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This paper introduces two courses making use of performing arts at university level. The first course, taught by Prof. Simon Henein and his colleagues, called Improgineering, aims to teach collective creation through improvisation to master’s degree students in engineering at the EPFL (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland). The second course, taught by Prof. Laure Kloetzer and her colleagues, aims to introduce the Psychology of Migration via a sociocultural approach to bachelor’s degree students in psychology and education at the University of Neuchâtel (Switzerland). After briefly introducing the topic of performing arts in higher education (section 1), the paper offers a description of the two courses (sections 2 and 3). These are complemented by teachers’ and students’ impressions of the course, as analyzed from individual interviews, focus groups and students’ learning diary entries (section 4). The conclusion presents some reflections on the convergences of the pedagogical designs of the courses, drafting a pedagogical model for using performing arts within higher education (section 5).

Safe Museums, Safe Collections. A Selection of Articles by Piotr Ogrodzki is a publication discussing the contemporary problems of crimes against heritage objects. The essays written over the period of 20 years were systematically published in the ‘Cenne, Bezcenne/Utracone’ journal, the only periodical dedicated to the recovery and restitutions of the lost national heritage. The publication is composed of 18 papers characterizing selected threats to museums and collections. All the presented texts oscillate within the semantic concepts related to crime and theft in museums and sacral facilities. The essays aptly juxtapose legal aspects with the practices of the protection of national heritage, while the described examples of security measures have been and will remain applicable also in the future. The additional value of the publication of Piotr Ogrodzki’s texts is their translation into English. Although many of the described thefts of art works have taken place in Poland, the Author also points to similar circumstances of such crimes in Europe. Enriched with Piotr Ogrodzki’s short biography and bibliography, the book begins with the papers by Piotr Majewski, Paulina Florjanowicz, Kamil Zeidler, and Jacek Rulewicz. It concludes with the message of Chief Inspector Adam Grajewski of the Polish Police Headquarters under a meaningful title In Lieu of an Afterword. Museum Collection Safety. The publisher of the book, the National Institute for Museums and Public Collections, NIMOZ, should be acknowledge for the noble idea of publishing this book, thus commemorating the outstanding individual that Piotr Ogrodzki was.

The paper is the first part of S. Barbantani’s contribution Lyric for the Rulers, Lyric for the People: The Transformation of Some Lyric Subgenres in Hellenistic Poetry, in E. Sistakou (ed.), Hellenistic Lyricism: Traditions and Transformations of a Literary Mode (Trends in Classics 9, 2), Berlin - Boston 2017, 339-399 (which discusses encomiastic lyric, epinikion in Callimachus, Posidippus and inscriptional epigram, literary epithalamia, threnoi and epikedeia, poems in stichic lyric meters, Carmina popularia, anthologies for symposiastic use and mimes). This contribution analyses how some of the main lyric genres, developed in archaic and classical Greek poetry, underwent transformation in the Hellenistic period, following social, political and cultural changes. The paper specifically explores lyric poetry produced ‘for the gods’ (hymns, esp. paeans, preserved on stone and on papyrus).

