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OSHA §1910.269 Appendix E ‘Table 6’- Incident Heat Energy for Various Fault Currents, Clearing Times, and Voltages of 4.0 to 46kV: Rubber Insulating Glove Exposures Involving Phase-to-Ground Arcs in Open Air ONLY and ‘Table 7’- Incident Heat Energy for Various Fault Currents, Clearing Times, and Voltages: Live-line Tool Exposures involving Phase-to-Ground Arcs in Open Air ONLY and NESC-2012 Tables ‘410-2’ Clothing and Clothing Systems -voltage, fault current and maximum clearing time for voltages 1.1kV to 46kV and ‘410-3’ Live-line Tool Work Clothing and Clothing Systems - voltage, fault current and maximum clearing time for voltages 46.1kV to 800kV were developed using a commercially available computer program. However, the table values are only provided for a few discrete available fault current values. By reproducing the inputs and outputs using the same version of the commercially available software, values for more than those few discrete available fault currents can be produced. Equivalent power formulas can then be developed that will conservatively envelope all the incident energy values for a complete range of available fault currents for each given set of conditions. This provides simplification and ease of use for end users.

An electric shock accident may occur when a part of the human body touches a charged object, while performing electrical maintenance and replacement activities. This accident can cause an electrical injury, which would require rest and absence of more than 4 days from work, or a fatality. The total number of electrical fatalities from 1959–2017 is 7635 in Japan. The number of electrical fatalities in 2015, 2016, and 2017 were 11, 11, and 9, respectively. Hence, it is necessary to find measures to eliminate electrical fatalities to prevent the unnecessary loss of human life. However, it is challenging because most fatalities occur in construction and manufacturing units. In this study, we evaluated the electrical fatalities between 2015 and 2017. These results will aid in establishing preventive measures for electrical fatalities in the future.

Electromagnetic induction from parallel lines during line-stringing operations poses a serious electrical hazard, which is a leading cause of death for power line workers. This presentation examines the extent of the hazard, its causes, and measures to protect workers. The presentation uses an actual accident to illustrate the hazards and protective measures that could have been used to prevent it.

Self powered wearable skin attachable devices, the disposable, renewable, biocompatible, flexible and lightweight energy storage system is the market need. Here, we fabricated free standing sodium ion batteries using household waste aluminium foil. Aluminium foil was collected from waste and modified with exfoliated graphite incorporated with TiO 2 nanoparticles incorporated exfoliated graphite paper-based anode material. The proposed TiO 2 incorporated exfoliated graphite paper modified aluminum foil based sodium ion batteries shows excellent charging rates and capacities compared with exfoliated graphite modified aluminum foil while retaining disposability and flexibility. Proposed anode material exhibits a charging capacity of 650 mA h g−1 at 100 mAg−1 without structural deformation. It shows a less than 3% capacity loss even after 1250 charging/discharging cycles. TiO 2 incorporated exfoliated graphite paper coating increase the electrochemical active area, thermal stability and wettability of battery. The remarkable electrochemical efficiency of anode materials could be used to power smart biomedical devices and circuits cards.

When selecting a control valve for a pulp and paper application, it is important to have a basic understanding of control valve sizing and selection and how it affects control valve performance. Optimizing control valve selection can improve loop dynamics and alleviate problems such as cavitation, flashing, and noise. This paper will review guidelines and apply industry standard sizing models to applications widely seen throughout the industry to illustrate the valve selection process and how it can improve efficiency and reliability within a pulp and paper mill.

The study aimed to realize the automatic production scheduling of waste paper in paper mills. Based on the quantities of the field data (mixing ratios of waste paper and pulp properties) stored in a paper mill, the methods of back propagation neural networks (BP-NN) and support vector machine (SVM), the all data set and the average data set, were firstly applied to develop the prediction models of the pulp properties; and then the genetic algorithm was used to search for the suitable scheduling solutions. The simulation results revealed that: demonstrating its acceptable prediction accuracy and fast training time, the prediction model with SVM method and the average data set was good enough to be used in the genetic algorithm to search for the optimal scheduling ratios of waste paper, the obtained optimal scheduling solution not only had the lowest purchase cost of waste paper, but also met the requirements of the mill: specified types of waste paper, specified ratio of some kind of waste paper and the required pulp brightness.

