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Abstract: The “expertise” required by article L. 3213.8 of the Code of Public Health is exceptional within the statute of “compulsory hospitalization” (Police-instructed compulsory hospitalisation in France corresponds to the juridical or court-ordered hospitalisation in Anglo-Saxon law). This paper proposes a critical analysis of this “expertise” and of the ensuing situation of pathological criminals based on an extended practice of expertise and taking into consideration the recent evolution of the concept of dangerousness. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]