In 2015, during the reconstruction of Nadrzeczna Street and Bohaterów Getta Square, in the area of the intersection with Jaskrowska Street, it was made the discovery of human bone remains. As a result of the rescue investigations undertaken, an area of approximately 550 square meters was tested. They were discovered among others relics of foundations, made of broken limestone and remains of the cemetery. The historical research showed that these foundations were relics of the St. Barbara church, around which there was a churchyard cemetery called „the cemetery outside the city” in the sources. At the remains they were found rosary beads, medallions, crosses, single glass beads, iron buttons, bronze and bone coins, hooks, buckles, pieces of cloth and textile and haberdashery ornaments. Particularly noteworthy is the collection of religious items. The collection of devotional items includes 14 exhibits. It is a diverse collection in terms of morphological and stylistic, and above all iconographic. Metal medallions and crosses were made from non-ferrous metals in casting or minting techniques. The minted medallions were made from thin badges. Glass medallions were made from two glass panes, bound in a metal frame, between which there was an image reflected on the paper. The remains of rosaries are beads, differing in terms of size, colors and shapes. Only in 9 graves it was managed to set the position of devotional items on the remains of the deceased. Most often, devotions were found at the height of clasped hands folded in the lap. Other places where devotional items are found are: around the head, around the clavicle, around the thigh – above the knees and at the feet level. The subject of images on medallions and crosses is diverse. The sets of images on the obverses and other sides are also interesting. On one picture of a glass medallion it was identified the figure of Saint Josef. The figure of St. Benedict was on two medallions. The figure of St. John the Baptist was presented on one of the most carefully made cast medallions. On its other side it was recognized St. Nicholas. On the next medal, the figure of St. Francis of Paola was identified. St. Francis of Assisi appears on a very poorly legible paper picture. On the medal lion we can see St. Wojciech. On its other side there is a figure of the Guardian Angel holding the child by a hand. Burning Hearts are presented on a cast medal, on the other side of the medal with St. Wojciech. The most popular were the medallions with images of Christ and the Virgin Mary. The Polish images of the Mother of God should be taken in account, first of all, Madonna of Jasna Góra from Częstochowa. On the medallions and crosses except the characters, there are legends – inscriptions, only in Latin, made them by majuskuła with sheriffs. Most often, the medallions were „signed” by the name of the saint. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, they were gladly supplied with medallions with the patrons of good death. In determining the chronology of devotional items from the church cemetery at the church of Saint Barbara, a wide chronological framework was adopted, corresponding to the period of use of the cemetery and the church, from the 17th century to probably the beginning of the 19th century. Częstochowa was the center of worship of Our Lady of Jasna Góra. It can be assumed that most of the medallions with images of the Virgin of Częstochowa, and perhaps even all of them, were probably created in Częstochowa.

A group of university teachers have worked to organize and host an annual performance festival for 20 years. About a hundred students from several universities gather and perform a variety of oral activities every year. Students engage with everything from everyday events to long-standing global issues through drama, and thus this festival is a unique educational experience. Touching on the current status of EFL (English as Foreign Language) within Japanese Universities, this paper aims to discuss the significance of the festival through briefly describing some sample performances and their process of preparation. While the festival is not in any way competitive, both students and teachers attending are expected to provide some form of feedback to every performance viewed. Expressing themselves at the festival is especially meaningful in the context of EFL, where no immediate need to use the language in their daily life exists for the typical Japanese student. Additionally, participants are likely to gain a sense of achievement and confidence through the process and encouraging response at the festival. Finally, students learn to collaborate efficiently and build leadership skills. Challenges in terms of preparation and management of the festival are also discussed in this paper.

This paper takes up the increasingly popular topic of drones — including Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), small unmanned aerial Systems (sUAS), Remotely Piloted Aircraft (RPA) and a vast panoply of commercial drones and copters — to argue that our analysis should lie not so much on drones as objects, but as assemblages of the vertical. Drones, I argue, constitute a socio-technical assemblage of the sky and vertical space, which means that our focus should be not (only) on their technological development and capacities (although this is certainly important) but on their wider effects and affects. The latter of these include increasing algorithmic data collection and circulation. In the second part of the paper, I examine what I call "algorithmic governance" inspired by the recent governing algorithms conference at NYU but also drawing from Foucault's work on governmentality. Algorithmic governance constitutes "conduct of conduct" to modulate how "data shadows" or Deleuzian "dividuals" can be created, sold, and passed forward. My particular concern is how this takes place in a geographic register.

In the last decade, crowdsourcing has emerged as a new form of work organization. Crowdworking platforms as intermediaries between crowdsourcing companies and crowd workers have gained importance in this process. Currently, many of these platforms manage rather simple work systems. Using the case of the German Hamburger Hochbahn AG and the innovation platform Phantominds, this paper investigates measures necessary for crowdworking platforms to be able to manage also more complex work systems. To derive such measures, we analyze the work system of Hamburger Hochbahn and Phantominds, explore the interplay between the crowd and the platform provider and subsequently provide recommendations for companies that would like to use crowdworking platforms for the processing of work and for platform operators. With this paper, we extend current knowledge in the realms of IS, organizational theory, and platform ecosystems.