U.S. Department of Defense regulations intended to improve cybersecurity within the Defense Industrial Base may cause degradation of critical defense infrastructure. Four impediments to 'clean' compliance, environmental and internal, are detailed. Inability to functionally comply, or to correctly insure, will impact the DIB's cybersecurity decision-making at the enterprise level. Economic impact to the DIB may drive withdrawal and attrition from the sector, or aversion to R&D, which negatively affects mission resilience with concomitant capability loss to the DoD.

In early 2003, CPFL Energia, a Brazilian utility, was interested on evaluating the performance of natural ester filled transformers, especially regarding the highly increased overloading capability. As a field test, in association with the transformer manufacturer “Itaipu Transformadores”, they built two prototype transformers. Based on original overhead distribution line three phases transformers of 15kV/45kVA, after small adjustments in the windings and cooling system, keeping same core and tank, associated with the use of natural ester based dielectric liquid, and increasing the average winding temperature rise limit from 55°C to 85°C and a hotspot temperature rise limit of 100°C, the transformer nominal rating was shifted to 88kVA.

Paper industries are using manual chemical control methods to apply the chemicals to the digester. The main objective of the project is to increase the quality of the paper by increasing the brightness of the pulp. The brightness of the pulp is inversely proportional to the pH value. Hence, the pH value should be maintained in the range of (2–4) to achieve the maximum brightness range 85%. Initially, concentrated sulphuric acid is pumped from the filtrate to the stand pipe in which the pulp is present. This mixture is mixed with the bleaching agent (ClO2 solution) in a D0 mixer. The acidity is controlled by the brightness given by a device. The industries are facing difficulty in calculating the accurate amount of acid to be supplied. The brightness shows fluctuations and makes it more difficult. In order to solve this problem, we are introducing pH meter(to detect the acidity of the solution) parallelly to the mixer. Due to this, the wastage of the pulp and chemicals is reduced and the quality of the paper is increased.

This paper contains a review of various radar systems that are designed for the detection of landmines. The main principles of their operation, their methods of application, and their achievements are considered. We review both functioning systems and prospective future systems.

Recent research activities in the area of low-cost sensing and diagnostics that are realized on cellulosic paper substrate are presented. First a three-dimensional origami paper-based analytical device (omPAD) with multiple electrochemical sensors, an integrated sample reservoir and tight integration with a custom CMOS potentiostat is presented. Second, an optical sensor array with built-in microfluidic channel for sample delivery is presented. The sensors are fabricated using a combination of wax printing and screen-printing using a solution based approach in ambient conditions without the need for expensive fabrication equipment or a cleanroom. Readout is based on using existing consumer grade electronic devices like flatbed scanner (for optical sensor) or custom designed CMOS potentiostat (for electrochemical sensors). Together the 3D paper-based analytical device with integrated sensor, microfluidics and portable readout instrumentation demonstrates a low-cost, self-contained system suitable for sensing and point-of-care diagnostics.

Based on the sequential batch reactor (SBR) simulation model of the wastewater treatment process for a secondary fiber paper mill that we have developed, two control strategies, a neural network (BP-PID controller) and a fuzzy logic system (Fuzzy-PID controller), were separately combined with PID to control the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration in the SBR process of paper mill. Two cases, without and with the presence of noise, have been studied and evaluated using the criteria considered in BSM1. For the case without noise, both two-control strategies demonstrated better control indices than that of the traditional PID control; for the case with noise, the Fuzzy-PID controller possessed the good control indices at almost the same expense of aeration energy. The results under two cases showed that the Fuzzy-PID controller demonstrated better performance than that of BP-PID controller, in the DO control of SBR process in the paper mill, Fuzzy-PID controller improved the control performance without increasing the aeration energy consumption.

Recently paper-based microfluidic chips have been proposed to achieve microfluidic analysis for many applications. Such chips achieve "lab-on-paper" instead of traditional "lab-on-chips". The paper substrate is attractive because it is cost-effective, easy to use and disposable, fully compatible with most medical/biochemical applications, and offering liquid flow by capillary without being relied on external forces and equipment. Test methods for digital microfluidic (DMF) biochips have been studied for years; however, they are developed for traditional DMF chips and thus are not directly applicable to paper-based DMF (PB-DMF) chips. In PB-DMF chips, electrodes are control wires are printed on the same paper surface, while electrodes can be placed with custom structure. In this paper, we present test and diagnosis methods for faults in PB-DMF. A design-for-diagnosability scheme is proposed, and it is shown that single faults can be located and tolerated by providing alternative paths in PB-DMF chips. The feasibility of the proposed method is validated through experiments.

