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This experiment initially explored the clean production process of nanocellulose fibrils (NFC) using commercial softwood pulp as raw materials, and selected appropriate biological enzyme pretreatment to prepare NFC1 with a higher concentration. Compared with NFC2 obtained by TEMPO oxidation method, it is found that the diameter of NFC1 obtained by enzymatic pretreatment method (10-30nm) is similar to that of NFC2 (20-30nm). But the length of NFC1 (1-4μm) is much longer than the length of NFC2 (400-600nm). In addition, the influence of two kinds of NFC on the physical strength of paper is also explored. Experimental results show that: NFC1 is better than NFC2 in enhancing the physical strength of paper. And when cationic starch and NFC act synergistically, the enhancement effect is obviously better than using NFC alone or cationic starch alone. When the addition amount of NFC1 is (1.5±0.5)%, the tensile index, burst index, and tear index of the resulting paper increase by (43±3)%, (55±1)%, (37±2), respectively %. When the amount of NFC2 added is (1.5±0.5)%, the paper tensile index is (29±2)%. When the amount of NFC2 added is about (3±1)%, the paper’s bursting index and tearing index growth rate are (29±1)% and (33±1)% respectively.

Most papers are made from virgin wood-based pulp of hardwood sources but recently, softwood have received enormous attention as alternative to hard wood because the hardwood takes a significant number of years to mature enough for use in the pulp and paper industry unlike softwood which are majorly annual plants. The annual crop in focus in this work is the yellow open-pollinated variety of corn which generates tons of waste at harvest. A novel attempt is made to ascertain the viability of corn sheaths as raw material for the pulp and paper industry by carrying out a comprehensive analysis on the pulp and paper made from the pulp. The sheaths were dried, shred and cut into pieces suitable for the digester and the pulps obtained were analysed for physico-chemical properties. Hand sheets were also made using the generated pulp and its physico-mechanical properties were analysed. Results obtained were compared with pulp from corn husks from other parts of the country, three Nigerian fibre sources – silk cotton, bagasse and rice straw and other foreign non-wood sources and found to be of competitive properties. Pulp properties of Lignin content, ash content, cellulose, hot and cold water solubility of the fibres were 13.72 ± 1.21%, 1.27 ± 0.23%, 53.26 ± 1.11%, 15.20 ± 2.11 and 6.14 ± 2.43 respectively while the mechanical properties of paper from the pulp were Bursting strength (282.163 KPa m2/g), Tear strength (146.119), Tensile strength (257.6N/m) and Tensile Index (3.9Nm/g). It was found that in all properties, the corn sheath was better than the rice straw fibers but not as good as the silk cotton and bagasse fibers. However, the corn sheath has been identified, as a viable raw material for the pulp and paper industry in Nigeria.

Paper is the final product resulted from compression of fiber suspension of cellulose pulp, which is derived from wood or non-woody material. In this study, paper was made from mixture of pineapple leaves and sugarcane bagasse pulp (P:S, 100:0%, 80:20%, 60:40%, 40:60%, 20:80%, and 0:100%) at varying cooking liquor or NaOH concentration (1.5% and 3%) using semi-mechanical soda pulping method. Pulp characterisation (kappa number, tensile and tearing strength) was further carried out to ensure a stable pulp and paper quality. Results showed that the highest tensile strength of 6,709 kN was obtained at pineapple leaves and sugarcane bagasse pulp composition of 100:0% and NaOH 3%, whereas the highest tearing strength (1730,13 mN) was observed at the P:S of 40:60% with similar concentration of NaOH. The lowest kappa number (6,182) was also obtained at P:S of 0:100% and 3% NaOH. The pulp characterisation values have fullfil SNI No. 6519:2016 quality standard for plastic laminated paper.

Utilization of agro-based fibre for paper making has been the subject of interest in order to expand the usage of renewable resources as well as reduced the dependence on wood pulp. As one of the major countries in palm oil production, some of the waste from the oil palm plantation like the oil palm fronds, empty fruit bunches, and its leaf is a potential source of non-wood industry which can be used as raw material in the paper industry manufacture. This study was done to examine the potential of palm leaves to be used as a raw material of non-wood resources in the papermaking industry. In this study, sodium hydroxide (NaOH) pulping and process was employed to investigate the effectiveness of lignin removal for good fibre production. The concentration of the pulping agent was fixed at 7% at treatment of 1-7 hours to investigate the best condition for defibrillation of the cellulose fibre. Based on this study, it was found that the soda pulping produces fibre that can be molded into paper sheet without any binding agent. The morphology of the fibre observed under Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) shows that, soda pulping fiber consist of individual micro fibrils that are well separated. Both tensile strength and tear index gives highest value at 1.93 kg/cm2 and 37 Nm2/kg respectively at 7 hours treatment time. his reflects that lignin removal effectively occurred in soda pulping. Tensile strength found to increases with treatment time and both tensile strength and tear index of the paper falls within the value comparable to commerical non-wood paper. The paper produced has rough surface and has the potential to be develop for craft paper.

