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Abstract: The notion of philosophy of the mind has a connotation which throws back to different theoretical elaborations depending on whether we are interested in the European contribution or in the English-American contribution. In recent years, the central problem has been thought by many to be a basic distinction between mind and body, mind and matter. This paper provides an overview of recent developments in philosophy and theory of mind and an epistemological analysis of the successive North American conceptions of the philosophy of the mind. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In this comparative paper, the author has studied similarities and differences between the personalities and works of two of Roussillon''s sons: Valentin Magnan and Henri Ey who dominated French psychiatry and whose influence was international during 19th and 20th centuries. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Many patients having suffered from depression undergo unipolar depression relapses during the five years following the treatment. Therefore international guidelines, including pharmacological and psychological interventions, were published to prevent these relapses. Nowadays a combined treatment is most often prescribed. This paper presents the results of cognitive and behaviour therapies in the prevention of relapses in uni-polar depressed patients. A psychotherapy associated with pharmacotherapy resulted in a better prevention than pharmacotherapy alone (with a gain of over than 35%). New cognitive and behaviour programmes were developed during ten years with recurrently depressed patients, these included additional booster sessions sometimes combined with well-being therapy and even with mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. The new approaches were assessed in pilot studies and their results will have to be confirmed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The Attention-Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder is frequent and well known in childhood and in child psychiatry. However, this disorder is widely under-diagnosed in adults. There has been a greater interest in this disorder for several decades: Several studies have indicated a persistence of symptoms beyond childhood and adolescence in up to 66% of cases, which leads to a prevalence of 5% in the general population of adults. This disorder is diagnosed on clinical presentation. The diagnostic criteria in adults are facilitated if the first symptoms of this disorder are detected before the age of seven. The symptoms are similar to those observed in children, even thought attention deficits are more frequent than impulsiveness or psychomotor hyperactivity in this population. Very often, patients diagnose their disorder on their own via journals or Internet, and then they try to find a specialist. The DSM-IV and ICD-10 criteria for adults include several items typically found in children suffering from this disorder, and differentiate several subtypes. This paper tries to clarify the functioning of this disorder, with the objective of a better knowledge and treatment for patients who are seriously handicapped by their trouble. Whereas there is a gender ratio of 4:1 (males: females) in children, women are as much concerned as men in the adult forms. The daily life of patients suffering from hyperactivity is disturbed in nearly all fields, including work, relationships and leisure. The disorder can lead to severe consequences for patients and their environment, including loss of work, separations, accidents and chaotic lifestyles. Hyperactivity can be difficult to distinguish from some of the other psychiatric disorders - mostly borderline or dissocial behaviour -, such as bipolar or conduct disorders. However, it can also occur in co-morbidity of any one of these disorders, and this in up to 60% of the cases. Nevertheless, it is important to mention that this disorder is usually present before the onset of the other co-morbid disorders. Multiple etiological factors seem to be implicated in this disorder. Several studies have highlighted the possible contribution of perinatal, neurobiological, neuroanatomical, neuropsychological and genetic factors. The abnormality most explored is the imbalance between noradrenergic and dopaminergic systems. Similarly, genetic studies underline the aberrations found in the dopamine transporter gene and in the D2 and D4 receptor genes. For general practitioners, social workers, forensic institutions or courts, it is important to realise that these patients can beneficiate from an adequate and effective treatment. Pharmacological treatments are the same as the ones for children, they include méthylphénidate and atomoxetine but also antidepressants and antihypertonics. Beside pharmacotherapy, psycho-education can significantly improve symptoms and results in improving self-management of daily life difficulties. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The recent evolution of the public health system has led to a drastic decrease in the capacity of public psychiatric hospitals to receive patients. As patients can benefit from new drugs with better efficacy and higher safety, it has become possible for those who once were banished from the general population because of their symptoms, to live and to be accepted again in the city. But at the same time, the stress of social rehabilitation, precariousness of shelter and drug abuse behaviour contribute to constant relapses. Remission periods become shorter. Consequently the psychiatrists attend to a new phenomenon: A great number of patients are hospitalised for short periods, and return back to the hospital a few days after their exit. This phenomenon is called the revolving door syndrome. Our intervention aims to describe it and all its components and to estimate its reality in 2006. This paper is the result of a team work and the same crue as been working ten years ago on this subject, concerning the same topics. Inpatients with mental disease have specific and complex needs concerning their health but also concerning their material conditions for survival. The paradox is that solutions do exist and follow up is systematically proposed. However hospitalization seems to be the only solution that some patients can accept. Thus, the main question seems to be relative to the methods of follow-up. The patients do not always find the social and occupational support that the hospital provides. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The specificity of cancer is at the origin of emotional, cognitive and behavioural reactions in old age as well as in other stages of life. It is important to understand the particularities due to ageing to be able to listen to, to help express emotions, to inform and to better support patients. That is why in this paper the authors envisage the psychological vulnerability of elderly persons, the psychological processes at work from the first symptom of cancer to the treatment phase via investigations and announcing the diagnosis. Finally they evoke the psychopathological disorders that arise with elderly patients with cancer and the specificities of the diagnosis approach. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The “expertise” required by article L. 3213.8 of the Code of Public Health is exceptional within the statute of “compulsory hospitalization” (Police-instructed compulsory hospitalisation in France corresponds to the juridical or court-ordered hospitalisation in Anglo-Saxon law). This paper proposes a critical analysis of this “expertise” and of the ensuing situation of pathological criminals based on an extended practice of expertise and taking into consideration the recent evolution of the concept of dangerousness. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Bowlby''s attachment theory emphasizes the importance of early child-environment interactions in order to develop “internal working models”, secure or insecure, which will influence future relationships with caregivers, peers and other members of the environment. Many factors are involved in the development of eating disorders, and for some authors anorexia nervosa may also be considered as a form of psychological regulation. It is surmised that this type of regulation facilitates coping with occurrences of separation during the “separation-individuation” stage of the adolescent period in a specific group of adolescents who are vulnerable to separation or transition events. During puberty, it has been observed that this vulnerable group displays a specific pattern of attachment or modification of prior internal models of attachment. Following Mary Ainsworth''s paradigm, many studies have therefore suggested that subjects with eating disorders show “insecure” attachment, and more precisely “avoidant” attachment in anorexia nervosa. Recent studies on family functioning in anorexia nervosa have also suggested specific types of family interactions, enmeshed and rigid, and some authors such as Stevenson-Hinde hypothesized a link between family functioning and attachment strategies. We decided to study a population of young anorexic girls in terms of their quality of attachment and family interactions, and hypothesized that attachment types in subjects with anorexia nervosa would be associated with maternal type of attachment and specific family functioning. This paper describes a study conducted on a cohort of 29 subjects from the Outpatient Eating Disorder Unit of Robert Debré Hospital in Paris. Ten female adolescents with a mean age of 14 years and a DSM-IV diagnosis of restrictive anorexia nervosa, their ten mothers and nine fathers agreed to participate in the study. The main objective was to examine links between attachment strategies in outpatients with anorexia nervosa, their mode of transmission and family functioning. Two self-questionnaires were administered: Ca-mir and FACES III. Results suggested that patients and families perceived themselves as having secure attachment and that attachment transmission stemmed from the paternal rather than the maternal side. Our results do not confirm those from previous studies on attachment and anorexia nervosa. Young anorectic patients from our cohort perceived themselves as secure whereas in the literature attachment is described as insecure. Several reasons may explain this result. Our cohort of patients had a mean age of 14 years; previous studies were performed on older adolescents or young adults and it is possible that attachment strategies change over time, especially during adolescence when the subject is faced with the separation-individuation stage. At the beginning of puberty, young subjects may display a secure attachment which may be modified towards the end of puberty. Bowlby has suggested that attachment may be sensitive to psychotherapy; our subjects were involved in outpatient treatment or family therapy that may also have influenced their attachment strategies. Mothers from our group described insecure attachment but surprisingly it is the fathers'' attachment type which is supposed to be transmitted to daughters. Perhaps these insecure women have chosen specific companions to protect themselves and their children? In opposition to Stevenson-Hinde''s hypothesis, we did not find a correlation between attachment strategies and family functioning. Nevertheless, our results have to be interpreted with caution because of methodological biases. Our cohort is small, we have no control group and the “gold instrument” for evaluating attachment is the Adult Attachment Interview that is not validated as a French instrument. In conclusion, results from this study do not confirm the existence of relationships between insecure attachment and