This paper presents the design of a novel rectenna based on a tapered annular slot and a single-diode rectifier, optimized to operate in the Wi-Fi band and in presence of low input power (Pavs=-15 dBm). In order to obtain a compact layout a double-layer architecture has been considered, according to which the interior metal surface of the annular slot is employed as ground plane for the rectifying circuit placed on the other side of the substrate. As a result, a rectenna with an active area of only 40 × 33 mm2 and an efficiency included between 26.5 and 28% has been obtained. The antenna has been fabricated in paper substrate and tested in the anechoic chamber. Then, the rectifier has been designed and optimized within the Advanced Design System suite. Finally, the rectenna performance has been discussed and compared to the State of the Art (SoA).

In order to eliminate the influence of volume effect and evaluate dispersibility, a full scale winding insulation test platform with the same structure as 500kV power transformer windings is constructed. Winding insulation in normal condition, high gas content in oil condition, high moisture level in oil condition and aged winding insulation condition are modeled. AC breakdown tests are conducted with winding models in two types of inter-turn insulation thickness, 1.35mm and 1.95mm, in these insulation conditions. Testing results are hence summarized and analyzed. Another oil-gap insulation test platform with a 500kV transformer bushing installed is constructed. AC breakdown tests with the oil gap between the bushing end shield and the tank wall earthing electrode in 15mm are conducted. Testing results with oil in normal condition, high resovled water content condition and high suspended water content condition are compared and analyzed. Finally, comparative tests are conducted with bushing end shield insulated with paper coating.

Total Pressure and Stock Level in the headbox of a paper machine control the quality of paper produced and cross directional flow at the slice. Thus, these are the important parameters to be controlled. With the advancement in artificial intelligence, mathematical approaches that demand high degree of precision has been avoided by using the best estimates in the research work. Soft computing technique i.e. fuzzy logic is used in this paper and the simulation results are compared with classical PID controller.

J.A. Moral-Munoz holds a FPU scholarship (AP2012-1789) from the Spanish Ministry of Education., Citation classics offer an outlook on those papers that have attracted great and historical interest by a research community and that could be also considered the basis of the research field. A new approach, which is called H-Classics, has been developed to identify such highly cited papers. It is based on the H-index and is sensitive to both the own characteristics of the corresponding research discipline and its evolution. The present study provides a useful insight into the development of the intelligent transport systems research field, revealing those scientific actors (authors, countries, and institutions) that have made the biggest research contribution to its development., Spanish Government AP2012-1789

This paper will describe high performance interface building blocks, compare their networking features and show how they may be used in small and large systems especially as they apply to SpaceVPX modules. Emphasis will be placed on their SpaceWire and other networking capabilities.1

Airbus Defence and Space Electronics have developed in last recent years a modular and scalable concept for Instrument Control Units (ICU) which has been used with high success in several missions as EUCLID and MetOp-SG. SpaceWire communication is a key element with this concept. This paper presents the Generic ICU architecture and its application in the MetOp-SG instruments.

JUpiter ICy moons Explorer (JUICE) is the first ESA large-class mission aiming at the exploration of Jupiter and three of its largest moons, Ganymede, Callisto and Europa. The JUICE payload suite counts 10 instruments, 9 of which are interfaced with the On-Board Computer (OBC) and Solid State Mass Memory (SSMM) using a SpaceWire (SpW) network both for science data and command & control traffic. JUICE requirements favor the adoption of SpaceWire ECSS protocol standards in a layered architecture fashion. With regards to the time synchronization and distribution, the “High Accuracy Time Synchronization over SpaceWire Networks” draft protocol specification (developed within the SpaceWire Working Group) has been analyzed and tailored to meet JUICE needs. The paper presents the rationale behind the use of the SpW TDP, it's tailoring and concludes with lessons learned and recommendations towards an ECSS standard document.

A handheld wireless optical reader for the detection of infectious diseases at the point of care is presented. The device is battery powered and interfaces with paper-based biosensors for the quantification of concentration in biological fluids using colorimetric analysis. The results are wirelessly transmitted to a smartphone. The device has been successfully tested with various concentrations of Influenza A nucleoprotein.