This paper present product design and development of waste paper plastering mortars machine. This waste paper plastering mortar is manual machine system. The main element to make mortar is cement, sand, water and waste paper. These machines have two separate tanks, which is the first tank is to produce a pulp and second tank is to mix up the entire ingredient. The objectives of this research are to design a Waste paper plastering machine, to develop a functional prototype of Waste Paper Plastering Machine and also to test the machine by compare the best method by with machine and without machine to make plastering mortar. The testing has been done between preparation and procedure how to make plastering mortar with machine and without machine. This machine can be used in every household. This can save environment and reduce pollution.

Wastewater treatment using various existing technologies, including advanced oxidation processes, adsorption, and membrane separation for various pollutants removal from industrial and municipal wastewater streams, is an essential aspect of reaching environmental sustainability to keep human well-being and healthy economic growth. However, some challenging elements along with the wastewater treatment process affect pollutant removal efficiency and other resources. This condition will lead to various uncertainty in the wastewater treatment system related to the fluctuations in the quality of treated water and wastewater, operation costs, and environmental risk. Artificial intelligence can then be such a reliable solution to predict and minimize those complications and optimize the process and parameters implemented in the wastewater treatment system.

The publication is an important stage in a study. However, the publication stage in an accredited journal must go through a peer-reviewed process and sometimes requires a fee. The preprint server is a media archive for the distribution and distribution of articles that are available free of charge, enabling rapid distribution and use. Currently, there are many preprint servers available which are also recognized by peer-reviewed journals such as Arvix, Academia, Researchgate, OSF and in Indonesia itself there are INA-Rxiv servers. This article aims to explain the use of the preprint server as a publication media for scientific work among academics. The research method used is survey research on all academics in Indonesia. The results of the study showed that 42% of academics did not recognize the preprint server, 58% did not understand the function of the preprint server as a media publication that was fast, extensive, minimal in cost, accessible to the whole world and had DOI. They think the articles that have been published in the preprint can no longer be proposed to be published to an accredited journal. Ignorance causes its user to be very minimal, with only 24% of all academics filling out the questionnaire. The majority prefer to look directly for accredited journals without considering the time and cost required until the article is published.

The preparation and properties of paper coating based bilayer of starch and shellac composites has been investigated in the present report. The bilayer coating were prepared by coating the surface of the paper using starch as first layer then shellac was coated on the surface of the starch layer. Composition of the bilayer composites of starch/shellac was 20:80, 30:70, 40:60, 50:50; 60:40; 70:30; 80:20; % w/w. The Payne Cup Analysis showed that the water vapour barrier properties of starch/shellac increased with the increased of shellac concentration, and very significant improvement was achieved when shellac concentration was above 50 wt%. The grease resistance of the sample was better than that of conventional paper coating. The Diffuse Reflectance UV showed that the transparency of the samples did not change by the presence of the bilayer composites. XRD indicatedd that the stability of shellac was improved by the presence of starch.

In the present study, the water vapour and grease resistance properties of paper coating based starch – bentonite clay has been investigated. The clay concentration was 0%, 10%, 15%, 23%, 30%, 40% dan 50% w/w. The composites were prepared by solution casting and coated on the surface of the paper, and analysed using Payne cup method (water vapour transmitter rate-WVTR), grease resistance test and X-Ray diffraction (XRD). The WVTR results showed that the addition of clay improved water vapour barrier properties and the most optimal improvement was obtained at clay concentration in the range of 10 - 23 wt %. However, the opposite trend was observed for grease resistance properties which showed that the grease resistance decreased with increasing clay concentration. XRD results showed that starch entered clay gallery and formed intercalated bilayer structure both at clay concentration of 10 and 23 wt % wt. The clay/starch composite (23 wt%) was more ordered and higher amount of starch chains entered gallery than than those of clay/starch (10 wt%) supporting better water barrier properties at high clay concentration.

With the continuous development of Internet technology, major universities and colleges are also intensifying the annual increase in the number of college graduates. Graduation thesis as an important part of college students training has a very important role in the training of college students. Therefore, how to guide graduates to complete graduation thesis and manage graduate thesis has become more prominent in the work of colleges and universities. The biggest feature of this project is how to guide students to complete the thesis more effectively. The graduation thesis involves topics such as title review, opening report, literature review, project design scheme, thesis writing, and communication in all aspects. How to effectively monitor every aspect of graduation design, and how to let the teacher play a real guiding role is also Project to solve the problem.

John Gore’s seminal 1984 paper on gel dosimetry spawned a vibrant research field ranging from fundamental science through to clinical applications. A preliminary bibliometric study was undertaken of the gel dosimetry family of publications inspired by, and resulting from, Gore’s original 1984 paper to determine active growth areas, research trends and hot topics from Gore’s paper up to and including 2016. Themes and trends of the gel dosimetry research field were bibliometrically explored by way of co-occurrence term maps using the titles and abstracts text corpora from the Web of Science database for all relevant papers from 1984 to 2016. Visualisation of similarities was used by way of the VOSviewer visualisation tool to generate cluster maps of gel dosimetry knowledge domains and the associated citation impact of topics within the domains. Heat maps were then generated to assist in the understanding of active growth areas, research trends, and emerging and hot topics in gel dosimetry.

