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In satellite systems, triple modular redundancy (TMR) method with interconnected 3-CPUs is widely used to improve fault tolerance for the SEU/SET. Fault Detection, Isolation and Recovery (FDIR) functionality is also used to improve robustness of the system which isolates a faulty CPU and switches to a redundant CPU automatically. However, the FDIR does not work correctly in the following cases. First, SEU and SET may cause an unnecessary link occupation on the SpaceWire network. In this case, the voting mechanism and the fault detection mechanism work incorrectly due to the communication failure. Second, it is difficult to classify the cause of the fault combined with more than 1 failure mode by the master CPU. This paper proposes a novel FDIR method to overcome examples described above. The proposed method masks output signals of the SpaceWire interface with the error signal outputted from the voter. It enables the system to reset the link and notify the faults automatically. Furthermore, the CPUs notify each other the signal applying exclusive-OR (XOR) operation to the calculation results and a Timecode. This mechanism improves granularity of the fault classification. Finally, this paper clarifies the recovery time of the system in case of the double-fault including the link occupation by computer simulation. The simulation results show that the proposed method recovers the system with the same speed of the method which only uses a timeout mechanism.

Satellite onboard control systems have changed significantly towards of complexity of control algorithms. Network operation must be flexible and adapt easily to configuration and composition changes of the onboard network. Plug-and-Play should solve this problem. Plug-and-Play technology is aimed for network monitoring, should promptly detect changes in it and correctly handle any network situation. Due to size increase of onboard networks, one center (Plug-and-Play Manager), which would quickly react to changes in the entire network, is not enough, one must have several such centers. Thereby there is the problem of Plug-and-Play manager's placement in the network, to provide rapid response and efficient management of other devices in the network. Depending on the SpaceWire network functions and requirements, it must be taken into account in its design, in determining position for the Plug-and-Play managers. In the paper, we consider some reference variants of SpaceWire/GigaSpaceWire networks: • Network designer chooses the number of Plug-and-Play managers according to the network size and others parameters. The network is not clustered, not divided into subnetworks. • Network designer chooses the number of Plug-and-Play managers according to the network size and others parameters. However, the network that is initially undivided into subnets, in the search for of the network managers location is divided into subnets. • Network designer clusters the network, divides it into subnets. For each subnet, the manager's placement problem is solved separately in accordance with the requirements to particular subnet. In this paper, we will consider in details two approaches to determining location of Plug-and-Play centers in SpaceWire/GigaSpaceWire networks. The first approach is based on a method of graph partitioning into subgraphs. The second approach is based on a P-median graph search algorithm. Both approaches are described in details. Advantages and disadvantages of these methods will be presented; their computational complexity will be evaluated. In network managers placement it is important, what will be characteristics of data transfer from Plug-and-Play managers to nodes. These characteristics include data transmission time, data transmission delay, etc. It is important how the network nodes are distributed among the Plug-and-Play managers for control. The network managers loading should be as uniform as possible. All these parameters directly affect the quality of the Plug-and-Play technology. We assess transmission characteristics between the Plug-and-Play manager and network nodes for each of these approaches, give recommendations of using these approaches for Plug-and-Play managers placement, taking into account various features of the construction and administration of SpaceWire/GigaSpaceWire networks.

The paper presents analysis and comparison of Quality of Service (QoS) mechanisms in SpaceFibre draft H4 and in RapidIO rev 4.0. SpaceFibre and RapidIO standards are currently used in aerospace instrumentation field. SpaceFibre standard is developed by ESA, JAXA, NASA, ROSCOSMOS agencies for aerospace industry in accordance to different requirements and limitations such as a high speed data transmission, a low data transmission time, a guaranteed packet delivery, a guaranteed throughput, a possibility to establish real-time systems in conjunction with compact VLSI design and low energy consumption. RapidIO standard is developed for a high performance computing systems with a globally shared distributed memory (GSM) model. At the present time NASA applies this standard as a main standard for aerospace field. These standards provide data transmission with different QoS. In these standards there is a feature of guaranteed packet delivery, they support several priority levels. Also they provide a mechanism of virtual channels allowing to distribute throughput between different data streams. In this paper authors have presented the information about comparison QoS mechanisms of SpaceFibre draft H4 and RapidIO rev 4.0. Moreover similarities and differences of supported technologies are demonstrated. Also author have evaluated the reachable characteristics of data transmission and overheads for each standard. Advantages and effective range of application of SpaceFibre QoS are shown.