anorexia nervosa, or attachment type and family functioning, in young subjects. Future controlled studies are needed in order to explore attachment and psychopathology in children and adolescents, links between attachment, family functioning and internal temperamental dimensions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The aim of this paper is to present a method to apprehend the way in which patients exert their mastery on the antiretroviral-treatments. We refer to the concept of “mastery” as defined by Paul Denis (1992, 1997). We met seven HIV+ people under treatment. At first, we used the Rorschach (Exner method) to highlight the indices leading to the identification of “mastery” vector investment. Then, we focused on “mastery” investment quality by observing the formal quality of the answers obtained by Rorschach, according to the reported difficulties in taking the treatments. At last, we observed the way in which the subjects built their discourse according to the difficulties they had with the treatments. Independently of the difficulties in taking treatment, the patients expressed an over-investment of the “mastery” vector. The quality of this investment is different according to whether the people have or do not have difficulties in taking the treatment. Finally, the discourse analysis shows differences on the level of the structure of the discourse according to whether the persons have or do not have difficulties in taking the treatment. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The clinical concepts developed in the present paper concern the resilience and the trans-generational transmission among families of Holocaust survivors. In physical terms, "resilience" is defined as the ability of a material to regain its shape or original position after having been compressed or stretched. In human sciences, “resilience” is the capacity of certain individuals either to adapt successfully to adversity, or to function in a competent manner when faced with a traumatic situation. The concept of trans-generational transmission of trauma is mentioned by numerous authors in explaining certain types of psychological suffering endured by several generations of the same family, notably among descendants of Holocaust survivors. In some traumatized families, all the energy is used by a mourning process and by strategies of survival. Memory of death is everywhere and memory of life is repressed. To help those families, psychotherapists have to inverse the situation by revealing the memory of life and by limiting the role of the memory of death. We present here several clinical observations that we made during therapy sessions with certain families of Holocaust survivors. These families consulted with us because of the symptoms presented by members of the third generation (the grandchildren of the Holocaust survivors) as adolescents. These symptoms were not specific, and included various categories such as dropping out of school, behavior problems, self-mutilation, eating disorders, drug abuse, depressive or anxiety disorders, and problems with aggression. These families presented some specific patterns in their relationships, which led us to consider that the symptoms presented by the third generation might be a consequence of the family''s history and the trans-generational transmission of Holocaust trauma. We also describe here the clinical strategy that we developed to assist these families. This strategy was used in addition to classical individual and linear treatment of the symptoms and consisted of an attempt to reinforce the relationships between Holocaust survivors and their grandchildren with the aim of stimulating a structuring trans-generational transmission. In effect, at the liberation of the camps, certain Holocaust survivors used, as a mechanism of individual resilience, control over their memory and their emotions. In effect, their psychological survival was impossible without making sure that their terrible memories and inexpressible feelings could not occupy their consciousness. In stifling their memories and their history, they created a void in the parenting of their children and their grandchildren. In order to fill this void and to unblock familial memory, we make use of the privileged position occupied by the grandchildren of Holocaust survivors. In effect, Holocaust survivors generally adopt a more flexible attitude toward their grandchildren than toward their children. Therefore, we entrusted them with the task of reconstructing the history of their family before and after the Holocaust through consulting their grandparents, most of all, but also other members of the family, whether it be directly or by courier (eventually electronic, in the case of geographic separation). Our therapeutic approach improves the flexibility, adaptability and communication of the family. Moreover, it improves the bond between Holocaust survivors and their grandchildren and permits the latter, through a better knowledge of their family history, to acquire a trans-generational shadow. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The object of this paper is to specify the role of anxiety disorders taken as a group or separately (including panic disorder, social phobia, specific phobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder) as potential causal risk factors for depression and alcohol use disorders. Several studies have consistently suggested that some anxiety disorders are primary to other mental disorders in a majority of co-morbid cases and could increase the risk of their onset. We performed a computerized search (Pubmed) on recent published studies on this subject. We focused on recent prospective studies. Several findings have confirmed that the number and severity of some primary anxiety disorders may significantly increase the risk of subsequent mental disorders (such as depression and alcohol use disorders). However, the authors are not unanimous on this subject. A precise determination of whether various anxiety disorders could constitute causal risk factors for subsequent mental disorders would permit a better understanding of disease aetiology, improve the efficiency of diagnosis and would allow development of effective interventions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In opposition to a widespread belief in psychiatry, mental disorders per se, without alcohol or drug abuse, represent a risk for violence against others, including homicide, that is significantly higher than that of the general population. The present paper extensively reviews the scientific literature during the past 15 years and present their findings in a summary table. The contradictory results of the notorious McArthur study are also presented and critically discussed. Elevated risks of assaults are more closely associated with a subgroup of patients showing one or more of the following characteristics: a history of previous violence; non compliance with antipsychotic medication and follow-up; alcohol and/or illegal drug abuse; violent fantasies; acute psychotic symptoms; and cerebral damage. Although violence associated with mental disorders is significantly higher than that observed among the general population, the absolute number of assaults committed by patients is still low. Between 85 and 97% of violent offenders are not mentally ill. Certain aspects of the deinstitutionalization, such as lack of outpatient resources and a modification of the law reflecting more concerns for the rights of the patients might provoke health care interruptions. However, a clinical commitment relayed by legal interventions in case of danger generate significant reduction of the risks for violence. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper reviews the present views and methods in the field of violence risk assessment. The perpetration of violent behaviours must raise the issue of the perpetrator''s psychological constitution and functioning. But being able to anticipate such dangerous deeds implies other dimensions as well: one must also consider contextual elements, “countertransferential” feelings elicited by the perpetrator in relevant individuals, and potential outcomes of the evaluation that is carried out. Nowadays, this is performed by means of so-called “Violence Risk Assessments”, using various instruments. Actuarial instruments are designed to provide a statistical estimate of future violence risk, while (semi-structured) clinical methods assist clinical professional decision-making with guidelines developed according to up-to-date knowledge in the field. The key concept of psychopathy, its measurement and implications, are also discussed, and valuable indicators are recommended, to be used both for violence risk management as well as for the development of a clinical framework on this topic. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Joint psychiatric admission to mother–baby units (MBUs) has become widely available, for the past half century in Great Britain but only since the 1980s in France, where these units have developed in various geographic locations and with diverse types of clinical practices. MBUs represent one therapeutic approach among others, for care and prevention specifically for mothers and their infants. MBUs admit mothers with past or present psychological disturbances (including puerperal psychosis, postnatal depression, chronic psychotic disorders, cognitive disorders, and severe personality disorders) that may make the development of early mother–baby bond especially vulnerable. Their aim is not to keep always the child with the mother, regardless of the risk, but rather to provide time, a safe place, and support for the mother and for the child to enable them either to find or recover a harmonious relationship or to prepare the child''s placement as well as possible. MBU care must be linked with those of other services for the medical, social and family problems of the “mother–baby” dyad. One aim of the research presented in this paper is to describe therapeutic and preventive activities of MBUs and evaluate their issues. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper''s main goal is to present the European Federation for all psychiatric Trainees. This organization is now twelve years old, and links psychiatric trainees from over twenty countries across Europe, whose delegates meet once a year at the annual forum. It represents over 12000 trainees. Through a description of the EFPT''s twelfth forum, we will introduce its main goals and means, as well as the achievements it has made so far. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Acetyl-cholinic shock has been proposed in the Forties, as a treatment for schizophrenia, by the Italian Professor, Adamo Maria Fiamberti. The present writer feels it might be justified to analyze the theoretical foundations of this therapy, as, in the first half of the twentieth century, two varieties of direct action on the brain (malaria therapy of Wagner von Jauregg and lobotomy of Egaz Moniz) have been awarded by the Nobel Prize. This reward has obviously stimulated research. At approximatively the same time, an epidemiological study by Nyiro and Jablonsky concluded there existed some kind of antagonism between epilepsy and schizophrenia. This conclusion led Laszlo von Meduna to use Cardiazol (Metrazol) as a therapeutic agent, and, finally, Cerletti and Bini to realise electric shock therapy, while Sakel advised insulin coma treatment (Sakel was aware that, in some cases, insulin coma would generate convulsions). Fiamberti''s suggested therapy followed the same path, but, beside, used the recent discovery of neuro transmitters in the brain (their presence in the peripheral nervous system was known, since the beginning of the twentieth century). The