This paper is about the introduction of the lion as symbol in the manorial system in myecenean greece. Theories were built on the archeological facts that shows a connection between Mycenae and Creta and Egypt. Early mycenean symbols of lions have an oriental look, so historians see an adoption from Egypt. Showing the integration of the symbol in the manorial system in Mycenae ist the main goal of this paper., historia.scribere, iss. 7, p. 9

The paper deals with the role of the Kaitseliit (Defence League) voluntary defence organisationin Estonia’s defence in the years of the Estonian War of Independence (also known as theLiberation War) and in peacetime until 1940, with attention focused mainly on the 1930s. Anoverview is provided of the historiography, the formation of Kaitseliit in 1918, its role in theLiberation War, the period of decreasing activity of the organisation after the war, and the restorationand development of Kaitseliit in the 1920s and 1930s. The author reviews the objectivesof the organisation, issues of its membership, structure, management and armament,as well as the use of Kaitseliit and its units in Estonian military defence and internal training.The paper also attempts to answer the question how the role of Kaitseliit in Estonian nationaldefence developed. Key words: paramilitarism, Kaitseliit, paramilitary organisational structure, military defenceof Estonia, military training. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/ 10.15181/ahuk.v28i0.928

The environmental control system of an aircraft is a complex energy intensive system and the most important non-propellant consumer of energy among all aircraft systems. Considering the highly competitive market for conventional aircraft, meaningful analysis methods for evaluation during conceptual design of ECS and effective modelling and simulation tools became more important. Hence, this paper focuses on energy and exergy analyses applied to the conventional aircraft environmental control system combined with the model-based design approach. The reported results are related to the different analysis methods for aircraft environmental control systems and cover the model-based design approach. The exergy method is applied to a model of a conventional air generation unit of a commercial aircraft. This model was developed using a model-based design framework. Within this framework, the exergy analysis was performed for four phases of a standard flight mission: Take-off, cruise, landing and taxi. The results obtained from the detailed exergy analysis show highly varying performances for the components at the different simulation cases. The exergy efficiencies range from 1% to 88%. A discussion about the special requirements for aircraft environmental control system analysis methods concludes the paper.

This paper deals with a low to middle order finite volume/lumped capacitance thermal model of an electric machine and the correction of critical parameters. The different parts of the electric machine are divided into sub-volumes called finite volumes or lumped capacitances. From the given characteristic geometry of the electric machine, the thermal resistances to create the system matrix are calculated. The resulting non-linear equation system is solved for steady state condition for a given current density. The result is compared to experimental measurements allowing the calculation of material correction parameters included in the thermal resistances using the least square method. In a second step an experiment with time dependent current in the stator windings is done. The experiment then is simulated with the time dependent current measured in the experiment using the correction parameters found in the first step. The paper aims to present the possibility to calculate the maximum temperatures very accurately with this method.