SpaceFibre is the upcoming European standard for on-board high-speed communications. The need for data-rate beyond 1 Gb/s is already present in space missions, and it is currently fulfilled by non-standard approaches based on Serialiser/Deserialiser components such as Texas Instruments TLK2711. The SpaceFibre standard also integrates Quality of Service and Fault Detection, Isolation and Recovery mechanisms, which allow a highly reliable communication, suitable for space systems. The abovementioned features make the SpaceFibre standard undoubtedly complex; therefore an adequate test equipment is necessary for the validation of systems based on this standard. In this paper, a test equipment for SpaceFibre links is presented. This is designed to support the development of new SpaceFibre devices, as well as complex systems based on SpaceFibre. A system demonstrator was implemented to validate the equipment features.

In 2006, we developed SpaceWire platform named SpaceCube cooperation with JAXA and NEC. After the success of SpaceCube project, we developed number of SpaceWire products. Some examples of this innovation include several kinds of the SpaceWire interface boards, SpaceWire router and SpaceWire-to-GigabitEtherR2. These developments included the support and cooperation of JAXA, OSAKA University, Japan Space Systems and NEC. However, there are the big step into the Space market for the small high tech companies. In this paper we describe Renewed SpaceWire Test Center in Japan.

This paper presents the design and implementation in paper substrate of a harmonic RFID chipless sensing tag. The proposed sensor is based on a Wheatstone bridge, where two of the four impedances change dynamically according to a physical parameter that has to be monitored. The passive tag is interrogated by a signal at f 0 = 1.04 GHz and the signal transmitted back to the reader at 2f 0 = 2.08 GHz is proportional to the magnitude of the parameter variation. A harmonic RFID experiment proves that this kind of architecture is capable of providing a dynamic range of more than 40 dB.

The formation of surface plasmons in a different type of noble metallic film was successfully simulated using MATLAB program software. The thicknesses of copper, silver and gold metal films were varied between 20 nm to 80 nm. The narrowness and depth of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) curves were observed to determine the excitation of surface plasmons. The simulation results indicate that the maximum excitation of surface plasmons can be achieved by using silver thin film with thicknesses of 50 nm at the minimum reflectivity of 0.0038 a.u and full width at half maximum value of 0.2592°. The silver film that produces a deeper and sharper SPR curve has potential in the development of a low cost and high sensitivity of SPR sensing device.

The paper presents two case studies in order to illustrate an efficient usage of energy in paper industry and to point out the benefits gained. Two different approaches for obtaining higher energy efficiency of the paper production process show that energy efficiency in paper industry must be considered as a multidisciplinary field. Differences in realization of paper machine systems for control and supervision are also presented in the paper.

ICT, IoT, 5G, Eco, Mobile society and solution need more and more semiconductors and sensors. We, SPP-Technologies (SPT) have an extensive experience and deep knowledge on the plasma processing for volume production. There are plasma etching including Bosch process, several deposition technologies, thermal processing and other process technologies for industrial device manufacturing.

Is robotics, automation, digitalization, artificial intelligence or any of the current buzzwords really going to disrupt our world? Prof. Dominik Boesl thinks so – in fact, it can even been proven! In order to predict technological breakthroughs, the domains of foresight, future studies and technology assessment offer interesting methods. One of the most know might be the analysis of megatrends. Dominik Boesl is researching the future of robotics, automation and AI and their impact on society out of HDBW (Hochschule der Bayerischen Wirtschaft) in Munich. He is convinced, that our grandchildren will grow up as first Generation R of Robotic Natives – leaving us the last generation of Robotic Immigrants (still with analogue migration background, but …). These future generations will not be afraid of robotics and smart systems permeating their living realm. But technology is never good or bad out of itself – it depends on us how we apply it. The bigger the disruption, the larger the responsibility that comes with it. As chair of the global IEEE TechEthics initiative, Dominik fosters educated discourse about the application of technology and its impact on society and humankind. He is founder and chairman of the Robotic & AI Governance Foundation, pushing for governance structures to (self-)regulate the research, development and productization of automation technologies.

This Special Section follows from a selection of highly-rated, high impact technical papers presented at the 11th International Conference on Computer-Aided Design for Thin Film Transistor Technologies (CAD-TFT) 2020. The CAD-TFT 2020 was held as a virtual conference on November 10th and 11th, 2020 from the operations center at Tianjin, China. The pre-conference virtual presentations on November 9th, 2020 included six tutorials from internationally recognized experts in their technical fields as well as six posters from China, India, and Canada.