This paper summarizes the need for galvanic isolation in SpaceWire networks and reviews the limitations of current isolation solutions; the paper also proposes a new Isolated SpaceWire Receiver device based on radiation-hardened Silicon-on-Sapphire (SoS) technology and demonstrates the benefits of primarily isolating only the receiver lines of an SpW port. As a stepping-stone to the proposed device, a discrete galvanic isolation receiver module will be demonstrated using Silanna's core isolator chip along with commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) LVDS transmitters, LVDS receivers, and an isolated DC-DC converter to power all circuitry across the isolation barrier. To ease testing & evaluation, the SpW isolator module can be simply implemented by cascading inline to an existing SpW port, or by replacing the SpW pigtail connector, or even by replacing the LVDS transmitter & receiver stages. The proposed integrated solution is expected to have on-chip isolated power and operate up to 400 Mbps, handling a common-mode of 100 V-RMS, and a galvanic isolation of 1 kV-RMS.

In this talk, inkjet-/3D-printed flexible antennas, RF electronics and sensors fabricated on paper and other polymer (e.g. LCP) substrates are introduced as a system-level solution for ultra-low-cost mass production of Millimeter-Wave Modules for Communication, Energy Harvesting and Sensing applications. Prof. Tentzeris will briefly touch up the state-of-the-art area of fully-integrated wireless sensor modules on paper or flexible LCP and show the first ever 2D sensor integration with an RFID tag module on paper, as well as numerous 3D and 4D multilayer paper-based and LCP-based RF/microwave structures, that could potentially set the foundation for the truly convergent wireless sensor ad-hoc networks of the future with enhanced cognitive intelligence and “rugged” packaging. Prof. Tentzeris will discuss issues concerning the power sources of “near-perpetual” RF modules, including flexible miniaturized batteries as well as power-scavenging approaches involving thermal, EM, vibration and solar energy forms. The final step of the presentation will involve examples from mmW wearable (e.g. biomonitoring) antennas and RF modules, as well as the first examples of the integration of inkjet-printed nanotechnology-based (e.g. CNT) sensors on paper and organic substrates for Internet of Things (IoT), 5G and autonomous vehicles applications. It has to be noted that the talk will review and present challenges for inkjet-printed organic active and nonlinear devices as well as future directions in the area of environmentally-friendly (“green”) RF electronics and “smart-skin” conformal sensors.

This paper presents die storage improvement for a case study company, who is a manufacturer of made-to-order paper packaging product. One of the critical equipment used to produce paper packaging is the dies used in die cutting machine. These dies are stored in the separate storage room and they are placed on any available shelf slot. Due to the wide variety of product design, number of die stored in die storage room is large and continues to grows every year due to the increasing number of customers. Die storage room has become untidy and packed, which make the die retrieve process become more difficult. K-means clustering, one of the data mining algorithms, was applied to cluster dies into groups based on their size, price and frequency of use. Then the layout of storage room was re-designed based on the new cluster to improve space utilization. After improvement, the time used for die retrieval was significantly reduced.

This paper mainly studies an intelligent test paper generation method based on genetic particle swarm optimization. Firstly, this paper introduces the index system and the constraint condition of the intelligent test paper generation. Moreover, this paper proposes the intelligent test paper generation method that combines an improved adaptive genetic algorithm with particle swarm optimization. In the algorithm, the initial population is generated using the particle swarm optimization by designing proper chromosome coding and then determining the fitness function. Next, new population are obtained by processing the initial population using the genetic algorithm. As a result, operation results are output. At last, this paper analyzes the factors that affect the result of intelligent test paper generation through experimental verification. The research shows that the genetic particle swarm optimization's operation speed is very fast and its operation results are much accurate.