Spoofing attacks are a serious problem for civil GNSS applications with safety content, such as airplane landing or maritime navigation in harbors. Also many strategically important infrastructures, such as electric power grids or mobile communications networks, are becoming increasingly dependent on GNSS services. Military GNSS users solve that problem by signal encryption at chip level. This reduces the threat to only allow for meaconing, i.e. retransmitting the GNSS signals from a certain location, since the exact waveform is unpredictable. Civil users cannot rely on encryption at the moment and most likely in the near future. They must be protected by additional techniques, which are able to detect and mitigate spoofing attacks. A number of receiver-autonomous solutions for the spoofing problem have been proposed in the last decade. For single antenna receivers the detection of spoofing attacks can rely on the observation of the time evolution of different signal parameters such as power and Doppler frequency shift, the PRN code delay and its rates, the correlation function shape as well as the cross-correlation of the signal components at different carrier frequencies. However, the most advanced protection against the sophisticated spoofing attacks can be provided by utilizing the spatial domain for signal processing available by using antenna arrays ([1], [2], [3], [4], [5]). A GNSS receiver with an antenna array is able to estimate the directions of arrival of the impinging waveforms and so to discriminate between the authentic and counterfeit signals. Moreover the malicious signals can be mitigated by generating a spatial zero into the array antenna reception pattern in the direction of the spoofing source(s). The use of the array-aided joint estimation of the array attitude and spoofing detection was investigated by the authors in [1], [3], [5]. A post-correlation estimation of the signal direction of arrival (DOA) was utilized as the first step of the corresponding signal processing chain. This approach however still suffers from the effects of short-term distortions in the receiver tracking loops and the resulting unavailability of the DOA estimations during the spoofing attack. Two approaches have been identified to overcome this effect. On the one hand, a more accurate direction of arrival detection and antenna calibration can be used. On the other hand, the attitude estimation can be made more robust by skipping the DOA estimation step and using instead directly the post-correlation array outputs in the underlining measurement model, similar to method 2 in [6]. The latter possibility will be exploited throughout the current paper. One of the main challenges here is to design robust and computationally effective attitude estimation when the post-correlation array outputs consist of the superposition of the authentic and counterfeit signals. This problem, for example, is not adequately handled in [6] and [7]. In the aforementioned approaches, the estimation of the actual direction of arrival in terms of (antenna local) azimuth and elevation was done explicitly before the attitude was estimated. The approach presented in the paper will avoid this (computationally expensive) step, by introducing an adequate measurement model. This model connects the measured relative phases between the antennas elements (spatial signature) to the ones expected from the almanac. This interconnection involves the receiver attitude, which is the state to be estimated. In a second step, the model fit (i.e. residuals of least square fit) is used to detect anomalies. Further processing is done by comparing the spatial signature for different satellites. Contrary to using the cyclic nature of PRN codes to detect the direction in the pre-correlation domain as described in [2], the spatial signature in the post-correlation domain is used. If one dominant direction is present, the likelihood of spoofing or meaconing is considered high. If detected, a second processing stage is triggered, capable of spatially filtering out the spoofers signature (post-correlation nulling). Finally a second run of the aforementioned procedure is done to estimate the antennas attitude using a spatially filtered signal. Theoretical results as well as hardware simulations ([8]) show, that if a GPS/CA or Galileo receiver already tracks a certain PRN, the likelihood of success is very low for an unsynchronized spoofer. In this context (un)synchronized is related to the PRNs current frequency shift (caused by the Doppler Effect), as well as code delay. The code delay error should not be larger than one chip in general. The tolerable frequency mismatch however, highly depends on the receivers implementation (i.e. FLL and PLL parameters and stages), but should not be bigger than a few multiples of 50 Hz. A synchronized spoofer or meaconing signal which is turned on when the receiver already tracks the corresponding PRN will be considered in the context of the paper. The described methods will be evaluated using software simulations. Scenarios without spoofing or meaconing are used to demonstrate the attitude estimation. Scenarios with repeaters will be used to demonstrate the two-stage approach with spatial filtering. [1] M. Meurer, A. Konovaltsev, M. Cuntz, and C. Hattich, “Robust Joint Multi-Antenna Spoofing Detection and Attitude Estimation using Direction Assisted Multiple Hypotheses RAIM,” in Proceedings of the 25th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS 2012), September 2012, Nashville, TN, USA., 2012. [2] S. Daneshmand, A. Jafarnia-Jahromi, A. Broumandon, and G. Lachapelle, “A low-complexity GPS anti-spoofing method using a multi-antenna array,” in Proc. ION GNSS 2012, 2012, pp. 1233–1243. [3] A. Konovaltsev, M. Cuntz, C. Haettich, and M. Meurer, “Autonomous Spoofing Detection and Mitigation in a GNSS Receiver with an Adaptive Antenna Array,” in Proc. ION GNSS+ 2013, 2013, p. 12. [4] M. Appel, A. Konovaltsev, and M. Meurer, “Robust Spoofing Detection and Mitigation based on Direction of Arrival Estimation,” in Proc. ION GNSS+ 2015, 2015, pp. 3335–3344. [5] M. Meurer, A. Konovaltsev, M. Appel, M. Cuntz, E. M. Meurer, A. Konovaltsev, M. Appel, and M. C. De, “Direction-of-Arrival Assisted Sequential Spoofing Detection and Mitigation,” in ION ITM 2016, 2016. [6] M. Markel, E. Sutton, and H. Zmuda, “An antenna array-based approach to attitude determination in a jammed environment,” in Proceedings of the 14th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation (ION GPS 2001), 2001, pp. 2914–2926. [7] S. Daneshmand, N. Sokhandan, and G. Lachapelle, “Precise GNSS Attitude Determination Based on Antenna Array Processing,” in Proceedings of the 27th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation, ION GNSS+ 2014, Tampa, Florida, September 8-12, 2014, 2014. [8] M. Appel, A. Hornbostel, and C. Haettich, “Impact of meaconing and spoofing on galileo receiver performance,” 7th ESA Workshop on Satellite Navigation Technologies NAVITEC, 2014.