In this paper a simple and innovative technique to combine n optical frequencies with the aim to produce a virtual laser with superior metrological characteristics is introduced. The algorithms to combine a number of clocks to produce a virtual clock, which is also referred as paper clock, are well known. An example of this is the statistical generation of the UTC time scale by the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM) using a recursive algorithm (ALGOS). A similar algorithm to combine n optical frequencies, all of them with same nominal value, to produce a "paper laser" whose frequency is known through its difference with respect to the optical frequencies of the ensemble is proposed here. As a demonstration of this, three optical frequencies stabilized to the D2 Cs-133 line, all of them with similar frequency stability were experimentally combined. A paper laser has been produced during hours whose frequency stability is about 3-1/2 times with respect to the original optical frequencies. This technique can be applied to combine ultra-stable optical frequencies to produce a paper laser that can be materialized by correcting one of the real optical frequencies of the ensemble. The robustness and stability of a paper laser is very attractive to produce a time scale from its operation.

Sequences of random bits can be extracted from small areas of paper by probing its 3D structure. The same sequence can be obtained with a high probability even after repositioning the sample. Such a random fingerprint can be used for encryption. This property of paper for self-encryption can be used to secure information printed on the document. By combining self-encryption with some classical encryption methods could lead to a significant progress in the fight against counterfeiting because decryption is equivalent to proving originality of the paper document.

Pulp and paper products in the modern world are used in a variety of types and areas, due to which the issue of improving paper production technologies is relevant. The article presents the results of grinding fibrous semi-finished products using the knife method. A disc mill with an original knife set was used as the unit under study. For the most effective modes of grinding were selected to obtain raw materials with high quality indicators.

At the moment, the pulp and paper industry produces a wide variety of types of paper and board, which can serve as an alternative to plastic packaging products. The main requirement for paper packaging is high strength properties, which include: breaking length, resistance to breaking, bursting and tearing. The required strength properties can be ensured at the stage of refining the semi-finished product from which the paper product will be made by changing the consistency of the pulp. Since the influence of the consistency of the pulp during refining on the strength characteristics of the finished product has not been fully studied, it was of interest to find out how the strength properties of castings change when refining the pulp with a change in concentration.

The bonfire (Cannabis sativa) was delignified with the reaction mixture “acetic acid - hydrogen peroxide - sulfuric acid catalyst - water” at a sulfuric acid concentration of 0.45%, a liquid module of 6, and a temperature of 85 °C. The effect of cooking conditions (hydrogen peroxide concentration and process duration) and mass grinding up to 34 … 36 °SR on the morphological properties of technical cellulose fibers - length, width, degree of inhomogeneity (polydispersity) - has been studied. Hemp fibers are inferior in length to those of spruce wood and wheat straw, but more uniform. The widths of hemp and wood fibers are almost the same. Due to its high strength characteristics, peroxide cellulose from bonfire is suitable for use in composition with other fibrous semi-finished products in the production of mass types of paper and cardboard products.

The paper presents studies on the use of ash of hydraulic removal in combination with modifier additives in the production of non-autoclaved foam concrete. The research is aimed at obtaining high-quality non-autoclaved foam concrete based on industrial waste with high construction and technical properties. The main objective of the paper is to determine the quality indicators of non-autoclaved foam concrete, according to standard methods, corresponding to the normative and technical documentation. The studies were carried out under laboratory conditions on certified and calibrated test equipment. The industrial waste considered in the paper, the ash of hydraulic removal and food industry waste, are common waste in all countries of the world, which gives high relevance to the research topic within the framework of waste disposal. The conducted studies confirmed the effectiveness of the integrated use of waste, to obtain the best result. As it is known, ash reduces the thermal conductivity, which is a positive effect, but at the same time reduces the strength of the material and frost resistance. In the paper it was proved that with the use of oil processing waste, it is possible to obtain an increase in frost resistance due to volumetric hydrophobization, as well as with the use of alcohol production waste, a significant increase in strength is achieved, due to the plasticizing effect of the casein contained (polymer components) in the composition of alcohol production waste. The obtained results of the study on thermal conductivity, strength and frost resistance confirm the effectiveness of the use of ash in combination with modified additives based on food industry waste CM-2 and CMA-P. In conclusion, a comparative analysis of the effectiveness of the use of industry waste the ash of hydraulic removal in combination with modified CM-2 and CMA-P additives is carried out.

The pomegranate-peel dye was extracted by boiling in this paper. Through orthogonal experiments, using dye fixation rate as an indicator, it has studied the best dyeing process of pomegranate-peel dye for dyeing bamboo pulp fibers with direct dyeing and same-bath mordant dyeing methods. The dyeing process parameter are optimized through orthogonal experiments as follows: (1)with direct dyeing method, when dyeing 30minutes or 50minutes, the optimal process parameters are dyeing concentration X, dyeing temperature 80°C, and dyeing PH value 8; when dyeing 70minutes, the optimal process parameters are dyeing concentration 2/3X, dyeing temperature 80°C, and dyeing PH value 9.(2) with same-bath mordant dyeing method, when dyeing 30minutes, the optimal process parameters are dyeing concentration X, dyeing temperature 80°C, and dyeing PH value8; when dyeing 50minutes, the optimal process parameters are dyeing concentration 2/3X, dyeing temperature 60°C, and dyeing PH value7; when dyeing 70minutes, the optimal process parameters are dyeing concentration X, dyeing temperature 60°C, and dyeing PH value9. It is concluded that the bamboo pulp fiber dyed with pomegranate-peel dye has good dyeing performance, which meets the color fastness requirements of fabrics.