It's easier for the oil-immersed power transformer to fail when moistened. As is known to us all, moisture may cause the great decrease of the breakdown voltage of the oil-paper insulation system. So, the failure probability model of transformer was established in this paper by using the theory of strength-stress model which is successfully used in the mechanical reliability field. The model could be used to quantitatively calculate the failure probabilities of a single transformer or transformers in a certain region. The appropriate descriptions of stress and strength were introduced to fit the strength-stress model for the two kinds of failures respectively. The random amplitude and times of lightning in a certain period are described by double integral of their probability density functions. The moisture content of one transformer influences the failure probability by changing the strength of the oil gap.

The Frequency Domain spectroscopy is a nondestructive electric diagnosis. It's very suitable for transformer oil-paper insulation condition of field detection, the actual development of the internal oil paper insulation status can be reflected accurately, especially in the low frequency and the ultra-low frequency. Because of the frequency domain dielectric spectroscopy at low frequency measurement requires a very long time, and it's vulnerable to environment. In order to ensure the accuracy of the insulating condition, the FDS needs to be better applied to the nondestructive quantitative assessment in transformer oil paper insulation system. The aged ample of oil-paper insulation is first prepared, and then this sample tested at thermostat 30°C in the FDS. To obtain the insulation information contained in dielectric loss factor (tanδ) as more as possible, the integral of dielectric loss factors (S tanδ ) in the characteristics frequency ranges are introduced as characteristics parameters for assessing insulation condition. Due to the FDS requires a very long time in characteristics frequency ranges, and it's vulnerable to environmental factors, In this paper, the method of predicting S tanδ in low frequency FDS based on the parameter identification of the X-Y equivalent circuit is put forward. then, the measured data and calculated data are compared, in order to confirm the availability of this method.

Oil-impregnated paper bushing (OIP) is one of the key devices in transformer. Recently, several severely failure of OIP initiated explosion that destroyed large network transformers. A high expense of failures urged people to research the condition monitoring of the insulation defect of OIP. In this paper, the insulation defect of OIP is classified statistics based on the fault positions sourced by the CIGRE brochure and the China electric grid. Most bushing failures are caused by moisture entering the bushing through leaky gaskets or other openings. A comprehensive detection method which is combined the relative measuring method of dissipation factor with the partial discharge method for partial discharge of OIP is presented directing to the serious moisture defect of insulation moisture. It is applicable to the condition monitoring of insulation defect of bushings. It may be provide valuable reference for the condition monitor and maintain of OIP for the operation of the power system.

The authors discuss several papers that have been presented over the last decade that are worth additional consideration by readers interested in data converter circuits. The papers have been selected for different reasons: some have become trend-setters, others present particularly interesting ideas that may yet set future trends.

This paper proposes an untethered self-folding locomotive paper robot. Its self-folding locomotion is similar to the opening and folding of the Chinese hand-held fan. We achieve this fan-like self-folding motion by the special design of paper cases and utilization of a novel 3D sticky pneumatic actuator. The actuator is a bladder with adhesive backs. Its inflation and contraction are controlled by two miniature pumps respectively. The opening and folding motions of the robot are synchronized with the inflation and contraction of the actuator. The electronics are clock-based controlled by an Arduino board. Instead of relying on the friction force, the robot utilizes the moment produced by the gravitational force to achieve locomotion. Thus, the robot is able to operate on surfaces where the friction coefficients are small. The average speed of its locomotion is 0.825cm/s. The robot features low cost, accessibility and instant-fabrication. The materials and equipment used for fabrications are paper cardboards, plastic membrane, tapes, tubes, scissors, miniature pumps, batteries, relays, solenoid valves, and Arduino boards which are all widely used in and easily obtained from daily life.

A method to predict the shape of a paper model of a two piece brassiere cup is proposed. A brassiere cup consists of several parts made of cloth and wires. The shape of each part is determined by making a paper model of the cup and checking the 3D shape of the model. For efficient design of parts, it is required to predict the 3D shape of such model with simulation. As a model is made of paper, each part is inextensible and its deformed surface is developable. Then, the potential energy of a part can be represented as a function of the principal curvature and the principal direction along an edge of the part. Minimizing the potential energy under geometric constraints, the stable shape of the cup model is derived. The computed shape of the cup almost coincided with the measured shape of an actual paper model.