This paper presents our initial efforts towards the development of screen printed sensors on folded paper substrates for multi-modal sensing of biopotentials, wetness, and pressure. These sensors contain three layers of sensing stripes forming a 16-pixel array where various layers are utilized for different sensing modalities. The performance of the paper-based sensors was assessed. The sensors were shown to exhibit a linear capacitive response to changes in force, as well as a decrease in impedance in the presence of wetness. We discuss the integration of these low-cost and partially disposable paper-based sensors into a wearable diaper system for Bluetooth-based wireless heart rate monitoring, respiratory rate tracking and urination frequency and amount detection.

We developed a rewritable field programmable gate array (FPGA) using NanoBridge® that exploits atom switch technology. NanoBridge® is newly developed copper wiring technology with dynamic connection capability. Programmable circuitry with SpaceWire interface is realized without configuration memory cells for storing circuit connection information. It prevents single event effect caused by radiation and provides remarkably low power consumption. The first demonstration of the NanoBridge® FPGA on orbit by JAXA's program is planned in 2018.

The article presents 12.5 Gbit/s Physical Media Attachment (PMA) units, TX and RX, fabricated in 90 nm bulk CMOS process. The PMA are designed for use in SpaceFibre/GigaSpaceWire (SpaceWire-RUS) systems for the space radars. The units comprise SERDES and clock and data recovery (CDR). Supported set of data rates includes those of 1.25, 2.5, 6.25 and 12.5 Gbit/s, but intermediate rates are also available.

A number of power transformer failures occur due to the addition of DBDS compound in transformer oil. When DBDS reacts with Cu, it results in the breakdown of DBDS and thus pawing way to the formation of CU 2 S. The CU 2 S on the surface of the copper conductor migrates from one layer to another layer of insulation papers (Kraft papers) and this results in lowering of dielectric strength and thus electrical faults occur. The metal passivators such as Irgamet 39™, Benzotriazole (BTA-Aldrich) and 6Bis-(1-methyl-1-phenylethyl) Phenol (BMPEP-Aldrich) can be used to suppress the formation of copper sulfide. This addition of metal passivators to oil does not reduce or eliminate DBDS [1–6]. In this paper the effect of DBDS on DC Resistance of paper oil insulation system has been studied Experimental study has been carried out to describe the role of DBDS in fall of DC Resistance of paper-oil insulation of transformers. Different quantities of DBDS were added with pure transformer oil and the effect it will have on dc resistance under different applied voltages for different time intervals have been compared and contrasted.

This study represents a paper based energy generator from mixing waters with different salinity. Since the proposed device consists of wax patterned papers that can control microflow and a flexible cation exchange membrane (polycarbonate track-etched (PCTE)), the efficient pumpless reverse electrodialysis (RED) microplatform can be realized successfully. The presented system is flexible, portable and cost-effective, and moreover, shows that the power generation is possible, even in very high concentrated salinity, so it is very promising for practical application.

Showing animations on electronic papers for highlighting some important items is always desirable, but none of mature driving methods have been developed. In this paper, a new driving method aiming at reducing ghost images as well as improving the panel reliability is presented. The method has been integrated with the hardware system we developed, and thereby a promising displayed quality on the electronic paper can be achieved.

At present, transformer protection usually operates after failures. With the raise of voltage level and capacity of transformer, a fault easily becomes an accident, resulting in huge economic losses. Transformer insulation failure is the main cause of transformer accidents. In this paper, a new idea of transformer protection based on insulation critical breakdown prediction is proposed. According to the requirements of transformer protection, a prediction method of oil-paper insulation critical breakdown under DC voltage based on partial discharge analysis is proposed by studying partial discharge characteristics of oil-paper insulation defects under DC voltage and the development process. The results show that when partial discharge critical breakdown occurs in oil-paper insulation under DC voltage, the distribution of partial discharge lagging recovery time is concentrated, and dense discharge clusters are easy to form, which can be used to predict the critical breakdown of oil-paper insulation.