present paper describes techniques used by Fiamberti and describes some of the unwanted side effects. Among those, two appear to be rather alarming – mydriasis lasting a few minutes and fibrinolysis of the clot, which has been described by Soviet transfusionists (Yudin), as occurring regularly in patients who died of sudden death. Yudin used cadaver blood for transfusions. All these therapies are actually using either total rest (as did the often lethal cure), or, on the opposite, a kind of organismic jolt. Finally, only the electric shock has survived, though we do not know yet how it functions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Progress in knowledge about bipolar disorders, in their clinical, etiological and therapeutic aspects, led these last 20 years to increase the interest for the childhood and adolescence onset forms of these disorders, even if they are rare. In this way, numerous studies emphasized the difficulties encountered in making the diagnosis at this age, mainly because the heterogeneity of the clinical picture observed. In this paper, the authors present the results of a retrospective, descriptive, clinical study performed from 50 cases attended in the Razi hospital child and adolescent psychiatry department in Tunis between 1996 and 2001. Among the 470 adolescents hospitalized in the Razi hospital child and adolescent psychiatry department in Tunis between 1996 and 2001, 50 were diagnosed as having bipolar disorder according to the DSM-IV criteria. Their clinical records were analyzed by means of an epidemiological card drawn from the WASH-U-SADS. Twenty-eight girls and 22 boys were included in the study. The mean age of these subjects at their first hospitalization was 15.8 years; 30% were firstly hospitalized between the age of 14 and 15 years, 24% between the age of 18 and 19 years. The mean duration of their follow-up was 28 months (6–72 months). Forty-four percent of them had previously exhibited episodes of mild depressive manifestations, 16% undiagnosed major depressive disorder, and 14% (only girls) suicide attempts. Familial history of mental disorders was found in 40% of them: non affective psychoses in 18% of the cases, bipolar disorders in 16%, major depressive disorder in 4% and alcohol dependence in 2%. Ninety-four percent of the patients were diagnosed as having bipolar I disorder and 6% bipolar II disorder. The diagnoses at their first hospitalization were very heterogeneous: manic episode in 48% of the cases, major depressive episode with psychotic features in 30%, schizophreniform disorder in 14%, mixed episode in 4%, and adjustment disorder in 4%. The atypical diagnoses were found significantly more frequent in patients firstly hospitalized before the age of 16 years (P < 0.005). During the follow-up, 92 manic episodes were recorded. The analysis of the manic episode clinical features also showed that atypical manifestations (mixed episodes or with psychotic features) were significantly more frequent in the patients firstly hospitalized before the age of 16 years (P < 0.02). Concerning the therapeutic aspects, mood stabilizers were used from the first manic episode in 82% of the cases. The adjunction of an antipsychotic agent during the acute phase of the mood episodes was found relatively frequent, probably because of the frequency of the psychotic features observed during these episodes. These results confirm numerous data previously reported in comparable studies. More particularly, they agree with the recently evoked hypothesis of two separate phenotypes in juvenile bipolar disorders: the early onset forms, in the youngest people, are characterized by an onset usually depressive type and by the occurrence of mood episodes frequently atypical in their clinical and developing aspects; while the later onset forms look almost like the clinical picture usually observed in adulthood. These data also show that it is essential to assess carefully the mood condition in children and adolescents exhibiting atypical pathological episodes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Objectives. –The birth of a high risk infant—such as a very or extremely premature infant—can represent an important traumatic experience for parents. R. DeMier, M. Hynan et al’s “Perinatal PTSD Questionnaire” aims at exploring, retrospectively, parent’s posttraumatic stress reactions following the birth of a high risk infant. This paper describes the French validation of this questionnaire.Methods. –Fifty-two families with a very or extremely premature infant and 25 families with a full term infant responded to the “Perinatal PTSD Questionnaire” and the “Impact of Event Scale” when children were 18 months old.Results. –Parents of high risk infants can present posttraumatic stress reactions such as intrusion, avoidance or arousal symptoms. The French version of the “Perinatal PTSD Questionnaire” has satisfactory psychometric properties.Conclusions. –As posttraumatic reactions are not directly related to objective descriptions of the stressful event, it may be essential to the liaison child psychiatrist to consider individual posttraumatic reactions in order to optimise preventive intervention with the parents. A questionnaire should not replace a clinical interview, however it may represent a useful screening tool. Also, this questionnaire should be useful for research purposes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Three stages (with quite different characteristics) can be distinguished in Spanish psychopathology throughout the 20th Century: 1) From the beginning of the Century to the Civil War (1900-1939). 2) Franco’s period (1939-1975). 