In this paper, we focus on a human hand recognition system for human-robot interaction. The motion of the human hand is so dynamic that the hand needs to be tracked at high speed, and non-blurred images are required to achieve stable and correct recognition. Moreover, a wide recognition area is necessary for natural interaction. To achieve these aims, we constructed a new active sensing system that can actively track and recognize the human hand by using a high-speed vision system. An application that clearly requires high-speed recognition and actuation is the rock-paper-scissors game between a human and a robot, and we focused on this task to demonstrate the proposed system. In this situation, we track a human hand at high speed and detect its sign (rock, paper, or scissors) correctly in every frame. Our experiments showed that the robot hand formed its sign to beat the human opponent in natural interaction thanks to its high speed and wide recognition area.

This paper describes how voltage sags impact the operation of a newspaper printing machine. Rotary printing machines have offset printing cylinders and chain of rubber rollers running through variable speed synchronous motors. The servo drives controlling these motors are severely impacted by voltage fluctuations in the grid power supply. In the present case study the analysis is carried out for the impact of voltage sags and transients on a rotary printing press. A logical solution is developed to reduce the machine downtime resulting due to these power quality issues. The concept, methodology, circuit diagrams and result of this solution are presented in this paper.

Solid insulation tended to absorb moisture during the operation and maintenance of oil-immersed transformers, which could be dangerous to the apparatus especially under rated conditions. As had been researched, wet insulation could lead to bubble effect in turn-to-turn insulation when the temperature in transformer increased rapidly. Primarily, this paper investigated the degradation of dielectric strength caused by gas bubbles generated from oil-paper insulation. This paper mainly focused on clarifying the evolution of thermal bubble formation. The experimental platform consisted of an oil-paper insulation system, and an adjustable heating system was established to study the influence of water and gas content on bubble evolution temperature. Results showed that the gas content and moisture content in the paper could significantly affect inception temperature of bubble formation, which could well explain the high probability of bubble evolution in old and wet oil-impregnated transformers. Then, a mathematical model was founded to calculate the bubble evolution temperature considering the solubility of gas and moisture in transformer oil at a certain temperature. Finally, based on the above results, this paper provided a strategy for managing the risk of insulation failures in oil-immersed transformers caused by thermal bubbles in dynamic rating conditions.

The European Test Symposium (ETS) Best Paper Award, which was introduced in 2004 when the European Test Workshop (ETW) turned into the ETS, aims to maintain and encourage the quality of papers and presentations in the ETS technical program.

Wireless sensor networks consists of sensors nodes used for the communication purpose. Wireless sensor networks are self-organized and data-centric. In Wireless sensor networks, there are some issues like data redundancy, high energy conservation and injecting unnecessary data. Data aggregation method overcomes the data redundancy problem. In this paper, a data integrity protection strategy has been discussed based on watermarking technologies to protect the data integrity. At the end of the paper comparison of various schemes is also provided based on characteristics like the method adopted by each scheme and the position at which integrity is provided.

Monetary transactions are integral part of our day to day activities, so currency recognition has become one of the active research area at present and it has vast potential applications. In this paper we introduced a system to recognize and classify four different currencies using computer vision. As there are 200+different currencies used in different countries around the world. The technology of currency recognition aims to search and extract the visible as well as hidden marks on paper currency for efficient classification. The features are extracted based on color, texture and shape for four different currencies and they are classified using Artificial Neural network.

This modelling is conducted to finding correlation between transient voltage that injected on bushing and electric field that occur. The method that is used on this modelling is by simulate dry lightning impulse test on bushing for transformer with several software. Bushing type that used on this study is oil impregnated paper. The output of this study is to determine the effect of capacitor grading on bushing, the correlation between transient voltage and electric field, and maximum electric field that occur if bushing was injected with transient voltage level that exceed its BIL capability. All in all, this study provide technical evaluation using software COMSOL and FEMM in terms of electric field and transient voltage capability of oil impregnated paper bushing.