This paper reports the optimal ratio of cement-lime modified rammed earth materials for red loam soils in the Changsha area. The optimal moisture content of 8%∼12% was determined by key indicators such as test block effect, compressive strength, and weather resistance. Subsequently, the physical properties, water resistance, and weather resistance of red loam soil blocks with different cement and lime ratios were compared, and the suitable ratios of cement-lime modified rammed earth material for the Changsha area were determined as follows: soil: sand: stone: lime: cement - 5:3:2:1/3:1:1. To verify the reasonableness and practicability of the experiments, the rammed simulated tests and practical applications were carried out.

This paper reports experimental investigation on slow pyrolysis process of Gayo Arabica coffee-pulp with a target of biochar quality improvement. Investigation started with preparing the design, fabrication and testing of a-pilot-scale batch reactor. Later, the reactor was modified by placing stainless-steel trays to split the reactor into three zones. The performance of reactor after modification was examined and compared it with data gained from un-modified reactor. Temperature profile and product distribution have been observed during slow pyrolysis process of coffee-pulp in order to evaluate the performance of reactor. Results show that installing trays inside the reactor improves heat distribution and diffusion of hot gasses through the chamber. Segmented reactor demonstrated a more stable in temperature changes during pyrolysis experiment. Enhanced yield of biochar up to 42.87 % is gained during pyrolysis experiment in segmented reactor. Investigation on characteristic of biochar suggests less impurity has been found from modified reactor product.

This paper discusses the potential issues in Lampung province of Sumatera, Indonesia where the majority of the people are to earn a livelihood as a coffee farmer. This place has potential benefits to increase land of coffee farms in order to make greater capacity and economic sector by using an environmentally-friendly technology. To date, the utilization of coffee pulps is only by freely spreading to the coffee farms. In doing so, the technological fermentation by using Indigenous bacteria that has role to produce organic fertilizer of coffee pulps helps gain the soil fertility. This study used descriptive data analysis with community practical approach. The results show that the growth of coffee and other intercropping plants like chili is more fertilized, easy to flower, and it lengthens the shoot growth. In addition, the coffee production seems like changing in the amount of quantity that tends to get better. The significant number also showed by the production of chili because the harvest season is longer than usual. Another advantage by using this fermentation is that the use of non-organic fertilizer can be reduced up to level 80 per cent. Likewise, this condition automatically dropped the production cost.

Distributing the red-sludge flow between paralleled thickeners is a relevant problem for controlling the process of thickening and washing the alumina sludge. Sludge sticks to thickener walls and rakes in operation, which reduces the effective volume of the machine and puts a greater strain on the rakes; raising the rakes is necessary to avoid breaking the stirrer, but this reduces the compacting rate of the thickened product. Redistributing the feed pulp between thickeners over the course of their gradual uneven contamination might solve the problem of the thickened product being under-compacted in the thickening-washing line. There are patents that address this issue; however, they only describe semiautomatic approaches. The problem has been covered to a great extent by Russian scientists and engineers such as M V Levin, T B Potapova, V V Aleksandrov, T G Milberger, P F Minin, I M Fain, R M Khamidov, as well as by the following institutions: All-Union Research and Development Institute of Aluminum, Magnesium, and Electrode Industries, Pikalevo Alumina Plant, Pavlodar Aluminum Plant. The paper describes the algorithm of an artificial immune system for redistributing the red-sludge flow in alumina production between paralleled thickeners.

Wind farm control is an active and growing field of research in which the control actions of individual turbines in a farm are coordinated, accounting for inter-turbine aerodynamic interaction, to improve the overall performance of the wind farm and to reduce costs. The primary objectives of wind farm control include increasing power production, reducing turbine loads, and providing electricity grid support services. Additional objectives include improving reliability or reducing external impacts to the environment and communities. In 2019, a European research project (FarmConners) was started with the main goal of providing an overview of the state-of-the-art in wind farm control, identifying consensus of research findings, data sets, and best practices, providing a summary of the main research challenges, and establishing a roadmap on how to address these challenges. Complementary to the FarmConners project, an IEA Wind Topical Expert Meeting (TEM) and two rounds of surveys among experts were performed. From these events we can clearly identify an interest in more public validation campaigns. Additionally, a deeper understanding of the mechanical loads and the uncertainties concerning the effectiveness of wind farm control are considered two major research gaps.

The VIP collaboration is performing high precision tests of the Pauli Exclusion Principle for electrons in the extremely low cosmic background environment of the Underground Gran Sasso Laboratories of INFN (Italy). The experimental technique consists in introducing a DC current in a copper conductor, searching for the X-rays emission due to a PEP-forbidden atomic transition from the L shell to the K shell of copper when the K shell is already occupied by two electrons. VIP set un upper limit on the PEP violation probability 1 2 β 2 < 4.7 × 10 − 29 , the aim of the upgraded VIP-2 experiment is to improve this result by two orders of magnitude at least. The experimental setup and the results of preliminary data analyses will be presented.