The objective of this paper is to identify sources of the challenges faced by the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) of the European Union. Based on an actorness approach, the paper offers a systematic and theory-driven framework for the analysis of these challenges. Their investigation is based on publications of thirteen think tanks that were published in the context of the December summit of the European Council in 2013. The paper identifies two main sources at a national level. First, it shows that the significance of national sovereignty in the sensitive domain of security and defence policy is an obstacle to the development of the CSDP. Second, the analysis reveals that foreign policy role conceptions are a fundamental factor: different role conceptions of member states result in a lack of mutual understanding, in missing trust, and finally, in the unwillingness to transfer actorness to the EU level despite a common set of basic interests and values. Yet, the political will of member states will be decisive for the future development of the CSDP.

Around the world, more and more cities already have introduced electric-powered bus fleets or are planning to do so in the near future. Thus far, electrical-powered bus fleets have not yet been applied to regional bus services. This paper analyzes the boundary conditions of the operational integration of electrically powered bus fleets in regional bus services. The paper introduces a methodical approach which can be used to identify the optimum deployment strategy for electrical-powered buses which is a combination of technological factors (e.g. dimensions of energy storage and charging technology) the operational regime to be applied (e.g. routing and scheduling). The methodical approach is exemplarily instantiated with the analysis of sample data of a bus line in a topographically challenging region. The model-driven prognosis of the vehicle’s state of charge is the basis for the definition of an optimum deployment strategy for electrical-powered buses on that line.

In this paper we present our multicopter flight assistance software uavRC, which bears on a distributed system with interchangeable MAV-drivers and a browser-based user interface that can be used on any computer, tablet or smartphone. The software components can be distributed on different computers and are even executable on a Raspberry Pi. The components communicate over a well-defined interface. One module is the browser based user interface, another module is the MAV driver. There are additional modules like a task-scheduler, a path-planer and many more. Currently the software is in beta stage, so there is still a lot of work in progress. With this paper we focus on the software architecture.

The potential for highly efficient and cost competitive solar energy collection at high temperatures drives the actual research and development activities for particle tower systems. One promising concept for particle receivers is the falling particle receiver. This paper is related to a particle receiver, in which falling ceramic particles form a particle curtain, which absorbs the concentrated solar radiation. Complex operation strategies will result in higher receiver costs, for both investment and operation. The objective of this paper is to assess the influence of the simultaneous variation of receiver costs and efficiency characteristics on levelized cost of heat (LCOH) and on levelized cost of electricity (LCOE). Applying cost assumptions for the particle receiver and the particle transport system, the LCOE are estimated and compared for each considered concept. The power level of the compared concepts is 125 MWel output at design point. The sensitivity of the results on the specific cost assumptions is analyzed. No detailed evaluation is done for the thermal storage, but comparable storage utilization and costs are assumed for all cases.