As a typical building material, gypsum board is an effective carrier for recording the occurrence and development of fire. Therefore, studying the trace characteristics on the gypsum board has great reference value for indoor fire investigation. This topic adopts the method of macroscopic analysis. By controlling the specifications of the oil pan and the distance from the wall surface of the gypsum board, the fire trace characteristics of the gypsum board under different flame strength conditions are observed and recorded. Based on this, the fire field temperature data is analyzed and compared. Therefore, the relationship between the fire mark characteristics of the plasterboard and the flame position and flame intensity is explored. The results show that the oil pan fire with a size of 20 cm x 20 cm x 5 cm will leave a corresponding trace of heat on the wall of the gypsum board when the distance between the edge of the flame and the wall of the gypsum board is within about 2.5 times the flame radius. Under the condition that the adjacent temperature is lower than 300 °C, the surface of the gypsum board is mainly characterized by coking, and the fire marks are kept on the surface protective paper; when the temperature of the fire reaches 400 °C~500 °C, the protective paper starts to be in the form of debris. When the rupture fell, it was observed that the gypsum board core had a crack of the turtle; the gypsum board completely destroyed the temperature at about 900 °C. Along the distance from the fire point, the gypsum board showed changes in the central round spot, trumpet-like marks, concentric elliptical marks and U-shaped marks. This paper compares and summarizes the influence law of gypsum board fire marks and fire conditions, and provides a reference for the related fire site investigation work in the future.

Aggressive use of low power modes in embedded systems using emerging non-volatile or low power compute state retainable devices can greatly reduce its power consumption of idle-state[1]. However, in general, non-volatile devices require comparatively large power to switch between the stable states. Therefore, to realize extremely low power mobile platforms with powerful multimedia application processor running solely on photovoltaic-power, mitigating power consumption of its active-state is the next issue. Replacing power hungry conventional LCDs with non-volatile displays is inevitable in realizing such low power platforms, but naive replacement is insufficient. As such, low power control cognizant of non-volatile device properties is necessary[2]. We propose a display update request scheduling scheme designed for a promising non-volatile display: Electronic Paper Display(EPD) and give deep analysis of power consumption. Proposed scheme dynamically rearranges update requests ill-suited for EPDs to localized and collision-free low power consuming requests at the device driver level, reducing EPD-based tablet's energy consumption by up to 49% without requiring application specific modifications.

In this paper we study the effect of partial channel state information (CSI) on the performance of dirty paper coding (DPC) schemes. We derive a novel lower bound that shows that the effect of the CSI is upper bounded by the effect of an additive white Gaussian noise with an appropriate variance. The bound is proved using a constructive proof that shows that the predicted rates are achievable using high dimensional lattice modulo precoding schemes. Simulation results demonstrate the usefulness of the bound. The derived bound is useful for the characterization of the interference mitigation performance in partial CSI scenarios such as FDD networks with finite rate feedback, uplink downlink capacity balancing in cooperative cellular networks, etc'.

The Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) is an electronic display device based on LCD or electronic paper. In this work, we focus on the application of electronic paper display in ESL. We Put forward a kind of driver interface circuit from the electronic shelf label architecture and principle of electronic paper display controller and driver chip; Combined with electronic paper waveforms and SDRAM, we catch the design points of the driver and process; The scheme has been proved to achieve the image display and update with a good reading experience as traditional paper, so it has certain reference significance for electronic shelf label design, and will be beneficial to the popularity of electronic paper application and promotion.

Many papers have been written about the phenomenon of arc flash, the causes of arc flash, how to fix specific arc flash problems, and how to design arc flash issues out from the beginning. This paper will discuss the overall process of completing an arc flash study and remediation project in a pulp and paper mill. Most plants are not fortunate enough to receive sufficient funding to do the whole study and remediation process all at once. This paper explores how a Midwestern pulp and paper mill worked over several years to get through the process of the study, remediation efforts, and the establishment of an overall Electrical Safety Program.