Paper-based microfluidic chips provide a novel way to carry out microfluidic analysis. Such chips achieve “lab-on-paper” instead of traditional “lab-on-chips”. The paper substrate is attractive because it is cost-effective, easy to use and disposable. The routing problem of paper-based digital microfluidic (PB-DMF) biochips is to realize bio-chemical operations on paper with inkjet printing techniques. We propose a routing scheme targeting multiple preprogrammed droplet paths such that both routability and wire-length are optimized in a paper layer. Compared with previous digital microfluidic (DMF), the proposed paper-based DMF needs only one integrated paper layer instead of two layers of control and signal layers in the traditional DMF. Experimental results on a set of paper chip applications show the effectiveness, efficiency and scalability of the proposed algorithm.

In this paper, backpropagation networks are used to predict basis weight and moisture content in the pulp machine, Kappa number in the digester, and brightness in the bleaching plant. Historical data from these processes in Weyerhaeuser Canada is analyzed to develop an empirical predictive model for process variables and to gain a better understanding of the dependence of qualities on these variables. In order to avoid deficiencies associated in generalized descent method for training the network, the conjugate gradient method has been used. >

Issues relating to the environmental attributes of electronics products are becoming more commonplace in today's marketplace. Many of the request for proposals (RFP) that we are responding to include requirements to describe the system or programs we have in place to manufacture, package, transport, collect and dispose of our products. This paper outlines an in depth look at the current marketplace demands, the possible impacts of them, and a discussion of why and how Unisys is responding to these new circumstances.

Digital control of drive equipment has provided unique opportunities to utilize silicon-controlled rectifier DC-drive systems. It is shown that an economical, functional, and reliable system can be obtained by selecting new modern digital components and logic controls to upgrade an operating drive section. The authors describe the selection process, changes that took place in the design of a system, retrofitting of the new equipment to reusable machine drives, and the installation. The machine start-up and the operation of the equipment after the changeover have provided verification that combining existing DC section electric drives with new digital controllers can be an economic alternative. >

A cleaner production strategy for processes in pulp and paper industries is investigated which considers the combination of technology and equipment with a processes control method. A multi-agent structure is applied to build the models of pulping and papermaking processes. The model structure and implementation of this strategy is discussed. The strategy based on multi-agents provides an idea to study and analyze integrated optimization of complex control systems.

The recent advances with respect to the costs, size, and power consumption of electronic components paved the way for System of Systems (SoS), Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS), or the Internet of Things (IoT). As a next stage, these developments currently motivate the consideration of Complex Swarm Systems (CSS), i.e., continuously running systems that will dynamically change after deployment and are connected by heterogeneous components which can join and leave the system at any time. Due to this dynamic nature and the constant reconfigurations, it is not possible to completely verify those systems with conventional verification methods anymore. Therefore, we propose a new methodology which follows a different scheme: Instead of trying to verify all possible behavior of a CSS (which, due to the vast number of possible instantiations or connections of the heterogeneous components, becomes an impracticable task anyway), we aim for verifying that, at least, no scenario which violates certain (safety-critical) forbidden actions is possible. To this end, solutions for model-based verification are employed. By means of a case study, the feasibility and promises of the proposed methodology are illustrated.

We present the methodology applied at the Universidad de Ingenieria y Tecnologia, Lima, Peru, to develop research skills in undergraduate students starting at their first semester. The methodology includes training students since the first year to research in advanced topics. This methodology has been applied since 2012 and now there are two students in a MS program in the USA but before finishing their BS as part of a 4+1 collaboration. Also, there are two junior students in an exchange program in the USA but doing advanced research with grad students. The performance of the students that have had these research experiences is outstanding in terms of technical and soft skills.

In this paper, we proposed a paper-based pattern-switchable antenna using inkjet-printing technology. The proposed antenna is composed of two bow-tie antennas and a switching network is built on a printed-circuit-board (PCB) and consists of a single-pole-double-throw (SPDT) switch and balun element. A double-sided parallel-strip line (DSPSL) can convert the unbalanced microstrip mode to the balanced strip mode. Two bow-tie antennas have different radiation patterns because of the different orientation of the reflectors. It is demonstrated from EM simulation and measurement that the radiation patterns of the proposed antenna are successfully switched by the SPDT.