Vast applications of cellulases and xylanases in many fields over the last few decades and high production cost demand extensive research in improving its quality and finding low cost substrates. These includes pulp and paper, food and feed, brewing, agriculture and biofuel industries. The main objective of this study was to investigate the use of pineapple crown leaves waste as the substrate to produce cellulases and xylanases in solid-state cultures (SSF) of Eupenicillium javanicum InaCC F154. Three SSF temperatures (25°C, 30°C and 35°C) and pH (4.0, 6.0 and 8.0) were tested for 96 h in solid media containing defatted soybean, (NH4)2SO4, NaNO3, CaCl2, and small amount of H2O. Then, its comparison with submerged fermentation (SmF) was also carried out. The SSF results showed that increasing temperature from 25°C to 35°C, increased the production of these enzymes. The pH also affected its activities, except at pH 4.0. The optimum pH and temperature for cellulase and xylanase production were found to be 6.0 and 35°C, respectively. The maximum cellulase obtained was 0.261 U/mL while much higher was obtained for xylanase with activity of 1.683 U/mL. SSF was better than SmF for xylanases (0.501 U/mL vs. 1.683 U/mL). The outcome of this study exhibits the potential of pineapple crown leaves as the substrate for xylanase production from E. javanicum by solid-state fermentation.

Decomposition of lignin compounds into monomers from oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB)has been successfully carried out. The purpose of this study was to determine the use of ilmenite as a lignin decomposerof OPEFB and to analyze the compounds produced using GC-MS method. The stages of the study consisted of preparation of ilmenite, pretreatment process of OPEFB, characterization of lignin isolates using FTIR, analysis of lignin content by UV-Vis, and photodegradation of lignin by GC-MS. Ilmenitewas known to have a potential for decomposing the lignin compound through a photodegradation reaction, in the presence of ultraviolet light. The results of this study indicated that a time of five hours decomposition could have degraded lignin up to 50%. The longer the degradation time, the more lignin was degraded to produce materials in the form of phenolic compounds, furan compounds, benzene derivatives and carbon compound derivatives from lignin monomers. One of the benzene derivatives obtained was 3,4-di (methoxycarbonyl) benzoic acid (C11H10O6).

Cassava waste pulp (onggok) based hydrogels were synthesis with added of acrylic acid (AA) and acrylamide (AAm). The used of onggok promises superior properties such as eco-friendly, lower prices because the raw materials are available naturally in abundant quantities compared to synthetic polymers, and biodegradable. Gamma irradiation method at doses of 0, 10, 20, and 30 kGy was carried out to produced cross-linked structures. Swelling, gel fraction, physical strength, and morphology were parameters of the hydrogels. The most optimum result was obtained from the addition of 25% acrylic acid and irradiation dose of 10 kGy, with swelling of 9423%, diffusion coefficient of 0.2393, gel fraction of 75.98%, the hardness of 8.53 mJ, and elasticity modulus of 7.01 kPa.

Palm fronds contain high cellulose, so it can be used as an alternative raw material for making pulp. The purpose of this study is to look at the potential of palm fronds as raw material for making pulp. The process of making pulp used in this study is the organosolv process, which is releasing palm frond fibers with a solution of acetic acid with hydrothermal pretreatment. This study observed the effect of cooking time and cooking solution volume on percent yield. The range of variables used in this study was cooking time of 125,150 and 175 minutes with concentrations of acetic acid cooking solution of 10 percent and 15 percent. The results of pulp quality were analyzed by comparing the results of the cold soda process to obtain physical properties. The best pulp was obtained at 30 minutes cooking time and 175 °C with a tensile value of 0.63 kN / m, tear 228.49 mN and brigthness 13.18.

One of the promising directions in mining industry is improvement of effectiveness in transportation of processed products. Current development, which requires minimization of tailings' volumes, leads to increase of solids (tailings) concentration in a flow of stowing pulps. It, consequently, leads to additional pressure losses in a pipeline. As a result, it becomes necessary to create higher head in order to overcome flow friction. One of the first steps to estimate optimum parameters of hydraulic transport operation is analysis of rheological properties of transported material. Results of laboratory studies, which were taken to determine a correlation between viscosities of stowing pulps based on mill tailings and solids concentration in the pulps flow, are shown in this paper. Rheological curves were plotted to determine dynamic viscosities and shear strengths of pulps with different concentration of solids, based on experimental results. These results were obtained using rotational viscometer VT 550. It was determined that with the increase of pulp's density, its viscosity and shear strength increase with some initial shear stress, showing properties of non-Newtonian fluid. An attempt to estimate functional correlation between rheological parameters of filling pulp's flow and concentration of inert filler, using the regression analysis method, was taken as a research problem in this paper. Hydraulic fluid compositions with change in concentration from 10 to 38% volume (from 20 to 60% mass) were taken in these experiments. Reliability of the derived mathematical model was determined using the least square method. Obtained results show that derived regression describes experimental studies by 88%.

Biomass waste that has not been utilized properly is rice husk and jatropha seed waste, and there is a future need for efficient utilization of these wastes. Rice husk is the outermost part of the rice seed, the rice milling process produced 20% - 30% of the waste as rice husks. Jatropha shell waste is a de-oiled part of jatropha seed after the oil extraction process for biodiesel production, and produced 70% of waste. As biomass, both materials are potential sources of carbon that can be utilized as an alternative energy sources such as bio-briquettes. The method used in this research is experimental method including drying of the biomass material sample, carbonization process, refine and filtration using 40 mesh sieve (420 μm). The composition of the selected charcoal mixture is 80:20 and 50:50, and the addition of the newspaper waste pulp as an adhesive material with variations of 8% and 12% by weight. Characterization is done by using the mass density test, proximate test and calorific value test. After going through pressure printing and drying process, the briquettes with 8% addition of newspaper waste pulp adhesives has the highest heat energy content, equal to 5,650 cal/g.

