguistics, rhetoric, communication and neuromarketing), which will function as the theoretical background for my research. One of the most crucial backgrounds of my research is the integrated marketing communication model, the main pillars of which include the target group, channel focus and results orientation, and the other is Jacobson’s language communication model. Roman Jacobson tries to explore the meaning of linguistic communication, characterizes the elements of linguistic communication, assigns functions to communication factors, and communicates with the functions he defines. The basis of my primary research - questionnaire survey, focus group analysis and in-depth interview - includes he integrated marketing communication model: target group, channel focus and efficiency. In terms of the impact of wording, word order and borrowed words on communication effectiveness, I recommend FMCG (Fast Moving Consumer Goods) sector to be examined, as this sector generates the highest advertising expenditure. In terms of target group, I examine the effect above among the LOHAS consumer group (Lifestyles of Health and Sustainability) committed to sustainable consumption. It is expected that, depending on the results of the research, I will be able to make a proposal for communication optimization, and the studies may be adequate to develop a new measurement methodology.