Failure of high voltage bushing leading to partial or complete destruction of power transformer has been considered as severe event in the electrical power system. Apart from power distribution it has led to human tragedy in a number of sites. Transformer industry is concerned with such problems and hence several committees have discussed the phenomena. Amongst other reasons attributed to it, the failure of draw lead causing complete failure of bushing and insulation breakdown in paper insulation between aluminum foil and the core has been major cause at power plant. The present paper aims at formulating an electrical equivalent network comprising inductances, capacitances and resistances representing the bushing and draw lead. The voltage distribution in the annular region of draw lead and aluminum pipe supporting core of HV bushing is calculated using Electro Magnetic Transient Programme [EMTP] programmed for standard and fast impulse voltage surge. The analysis shows that higher stress leads to the failure of draw lead and paper insulation of the core. Photographs of failed bushing along with initiating spots are given in the paper.

Various cities in the Philippines have started to prohibit the use of plastic bags and packaging materials in favor of paper products for waste disposal and management reasons. This study evaluated the soundness of these initiatives based on life-cycle analysis (LCA) framework. While a number of studies have looked at similar issues in other countries, results may not be entirely valid in the Philippines due to different variations in energy and material supply chain and waste disposal practices and system. Considering the usual products being purchased by a Filipino family and the amount, 12 liter sando bags and 14 liter paper bag capacity were used as the functional units for the research. Comparison of the impact assessment was done by looking into the cradle-to-grave processes of the two bag materials. The study covered disposal to land, air and water effluents and included the global warming, acidification, ozone depletion and human toxicity impact areas. A modified EDIP was used for the life-cycle inventory and results show that out of the four impact factors, three favored the use of plastic bags. Future studies may be done on other impact factors as well as on other bag materials. This study was commissioned by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) to aid policy development in waste management in the country.

Demonstrates an application of multidimensional structured uncertainty analysis (/spl mu/-analysis) to closed-loop control of cross-directional paper machine process. A multidimensional model of a cross-directional control process and a multidimensional structured uncertainty model are formulated. The analysis allows including the influence of the edge effects.

The online measurement of basis weight in paper production is hampered by excessive noise, and the zig-zagging motion of the scanner transversing the sheet. Decoupling variations in the direction of production form variations across the sheet and visa-versa. An algorithm is presented that attempts to reconstruct this two-dimensional data from the single scanner.

Processing kraft pulp poses a set of difficult control problems, because of varying time delays in the process, an incomplete understanding of the bleaching process and lack of instrumentation. Improved control of the bleaching process increases pulp quality and reduces manufacturing costs. The bleaching process is reviewed, and its problems and existing control solutions are described. Field results from applying a new approach to bleach plant control are presented. The main result is a marked decrease in the standard deviation of pulp brightness, about 40 to 50%. This new approach involves an adaptive controller that models the process as a Laguerre polynomial. >

The debate over design for testability (DFT) has raged for many, many years. I believe that's because there have been separate camps within companies that don't consider the overall impact of their design decisions on the ultimate future of their jobs. When an organization operates in the fully concurrent engineering mode, the customer becomes the real boss, and everyone's common goal must be in delighting that customer. There are always trade-offs between conflicting requirements, of course. Creating a product in the face of these many conflicting trade-offs is what real engineering is all about. >

This article considers wet end modelling of a Fourdrinier table. Cross direction (CD) response to an actuator adjustment is the principal requirement for a good CD basis weight profile control. The physical basis of the model is a surface wave generated by the deflected slice on the surface of the slurry. The wave model combined with the drainage from the wire side establishes the mat formation process. This approach to modelling eliminates the need for estimating a large matrix when a purely time series parametrization of the CD response is considered.

This paper considers suitable disturbance models for use in web forming processes, it suggests a practical disturbance representation and using spectral factorisation presents a multivariable aggregated model. The paper compares Generalised Minimum Variance (GMV) controllers designed using uncorrelated and correlated disturbances. It demonstrates the improvement in performance of a multivariable GMV controller which is designed to accomodate the cross direction correlation in the disturbance, when compared with a scalar GMV controller which cannot take into account the effects of correlated disturbances.