3) The democratic stage (the last quarter of the Century). Spanish psychiatrists before the XXth Century were basically under the influence of French theories. These were replaced by the hegemony of German psychiatry that was also replaced, in the last decades, by Anglo-Saxon influence. Spanish psychopathologists have not been very original, but some of them (Sanchi´s Banu´s, Lo´pez Ibor, Llopis, Valenciano, or Castilla del Pino) reached personal theoretical contributions that deserve to be remembered. This paper studies the main influences that Spanish psychopathology has received, from neurohistology and German descriptive psychopathology, through psychoanalysis, phenomenology and existential analysis, to anti-psychiatry, biological psychiatry and current atheoretical quantitative psychiatry. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The aim of this paper is to show the interest of taking into account, in the psychological reflection, the feeling of vulnerability met by a patient at the beginning of the psychopathological process. The authors attempt to specify the diverse modalities of the vulnerability, the nature of the predisposition and of its factors, the differences between the deeply lived feeling and the syndrome, revealed into the identitary weakening itself. They examine the way from the feeling to the syndrome of vulnerability, being like a terrifying waiting of a internal disintegration, from extreme situations, intentional or imposed. The clinical approach of psychical weakness of the elderly people and of the inaugural experiences of the schizophrenia (particularly the case of Suzanne Urban), permits to precise the processual nature of the syndrome of vulnerability. It proposes a new reading of some syndromes of acute psychic disorganization. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In the field of psychology, very few studies deal with anticipation, the latter being defined as a paradoxical conduct. This paper describes a specific instrument elaborated by Mr Berta. The examined person is asked to imagine what he would wish to become in other life. Thus, he describes this imagery life that is located between two poles; one is rejected, the other ardently desired. Usually, this double attitude is illustrated by imagery. The negative pole (i.e. what the person is fighting) is actually what he does not want to become but as he struggles he actually develops in himself this unwanted, negative pole. The writers provide a clinical vignette, a woman called Mrs B. hospitalized for a depressive state consecutive to her husband’s death. Her protocole shows that she still is strong enough to integrate the bereavement. This way of organizing the psyche between the two poles thus having recourse to deep ethic values provides with innovating psychotherapeutic strategies. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

On 1859 October 31, in a paper presented to the Socie´te´ me´dico-psychologique, L.V. Marce´ has described the cases of two girls suffering from what Lase&grave;gue and Gull would name, a few years later, anorexia nervosa. Isolation therapy is required for the treatment of these patients.Since the most clinicians have endorsed the therapeutic role of isolation.For instance Charcot have emphazided the need of an “absolute isolation” and nowadays a few teams still believe in isolation or at least a strict separation from family.But at the same time, new therapies have been developped and alternative therapeutic models to full time classical hospitalisation have appeared. In this new programs parents are now integrated (instead of being move away) in a therapeutic alliance, even considered as cotherapists. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The official way of taking care of the mentally disabled is by its principles, procedures and techniques a two-fold treatment. It will appear in this paper that our preference goes to the most traditional of the two options, the combined-therapies, in other words the “multisided therapies”, also called the “focus-shifting” strategies. The issue concerning combined therapies with two or three focuses being applied to severely disabeled patients is raised. This involves simultaneously an analytic investigation as well as behavioral psychotherapy, together with medication and support. Concerning the other more popular technique – the “integrating psychotherapies” – also known as the “psychotherapeutic movement for integration”, it will be critically examined. Our aim is to show that this integrative approach in psychotherapy is an offshoot from the eclectic and pragmatic american school of thought.It is not compatible with a psychoanlytical approach even when it tries to use its clinical and theoretical contribution. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Résumé Le but de ce travail est d’attirer l’attention sur les répercussions possibles de certains films pour des personnes fragiles, sensitives, anxieuses, dépressives, ou prépsychotiques. Nous les avons classés en huit groupes : films d’une extrême violence autojustifiée ; films tournés en « caméra subjective » ; films d’horreur ; films apocalyptiques ; films se déroulant dans des maisons de retraite ; films montrant des suicides réfléchis et collectifs ; films montrant une bonne idée d’un enseignant mais générant des conséquences désastreuses ; films montrant une traversée de l’écran dans les deux sens. Les personnes fragiles faisant alors un transfert perceptif peuvent être amenées, après vision d’un de ces films, soit à un passage à l’acte agressif, soit à un suicide. The purpose of this paper is to show 20 films likely to disturb some sensitive, anxious, depressive, or prepsychotic subjects. We classified those films into eight groups: films with a self-justified violence, films produced through a subjective camera, horror films, apocalyptic films, films describing the life of old people retired in a retreat house, films describing calmly decided suicides by subjects facing fatal issues, films showing teachers with right-minded ideas generating disastrous consequences among students, films showing actors stepping across the