Lipase has high economical value and an attribute that treasures wide range applications. Among the microbes, fungi to be the best source for lipase production in agro-industrial residue using solid state fermentation (SSF). One of agro-industrial residue is coconut pulp waste. The aims of this study is to explore the possibility of coconut pulp waste for producing of lipase using fungi isolate, Aspergillus niger and find the partial optimum condition of lipase production based on 2 parameters only. The crude enzyme was extracted by mixing fermented substrate with 50 mL sterile aquades pH 7 containing 0.01% Tween-80. The protein concentrations are determined by Bradford method using spectrophotometric. Lipase activity was followed the titrimetric method. The SSF was carried out with variation of initial spore concentration of 1×105, 1×106, 1×107, and 1×108 (spores.mL−1) and crude enzyme was harvested by adding 25, 50, 75, 100, and 125 (mL) of extract solution. The result showed that initial spore concentration and extract solution affected of lipase production. The SSF in coconut pulp waste using A. niger has successfully produced lipase with optimum condition were achieved by adding spore concentration inoculum 1×106 spore.mL−1 in acidic condition at 30°C for 7 days and extracted by 75 mL of extract solution that was result 72.5 mL of crude enzyme with lipase activity 10.83 U.mL−1 and protein content 0.074 mg/mL−1.

One of the key characteristics, affecting intensity of slurry pipelines’ attrition, is the abrasiveness of the transported material. It depends on the content of silicon oxides, a form and fineness of ashes particles. According to input data, it is figured out that different types and grades of coals with different chemical properties, fractional composition and coal fineness were incinerated at different times on HTPP-3. Because of it the attrition is result of different types’ transportation of ashes with various abrasive properties, with various fineness, density and chemical composition. Calculation results of pulp pipelines’ specific attrition at transportation of ash-slag pulp on HTPP-3 are given in this work.

In order to determine the values of the dependent variable called “Color of the mango puree”, first the peel and the seed must be extracted by pulping and secondly refined again on a fine mesh sieve to obtain the puree. Five mesh sizes were evaluated from the first independent variable called “Sieve size” and corresponding to the second independent variable “Interaction time” ten different times were evaluated every 15 minutes from zero minute to 135 minutes. As for the dependent variable, the Hunter Lab coordinates were evaluated, using a Minolta CR-400 colorimeter, with three levels of the variable, which are the brightness, the a-coordinate a (a+: yellow/a-: blue), and the b-coordinate (b+: red/b-: green). As far as the results of the colour coordinates are concerned, during refined pulping for the same time, predominantly the smaller the hole size (larger mesh size) the lower the values for luminosity and the b-coordinate (b+) will be obtained: yellow colour; whereas as the interaction time increases from 0 minutes (freshly refined) to 135 minutes (final interaction time), predominantly lower values will be obtained for both brightness and b-coordinate, and there is no marked difference to the a-coordinate values (a+: red colour).

The wastewater treatment is being given more importance nowadays, especially those which are not from the biological processes. If the polymers used for flocculation purpose are so that they do not cause harm to the water bodies and are environment friendly then they are being given more importance. We propose here a very simple flocculent which is prepared by blending of Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and Polyacrylic acid (PAA) which is safe for the water bodies and effective too. The proposed polymer has been successfully tried upon the iron ores flocculation tests at 0, 15, 20 and 50ppm. The obtained results were analysed for its iron content; they indicated enhancement of iron ore grade from 52.6% to 70.37% at 50ppm flocculent dose. The percentage recovery was found to be more for 15% pulp density at 20 % flocculent dosage.

Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) is one of environmental concerns of mining activities and need to be prevented. One of AMD prevention method is passive method by blending PAF Material with Non-Acid Forming Material. One of constraint often faced by mining companies is the limitation of NAF material. Other Non-Acid Forming Material that is available and abundant near mine site is fly ash from Mine-Mouth Coal-Fired Power Plant Banjarsari. The Study of usage of fly ash as a blending material with PAF material in order to prevent AMD is deemed necessary. Different blending simulations of varying PAF material size (fine and coarse) and varying fly ash-PAF Material ratio (2:1; 1:1; and 0,5:1 by weight) are made and leachate water from kinetic test is physically and chemically tested. This study result shows that variation in OB-Claystone grain size is not influencing the acidity of leachate water. Blending FA with OB-CS with minimum ratio of 1,12:1 (by weight) is effective to prevent AMD generation. Acid-base equilibrium is met when ratio of mole-transfer between neutralizing mineral (periclase, lime and gypsum) to acid-generating mineral (pyrite) is 1:1 (by weight). The higher ratio of FA in blending, the lower oxidation and alkalinity-production rate. Rate of oxidation of pyrite and alkalinity-production rate is the same at OB-CS and FA blending ratio of 1:1,62 (by weight).