This paper presents an application of a customized linear programming (LP) based model predictive control strategy to the paper machine cross direction (CD) control problem. The objective of CD control is to maintain flat profiles of variables of interest by minimizing worst case deviations from setpoints (defects). These control problems can have as many as 200 actuators (inputs) and 400 sensor measurements (outputs). This large size coupled with the stringent real-time requirement of computing a control move in a few seconds poses a very challenging control problem. Computational results that demonstrate the effectiveness of this strategy are presented. For typical disturbances this algorithm can compute provably optimal control moves for a 400 input/spl times/400 output control problem in approximately 5 seconds versus approximately 90 seconds for a generic LP algorithm on a HP 9000/770 workstation.

Considers identification of cross-directional (CD) response of a papermaking process from the input-output experimental data. In particular, the paper is devoted to identification of the mapping between the CD actuators and the scanned profiles of the paper properties. The developed algorithms allow us to achieve reliable identification of alignment and nonlinear shrinkage. The presentation is supported by paper mill data identification results.

The height limit gantry of urban viaducts has being playing an important role in the information management and traffic dispatch. However, it also limits special vehicles. This paper discusses and analyses three kinds of short-range wireless communication methods in detail (including ZigBee, Bluetooth and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)), establishes a transmission distance estimation model, analyses some information interferences of vehicles with different roads, designs to an implement quickly channel connection and an identify information for main slave communication modules. The communication slave module is assembled in special vehicles, which is connected with the communication main module in the height limit gantry. A main controller completes the feature recognition and the rise and fall of height limit gantry. The device improves the efficiency of emergency vehicles, with the rapidity, reliability and practicality.

Electrical distribution networks worldwide are facing frequent capacity challenges due to the widespread roll out of various distributed energy resources (DERs). A number of demand response (DR) mechanisms have been developed in order to circumvent the problems and enhance the flexibility of the distribution network. While the existing centralized control system remains its crucial role for reliable and secure grid operation, distributed intelligence is a complement technology with a focus on dividing the control task into a number of simpler problems and solve them with minimum exchange of information. Based on the recent developments of distributed intelligence, this paper discusses a decentralized approach to enable demand response for managing the congestions more efficiently. The approach is validated with simulations for representative Dutch low-voltage (LV) networks.

A number of evolutions of the SpaceWire standard [1] and usage recommendations have been developed over the past decade. As a result, the original standard is slowly evolving towards a so-called SpaceWire-2 (SpW-2) standard family, covering legacy SpaceWire, SpW-Rev1 and SpaceFibre [2],[3]. Besides other use cases that are mainly covered through on-going actions structured through the SAVOIR-UNION working group [4], the requirements of the future on-board network systems should also cover the needs of space robotics which is a rapidly evolving engineering discipline and one of the potential space applications of SpaceWire-2. This paper presents a number of robotics-specific needs that should be taken in consideration for the definition of SpW-2, and investigates the capabilities provided by the SpaceWire standard and evolutions (SpW rev1 and mainly SpaceFibre).

Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) aims at replacing proprietary hardware appliances with software running on a standardized, general purpose computing platforms. Recently, the concept has gained traction in the industry and major deployments have been announced. However, benchmarking the performance characteristics of virtualized network functions (VNFs) is still an active research topic. VNFs are supplied as software that is operated on the NFV infrastructure (NFVI) of a telecom provider. The performance as well as the accuracy and precision of performance measurements of VNFs are influenced by the NFVI they are running on. Furthermore, due to the introduction of new VNFs and NFVIs, a sharp increase in the need to conduct benchmarks is expected. Despite various efforts in this area by the research community and the industry there is no common understanding on how to approach this issue. To foster a common understanding in this area a structured approach to developing benchmarks for VNFs is proposed in this paper. The approach focuses on the most significant concepts and defines clear boundaries between them. The need to increase the efficiency of developing VNF benchmarks is addressed by the introduction of a hierarchical model with the aim to enable reuse of VNF benchmark components and results.