screen. Fragile people may be prompted to an acting out toward themselves or others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Paris area is a complex urban area where 12 million people are living. This complexity is also encountered by the parents of children or the adults with autism or others Pervasive Developmental Disorders. More specifically it could be difficult for them to get a diagnosis or to find the right way to get measures really appropriate to their situations. To help them a specific structure called “Centre de Ressources Autisme Île-de-France” (CRAIF, Center for Resources in Autism, Paris Area) was created in 2004. Several professionals (librarian, social worker, psychologist, doctor, management secretary and manager) try to give information or advice in various manners (phone, mail, e-mail, visiting…) to the people (families or professionals) searching help. In this paper we report the various missions of this institution and the way its professionals try to answer. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Anger-management programs based on cognitive-behavioral conceptualization of anger have been successfully used in different types of populations. In this paper, we describe a program adapted to adult people with autism spectrum disorders and mental retardation. The program is implemented in a day-care unit. Ten patients are divided into three groups, depending on their specific difficulties. Cognitive-behavioral techniques have been adapted to be understood and practiced by patients. Visual formats, repetition, and imitation are examples of strategies that help people with autism and mental retardation identify emotions and cope with excessive anger. We also discuss evaluation of this type of therapy. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Actuarial risk assessment instruments (ARAI) have contributed to a methodological improvement for the evaluation inside the forensic system. One main effect was the reduction of false positive predictions. The ARAI present some advantages but also some important limits: (a) their assessment, leading to an overall score is not as easy as expected and requires appropriate training; (b) they include criteria identified from group statistics, the interpretation does not automatically apply to the evaluated individuals; (c) the specific personal characteristics not covered as individual behavior beyond the statistical probability; (d) the appreciation of the context of occurrence of the violent act is not sufficiently considered. These limits are still partially challenged in the latest generation of evaluative instruments called “structured clinical” that include both variables “static” linked to the past as well as variables “dynamic” related to the present and future. The paper discusses the limitations of the ARAI and formulates recommendations. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In this first part, we describe how the scientific method is organized according to a circular structure and generates paradigms, constraining the researches in sciences like a fly bottle limits the displacements of flies in the bottle. Then, we analyze the neuroscientific paradigm using the Weawer''s paper about the increase of complexity in sciences underlying an amazing paradox: Neurosciences appear funded on the paradigm of physics since they belong to biology. This paradox has significant epistemological consequences. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The following paper aims at finding and analyzing the objective conditions and the subjective processes which lead people to choose studying psychiatry. The authors have used the testimonies of 29 French psychiatrists who had been invited by the review Psychiatrie Internationale and who had been asked the question: “Why have you chosen to study psychiatry?” These texts were compiled and published in 1993 and have undergone content analysis. The results show that in order to explain this choice of studies, it is necessary to consider objective factors (social background, level of achievement during internship, etc.), contingent elements (encounters with professors and/or patients), and more subjective processes which make the choice of this medical specialization an answer to each person''s problems. Furthermore, the specificities of this original corpus show the importance of socio-historical conditions under which the choice of studies is done and invite us to reconsider the issue through the current context. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Résumé L’auteur péruvien de cette communication, membre associé international de la Société médico-psychologique, nous fait découvrir un médecin français qui, après avoir commencé à exercer dans notre pays à la fin de l’Empire, est parti pour l’Amérique du Sud où, au cours de voyages dans plusieurs des pays qui luttaient pour leur indépendance, il a fait découvrir aux médecins qui y exerçaient les nouveautés qui étaient apparues dans notre pays au début du xix e siècle, en médecine et notamment en médecine mentale. Après son retour en France, il a publié à Paris des ouvrages sur les cultures qu’il avait connues en Amérique du Sud et aussi en Afrique du Nord où il a aussi voyagé. The Peruvian author of this communication is a member as a foreigner of the SMP. He is presenting us a French doctor who exercised in our country at the end of the Empire era, and then left for South America. During his voyage in several of it's countries, where people were fighting for their independence, he showed local doctors the advances of medicine in the early xix th century in different fields such as mental illnesses. After he came back to France, he published in Paris several papers on the different cultures he discovered in South America as well as in North Africa where he had also travelled to. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]