[Objective] In order to promote the development of camellia oil processing enterprises and solve the problem of waste of camellia oil enterprises, Camallia oleifera cake that tea saponin has been removed was composted to form organic fertilizer. [Method] The D-optimal mixture design method was utilized and the seed germinate rate was defined as evaluation index. The optimized formula was obtained by establishing regression equation and response surface optimization analysis based on single factor experiments. [Results] Under the condition that fermentation bacteria agent was 1% of the mixture, the best composting process was: 74.8% of remove tea saponin of Camallia oleifera cake (dry), 12.5% of pig manure (dry), 8.0% of straw and 4.7% of rice husk. Its seed germination rate predicted value was 150.56%, which was basically consistent with the measured value 151.23%; Its total nutrient content was 5.17%, which was up to organic fertilizer standard (NY525-2012). [Conclusion] The optimized formula can be used as composting process of Camallia oleifera cake, which has good repeatability, and provide scientific basis for rational utilization of Camallia oleifera cake and development of organic fertilizer.

A quartz reinforced polyvinyl acetate/leaves-waste composite has been made using simple pressing method. This work was performed as an answer for the solid waste abundance and deforestation activity. Having been wet-milled using ethanol 70% and dried for 4 days, the quartz was added as reinforcement in polyvinyl acetate (PVAc)/leaves waste mixture with varied contents to form PVAc/leaves waste/quartz composite via pressing at 5 metric ton for 20 minutes. The compressive strength test shows the mechanical strength varies from 35.53 to 39.93 MPA as quartz contents, with a sample having quartz sand content 4.60 × 10−3 (w/w) has maximum mechanical strength as 39.93 MPa, and the addition of quartz above the content makes the mechanical strength tends to decrease. The strength values are comparable to some previous works by several authors and some building materials, such Sago pulp composite, polyurethane/solid waste/nanosilica composite, agriculture-waste/silica composite, soil brick, limestone, natural fiber reinforced concrete and Portland cement concrete. This result shows the quartz reinforced polyvinyl acetate/leaves-waste composite has been acceptable to compete the woods as building materials to reduce deforestation.

Incense is a type of sap produced from kemenyan tree (Styrax spp.) by tapping the wood bark. Incense is one of the vegetative non-timber forests product which categorized to resins group that can be processed and utilized for various uses. The purpose of this study was to determine the marketing strategy of incense by the community around the protected area in PT. Toba Pulp Lestari concession. A SWOT analysis was applied to find the best strategy scenario. The analysis result recommends Strength-Opportunity (SO) is the best marketing strategy to be adopted.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the most commonly used yeast in the fermentation process on high starch/carbohydrate substrates, for example, cassava pulp, a by-product from the tapioca industry. In addition to the pure culture of S. cerevisiae, the fermentation process of cassava pulp can be done using tape yeast (a consortium of yeast, fungal and bacteria). The objective of this research was to study the growth kinetics of S. cerevisiae and tape yeast on cassava pulp fermentation. The growth kinetics of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and tape yeast was observed through cells number, rate of starch degradation, rate of dietary fiber degradation, rate of cyanide degradation, and rate of protein formation. The research showed that the S. cerevisiae pure culture could grow better during cassava pulp fermentation compared to tape yeast, which is reflected by the logarithmic growth rate (up to 72 h versus 48 h). The difference in the growth rate between S. cerevisiae pure culture and tape yeast will cause a difference in starch degradation rate (73.02 mg/h versus 65.09 mg/h), dietary fiber degradation rate (87.33 mg/h versus 21.09 mg/h), cyanide degradation rate (92.57.10−2 ppm/h versus 97.49.10−2 ppm/h), protein formation rate (48.92 mg/h versus 50.08 mg/h).

Population increase causes the need for products from plants also to increase and land is decreasing so a certain process of intensification in agriculture needed. One of them is by making a plant bioreactor that can be modelled as a fixed bed composed of compost and grains of sand. The spatial structure of the bioreactor can facilitate the presence of water, air, root system development, and life systems of various soil biota so that they are create a mechanism of production on demand for plants. The purpose of this study was to obtain the effect of bed variations on the porosity parameter (ԑ). Bed variations consist of size variations (not sifted; 4 - 2 mm; 2 - 1 mm; 1 mm - 500 μm; 500 - 250 μm and 250 - 125 μm) and composition variations (100:0; 25:75; 50:50; 75:25 and 0:100) from compost and sand. The results showed that the addition of compost would increase the porosity of bed. The bed consisting of sand and compost with a ratio of 25:75 with a diameter of 4 - 2 mm is a good composition to increase porosity of bed with a porosity value around (ԑ) of 0.7.

To minimise water pollution as well as to improve the economic value of some unutilised natural resources, application of natural dyes have been widely encouraged this past decade. Natural dyes considered to be effective in minimising the use of chemical agents which in turn overcome pollution problems. Despite the advantages of natural dyes, few problems are also encountered. It is therefore production of natural dyes powder becomes another concern. In this article, application of Brachiaria mutica as natural dyes powder for textile dyeing was discussed in terms of colour darkness, colour fastness, and colour difference. Experiment was carried out by observing dyeing process using 4 types of mordants, i.e. lime, alum, limestone, and ferrous sulphate. The colour darkness of cotton fabric was in the order of system with ferrous sulphate > limestone > alum > lime juice. The system with alum, limestone, and ferrous sulphate generated colour of green, while system with lime juice resulted in yellowish green colour. In term of colour fastness to washing, the quality was in the order of system with ferrous sulphate > limestone > alum > lime juice.