The increasing number of Smartphone-Apps and web-based tools, e.g. route planners, improve the transparency of taxi rides with regard to prices and routing. Trips can be planned easily and the payment is safe and uncomplicated. These innovations are very important in the recent discussion about the necessity of regulatory intervention in the taxi market. This is mainly because technical innovations reduce asymmetric distributed information between market participants. However, asymmetric information is not the only source of market failure that requires the state to interfere in market activity. The provision of taxis yields an externality that might legitimate market interference. In order to understand the mechanisms and theoretical arguments, the paper refers to a model by Cairns und Liston-Heyes (1994) as well as Frankena (1984) to generate empirically testable hypotheses. Importantly, the empirical part of the paper tests whether the regulator takes the costs structures into account and, therefore, acts for the purpose of either public or private interests. We analyze price differences in 393 tariff regulations with respect to several variables such as urban or rural area, western or eastern Germany, the existence of an airport or a fair, the validity of the tariff regulation as well as the density of population. The results suggest that the regulator for the most of the considered variables takes the cost structures in the taxi market into account. Nonetheless, the population variable seems questionable. The reasons for the puzzling results might refer to different perceptions with regard to waiting time in sparsely populated areas. In sum, the results implicate that technical inventions related to the taxi market do no longer justify an obligatory knowledge test of streets and important places (Ortskundeprufung). These reforms are likely to revolutionize the mobility market in large cities because the taxies are going to be superseded by livery vehicles (Mietwagen). In order to save the taxi sector from ruin, a regulation of both the taxi and the livery vehicle market seems to be an alternative.

In this issue are included scientific articles which debate problems from social science fields, engineering sciences fields, legal sciences and medical sciences fields: the failure of liberalism, cost of life in Romania, Romania-Rusia, the myth of democracy, economic and political crises, eastern europe, democratization, case o ukraine, kanban method, dental materials, judicial practice, human rights, art of expressing, education, greek verbs, byzantine diplomatic strategies, fertility, electrical status epilepticus, post surgery tromboflebits, Research and Science Today Journal is a publication founded in 2011 and it is dedicated to the students of all levels (license, master and doctoral) of faculties in the country and abroad. We want to offer the participants the opportunity to present their scientific works in the following areas: Social Sciences, Economic Sciences, Legal Sciences, Humanities, Education Sciences, Engineering, Medicine and Sport.This journal provides students the opportunity to create and/or to improve their abilities to write scientific papers. So each appearance (two appearances per year at which we can add supplements) contains a number of papers written by students, masters and doctoral from the faculties from the country or/and abroad. The journal promotes original studies contributing to the progress of knowledge and it is motivated by the need to address issues of theory and practice in the areas mentioned above.The Journal is a training means of the factors involved in the conceptualization, development, implementation and evaluation, aiming the formation of creative personalities who could be able to adapt through the changing conditions of life.Journal wants to be a forum for debates disciplinaries and interdisciplinaries theoretical topics, to become a research support, to leverage this work at regional, national and international levels. We believe that this gathering will enjoy the support from both parts of the researchers and of the practitioners, and will provide appropriate training sources held professional through the current problems.