The activities of an electrical worker are often construed as overly complex or challenging and are often misunderstood by most non-electrical workers. Non-electrical workers may not understand what they do not know and risk greater exposure to electrical events because of it. Recognition of this was the first step in what amounted to a three-year, multi-tiered journey by the authors and their former colleagues to utilize the NFPA 70E standard to create and implement an effective and sustainable electrical safety program (ESP) at a large petrochemical company. We began by identifying our problems through third-party auditing of our programs which led to an actionable task list. This task list was then split up and targeted by department: the qualified electrical workers (QEWs) within the refineries, the operations employees interacting with the equipment and the QEWs, and the contractor workforce assisting them both. Programs were developed to encompass the tasks of each department, whether it be assisting, operating, or performing work on electrical equipment. Program creation, revision, and updating were conducted by a cross-discipline task force consisting of individuals from operations, health and safety, engineering and both maintenance electricians and power distribution. Training, utilizing a third-party vendor, was designed specifically to encompass NFPA 70E and how we, as an organization, have implemented it, through both procedure and practice, for each targeted department. This instructor led training was provided to the entirety of the operations and maintenance groups. After beginning the process in the first quarter of 2015, full implementation of the 2018 version of NFPA 70E occurred in December 2017, and we have now moved into sustainability of the program. As a result, we expect to see a reduction in electrical incidents, and most notably, have seen an increase in the cross-discipline knowledge of electrical safe work practices allowing us to become more inquisitive, and assist in further developing our people, programs, and most importantly our culture, around electrical safety.

Paper Machine Dryer sections create challenges in tuning due to gear backlash. The problem is amplified when older Paper Machines are upgraded with newer higher performance drive systems. The newer drive systems can achieve a much higher degree of control that can fatigue the mechanical drive train. Most often, backlash is experienced during the speed regulator tune-up. [1] The speed regulator response is modified in an effort to improve stability while in backlash. However, there are other tune-up considerations that must be taken into account. A Dryer Section can be pulled from downstream sections which can cause the Dryer Section applied torque to be near zero causing speed instability of the Dryer Section. This paper will investigate the cause of this instability and present a novel solution.

Many papers have been written about the phenomenon of arc flash, the causes of arc flash, how to fix specific arc flash problems, and how to design arc flash issues out from the beginning. This paper will discuss the overall process of completing an arc flash study and remediation project in a pulp and paper mill. Most mills are not fortunate enough to receive sufficient funding to do the whole study and remediation process all at once. This paper explores how a Midwestern pulp and paper mill worked over several years to get through the process of the study, remediation efforts, and the establishment of an overall Electrical Safety Program.

Turboexpanders provide the most efficient solution when it is required to reduce the pressure of a fluid stream. By expanding high pressure fluid, energy in the high-pressure fluid entering the turboexpander can be efficiently used for either driving a booster compressor or for electrical power generation. While the plants are designed to operate without the need for the power produced by turboexpander, the work recovered from the expansion is supplemental and increases the plant thermal efficiency. This paper focuses on both mechanical and electrical considerations in implementation of the turboexpander generators. In an example of LNG liquefaction plant, the paper discusses the plant thermal efficiency, turboexpander performance curve, generator sizing, and the choice between the induction and the synchronous generator. The impact on the plant real and reactive power balance and the system stability is shown in an example. In addition, the paper evaluates the options of the tie-in points of the turboexpander generator in the electrical system.

This paper will present the interplay relationships of technology change management, technology assessment, and organizational behavior within firms (users, engineering firms, OEMs). Based on Harvard Business School (HBS) case analyses and their techniques, this paper will address: OEM's return on investment (ROI) timing; states professional engineers' legal practice; OEMs' innovation speed vs. market need; sustaining vs. disruptive technology; EPC design techniques vs. IEEE color book series. 40% of this paper will be technical based on real cases related to power distribution; 60% of this paper will have a business approach.

The demand for improved efficiency, the desire for increased power density and stabilization of material pricing have resulted in a more widespread application of permanent magnet motors. Once restricted to use on certain specialized applications, permanent magnet motors are now being applied on a large variety of equipment including drilling rigs, process pumps, cooling towers, etc. As the original “A MOTOR PRIMER” papers [1]–[9] did for induction motors, there is a need to educate the user community on the operation and application of permanent magnet motors. Topics discussed include permanent magnet materials, common rotor configurations, application guidelines and serviceability. This paper is meant to serve as a reference for those who specify, apply, operate or service these types of machines.

This paper describes the design of, and the lessons learned from, a deployment of 300 smart motor control centers for a large oil and gas project in Eurasia. The same smart electronics were deployed in motor control centers manufactured by three different suppliers. The standardization of communication, power system protection, and automation designs across the entire project reduced the need for spare parts, provided consistency across all locations, integrated condition monitoring equipment, and provided interfaces to process control systems. Arc-flash and conventional protection schemes were provided. Manufacturing, testing, and design methods are shared in this paper.