The research was carried out at the Basic Laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture, Warmadewa University with a level of use of fermented coconut pulp, namely R0 (ration that contains no fermented coconut pulp, R1 (ration containing 5% fermented coconut pulp flour), R2 (ration containing 10 % fermented coconut pulp) and R3 (rations containing 15% fermented coconut pulp). Each combination of treatments was repeated three (3) times, and each replication consisted of 4 super female free-range chickens. Variables observed included: 1). Age of chicken growth includes the weight gain and final weight of super free-range chicken, 2) Percentage of carcass and non-carcasses for super free-range chicken, 3) Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR, and 4) Feed consumption. From this study it was found that the giving of coconut pulp flour was fermented up to 10% (R2) significantly (P

Water hyacinth is an aquatic weed that causes an imbalance of the ecosystem hence, it needs to be processed into useful products. This research conducted the degradation of lignocellulose-containing biomass, utilizing Aspergillus fumigatus fungi to form bioethanol. This study was initiated with the cultivation of A. fumigatus in Potato Dextrose Broth media and the preparation of water hyacinth as a substrate up to 25 mesh in size. Pretreatment was carried out using varying ratios of fungi to substrate of 1: 1, 1: 5, and 1:10 and contact time is 24, 72, and 120 hours. Furthermore, the lignin level was determined using the gravimetric method and hydrolysis was carried out afterwards in order to prepare the sugar for the fermentation procedure. The sugar content produced was analyzed using the DNS method. In this study, the highest allowance for lignin at the pretreatment stage was 25.9%, this produced the highest sugar at the hydrolysis stage (0.5 g/L). Fungi A. fumigatus functions as a biocatalyst which is suitable in the delignification process as a pretreatment and hydrolysis. A fermentation procedure and further research is needed to determine the potential of water hyacinth as a raw material in the production of bioethanol.

Analysis of world practices in the implementation of biogas plants is presented for the growth energy efficiency in Russia. The object of study is biogas technologies used for the disposal of animal waste products. The subject of the study is a biogas plant for processing animal waste products, implemented in Russia. The purpose of the study is to develop a technological scheme for producing biogas for farms. The advantages of the thermophilic mode of fermentation include: an increased rate of decomposition of raw materials and, therefore, a higher biogas yield, as well as the almost complete destruction of pathogenic bacteria contained in the substrate. The disadvantages of thermophilic digestion include are the need to supply a significant amount of energy to heat the raw material in the digester and maintain its temperature, the increased sensitivity of the process to minimal temperature fluctuations and a slightly lower quality of the obtained fertilizers compared to the mesophilic regime, which maintains a higher amino acid composition of the fertilizer.

Indonesia is located at the equator line with its tropical climate which allows many species of plants to grow lushly. One of these species of plants is cassava which can be found from the west to the east of Indonesia. Cassava can produce amylum which can be turned into glucose through hydrolysis process. This research aims at figuring out the comparison of reaction times, i.e.: 12, 24, 36, 48, and 60 hours, comparison of substrate concentration, i.e.: 20:120, 20:140, 20:160, 20:180, and 20:200 gr/ml and comparison of yeast content: 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%. The hydrolysis is performed by mixing the cassava starch pulp at 20 grams and yeast at 11.6 grams. Later, it is fermented for variable times. After obtaining the optimal hydrolysis time, i.e. 12 hours, a hydrolysis is done at variable substrate concentrations for 12 hours and an optimum sugar level is obtained at 20:120 gr/ml ratio. It is then hydrolyzed for 12 hours at substrate concentration 20:120 gr/ml ratio, hence the optimum reduction sugar level is obtained when the yeast content is 10% of the tapioca flour pulp weight.

The article studies the effect of plasma modification on the flame retardant properties of blended fabrics. The regime of plasma treatment is revealed at which effective and uniform solution absorption of the flame retardant composition of textile materials is achieved. It was found that the most effective fixing of the flame retardant is carried out on samples that underwent double plasma treatment before and after impregnation with the flame retardant.

Lignin from oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) has been degraded using ilmenite mineral (FeO.TiO2). The FeO.TiO2 was examined for antibacterial activity against E. coli, S. aureus, S. typhi, and X. oryzae. It was extracted from iron sands by a magnetic separator and pre-oxidized at 800ºC for 5 hours. Meanwhile, OPEFB was prepared with a pretreatment process using 10% NaOH solution to damage ester bonds between lignin, hemicellulose, and cellulose. Furthermore, the lignin was degraded by using FeO.TiO2 catalyst with the study of catalyst mass, degradation time, and lignin concentration variation. Based on XRF and XRD data indicated that the pre-oxidation result of iron sand was contained Fe2O3 (hematite) and FeO.TiO2 minerals with the highest dominant of Fe content in the sample. The result of lignin photodegradation using FeO.TiO2 catalyst showed that the lignin-derived compound obtained was Coniveryl Alcohol (C10H12O3). Antibacterial activity test against 4 bacterial samples i.e E. coli, S. aureus, S. typhi, and X. oryzae showed that each test has good activity in inhibiting bacteria with a range of inhibiting diameter zone between ±20 nm. Based on this study provides that lignin-derived compounds from OPEFB can be used as a natural antibacterial.