In dieser Forschungsarbeit geht es um die königliche Modellkammer der Universität Göttingen. Diese historische Lehrsammlung hat bis heute zahlreiche Spuren hinterlassen. Trotz Professionalisierung der Sammlungsarbeit und der ständigen Einbindung der Modelle ins universitäre Curriculum der philosophischen Fakultät, insbesondere der angewandten Mathematik, existierten fast zu keiner Zeit angemessene Nutzungsbedingungen. In den 1880er Jahren wurde die Sammlung aufgelöst, wobei der Prozess der Auflösung in den Akten detailliert dokumentiert ist. Darüber hinaus sind bis heute 24 Modelle der ehemaligen Sammlung erhalten. Aufbau und Umfang der Göttinger Modellkammer korrespondieren mit den universalen Modellsammlungen der Zeit, deren Ursprung in höfischen, städtischen und bürgerlichen Kunstkammern zu finden ist. Genutzt wurden Modelle und Modellsammlungen zum Beispiel zu Zwecken der Machtdemonstration, zum Planen und Entwerfen, als Muster, zum Spielen und Experimentieren, aber vor allem in Lehre und Bildung. Neben der Erforschung der alltäglichen Praxis der historischen Sammlungsarbeit steht die Untersuchung der curricularen Nutzung mit der königlichen Modellkammer im Fokus der Arbeit. Dazu wurden einige der heute noch vorhandenen historischen Modelle der Sammlung eingehend untersucht, analysiert, in Bezug auf ihre historische curriculare Praxis befragt und individuell kontextualisiert. Besonders durch die Begegnung mit den Objekten ergaben sich vielfältige Fragestellungen. Letztendlich erzwingen die zahlreichen Informationslücken, die sich bei der Erforschung des alltäglichen Umgangs mit der historischen Lehrsammlung durch Schrifttum und Objekte zwangsläufig auftun, ein überwiegend heuristisches Vorgehen., This research paper is about the königliche Modellkammer (Royal Model Chamber) of the University of Göttingen. This historical teaching collection has left numerous traces to this day. Despite the professionalisation of the collection's work and the constant integration of the models into the university curriculum of the Faculty of Philosophy, especially applied mathematics, appropriate conditions of use existed almost at no time. In the 1880s, the collection was dissolved, and the process of dissolution is documented in detail in the files. In addition, 24 models from the former collection have been preserved until now. The structure and scope of the Göttingen Model Chamber correspond to the universal model collections of the time, whose origins can be found in courtly, municipal and bourgeois art chambers. Models and model collections for example were used for purposes of demonstrating power, for planning and designing, as patterns, for playing and experimenting, but above all in teaching and education. In addition to researching the everyday practice of historical collection work, the focus is on investigating curricular use with the royal model chamber. To this end, some of the historical models of the collection that still exist today were examined in detail, analysed, questioned in relation to their historical curricular practice and individually contextualised. Especially through the encounter with the objects, a variety of questions emerged. Ultimately, the numerous gaps in information that inevitably open up when researching the everyday use of the historical teaching collection through written material and objects force a predominantly heuristic approach.

An overview of literature on and state of knowledge of the application of user-centred design methodologies are discussed. Based on the experience with creating digital products and multi-media exhibitions, the Author claims that the role of users/visitor experience testing in the process of designing and implementing technological projects is of key importance. Using the example of the work on the new version of the multimedia display titled ‘Experiencing Chopin’ (2020) at Warsaw’s Fryderyk Chopin Museum, the paper discusses means of adaptation of the most popular research and evaluation techniques in usercentred testing in the museum context.

Among the many finds recovered from Tell el-Dabʿa are five decorated metal sheets, or belts, that were most probably originally sewn onto a piece of leather or textile. Such metal belts are a very special feature attested for the first time in Early Bronze Age Mesopotamia. Their occurrence in the archaeological record is limited to tombs that featured several significant finds, including weapons, in their inventory. The grave goods highlight the importance, status and wealth of the interred deceased. The design of metal belts within the distribution area in the Middle Bronze Age is very similar; the decoration, if any, is composed of differing arrangements of concentric circles of varying sizes. According to some Northern Levantine and Anatolian metal figurines, the belts were worn around the waist and buckled at the front. Metal belts were still worn in the Late Bronze and Iron Ages, as attested by statues and actual finds.1 The following article adds to a number of publications on metal belts,2 collecting all known attestations dating up to the end of the Middle Bronze Age. The aim of this paper is to determine their distribution range and elucidate their contexts to mirror networks of people sharing a similar cultural background and ancient trade connections. In addition to the elongated metal belts known from Tell el-Dabʿa, possible parts of belts, such as discs and belt fasteners, are also presented in the scope of this article.

The focus of the paper is on bronze astragal belts in the south-eastern part of the Carpathian Basin, interpreted as part of the female costume. In particular, their production seems to have two peaks, one at the end of the Early Iron Age (6th-4th cent. BC) and another during the Late La T?ne period. However, there is a continuity of the form throughout the Late Iron Age. Requiring a significant amount of material and craftsmanship, these belts imply the presence of skilled artisans, as well as a supply network that enabled the production. A new typological and chronological assessment of the known examples allows not only a better understanding of the possible production areas of astragal belts, but also the social implications behind the organisation of production, offering also the possibility to better evaluate the role of this particular item as a part of the autochthonous female costume and identity.

In 1970, a Bronze Age necropolis in the village of Velebit to the north of Vojvodina was fully explored, but has remained unpublished until today. Apart from possessing all of the features of a Hügelgräber culture complex, some finds indicate connections to the Belegiš - Cruceni culture, developed at the very south of the Carpathian basin. In this paper, we shall present only some of the most attractive finds from the necropolis, including jewellery made of bronze sheets. They include spiral greaves, a belt and finger-rings. The remaining finds shall be presented in a monograph that is being planned. [Project of the Serbian Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Grant no. OI 177020: Cultural identity, integration factors, technological processes and the role of central Balkans in development of European prehistory and Grant no. OI 177023: Cultural changes and population migrations in early prehistory of the central Balkans]

Ceramic materials may have multifarious applications, the visual arts being one of them. Furthermore, they have been often used in architecture for decorative purposes. In Poland, the application of ceramics in architecture reached its peak of popularity in the post-WWII period. It was used in mosaics, reliefs, architectural and sculptural details, as well as combined with other materials, like glass or stone. Ceramics was applied for creating various small decorative forms but also large compositions that covered even several dozen or several hundred square metres, in buildings that served various functions, and were situated either indoors or on their external facades. Amongst these, there are buildings which were both important for local communities and became landmarks for particular sites, like modern hotels, railway stations, theatres, museums or academies. The paper is focused on compositions executed for such prestigious edifices.

During the increasing dissemination of renewable energy sources the potential and actual interference effects of wind turbine plants became obvious. Turbines reflect the signals of weather radar and other radar systems. In addition to the static radar echoes, in particular the Doppler echoes are to be mentioned as an undesirable impairment Keränen (2014). As a result, building permit is refused for numerous new wind turbines, as the potential interference can not be reliably predicted. As a contribution to the improvement of this predictability, measurements are planned which aim at the high-frequency characterisation of wind energy installations. In this paper, a cost-effective FMCW radar is presented, which is operated in the same frequency band (C-band) as the weather radars of the German weather service. Here, the focus is on the description of the hardware design including the considerations used for its dimensioning.

Among many Romanesque bronze doors in Europe the old entrance doors of the metropolitan cathedral in Gniezno, in the North Poland, are exceptional. For over a century many historians and historians of art have been trying to understand and explain its iconographic phenomenon. The Polish, Czech and German scholars have so far been unable to identify with any conviction, either the iconographic models or artistic provenance of the workshop. There were suggested some connections of the alleged bishop patrons to France and there were emphasizes technological possibilities of foundry workshops at the Meuse Valley. This “Meuse hypothesis” based mainly on historical suggestions became established as a certainty. However, it is important to emphasize the significant difference between the creator of the composition and of the craftsman who cast the bronze door. Years ago only Lech Kalinowski pointed out some general formal similarities to the North Italian sculpture. The purpose of this paper is to develop Kalinowski’s suggestions and to emphasise the puzzling similarities between details of Gniezno doors and some Emilian works executed by Master Wiligelmo da Modena and Master Nicolò. The concept of Italian relationship from Emilia province seems to be better for the comparative analysis than relationship with Meuse Valley based mostly on historical context. Crucial here is the additional, parallel analysis of the portal decoration in Czerwinsk Abbey.