SOI-SOC3 is a radiation hardened space-grade SOC implementing reliable SpaceWire protocol such as SpaceWire-R and SpaceWire-D. SOI-SOC3 realizes high performance in SpaceWire link speed, reliable communication technology such as data division, retransmission control, and real-time communication using time synchronization and scheduling system. These technologies are based on SOI-SOC2 technology that realized high throughput, radiation hardened, and low power consumption using commercial SOI process technology. Since such reliable SpaceWire communications are realized by various middleware, users can use reliable SpaceWire protocols just by calling specific APIs. Due to its reliability, SOI-SOC3 is applicable to not only space-grade products but also wide range of fields requiring high reliability and environment resistance such as power plants and medical devices. We have been planning to port cFE/cFS (Core Flight Executive/Core Flight System) to SOI-SOC3. Before manufacturing ASIC, we have evaluated basic function of SpaceWire on SOI-SOC3 implemented on FPGA. In this paper we describe the evaluation results of SpaceWire function of SOI-SOC3 evaluation board and its software including middleware.

The AIT/AIV spacecraft test campaign undergoes an electrical verification program for all the units and instruments. The SpaceWire standard calls for LVDS signals in the physical layer and these are considered critical because the present LVDS technology is capable to drive signals up to 400 Mbit/s with low common mode voltage. Reliable SpaceWire communication can be difficult in the presence of induced noise, ground level differences, impedance mismatches, failure to effectively bias for idle line conditions, and other hazards associated with installation of a SpW network within the spacecraft. Therefore, the verification steps of SpW signals are very important and they shall be addressed with special care. Moreover, the new revision of the SpaceWire standard ECSS-E-ST-50-12C∗ rev.1 (currently under review) defines new requirements for the SpW signals in particular for the skew and the jitter budget and the margins. In addition, responsibilities for the two main actors (i.e. the unit manufacturer and the cable assembly manufacturer) are defined via jitter and skew budget calculation. All these aspects motivated ESA to the internal development of boards to perform the new requirement tests. This paper will summarize the related test campaign and the test coverage of various clauses of the new revision of the standard. A comprehensive plan and recommendations for the validation measurement of SpW link from the design to the final qualification/acceptance is proposed, distinguishing responsibilities among system architect, component manufacturer, unit supplier, cable assembly manufacturer and system integrator. References to on-going ESA projects will be presented. The effect on the overall skew and jitter budget calculation is discussed as well.

SpaceFibre is a multi-Gbits/s, on-board network technology for spaceflight applications, which runs over electrical or fiber-optic cables. SpaceFibre supports multi-lane, thus allowing data to be sent over several individual physical lanes to enhance throughput and robustness. This is required by new generation payloads, such as SAR and multi-spectral imaging instruments. This paper describes the development of the multi-lane capabilities of SpaceFibre and its successful hardware implementation on space-qualified devices. The protocol has been designed to work with an arbitrary number of bidirectional or unidirectional lanes. In the event of a lane failing, SpaceFibre multi-lane mechanism supports hot redundancy and graceful degradation by automatically spreading traffic over the remaining working lanes. User data transfer is resumed in just a few microseconds without any data loss. These advanced capabilities are not provided in other high-speed link protocols available for space applications.

STAR-Dundee recently released a number of new SpaceWire test and development products based on a single hardware platform and supported by a single software platform. This paper will describe the modular design that makes this possible and the advantages, both to STAR-Dundee and to users, of this system.

For those responsible for the design and implementation of a SpaceFibre network it is essential to be able to capture and view the traffic on a SpaceFibre link in order to help validate the link is operating as expected and debug the link should any unexpected behaviour be observed. STAR-Dundee Ltd have developed hardware independent SpaceFibre Link Analyser software for this purpose. This paper describes how the software views, combined with the traffic capture capabilities of the STAR Fire unit, can be used to perform SpaceFibre link analysis.

This paper presents the approach used by the BepiColombo data management subsystem and its SpaceWire network to handle system resets following major anomalies and to ensure availability of communication with the payload and platform units. The system autonomy requirements are presented with a discussion on how they drive the robust implementation of the data management subsystem. Two on-board SpaceWire networks are presented accompanied by an overview of the SpaceWire links, the link failure scenarios, and a description of the functions needed to manage the network. The network management functions are mapped to specific nodes in the SpaceWire network which enables the data management subsystem to initialize the network, detect failures, perform recovery actions, ensure network availability for critical nodes; and that the data transmission performance is acceptable with specific protection against excessive data transfer to the on-board computer. The role of each unit in the SpaceWire network and their contribution to the overall data management subsystem is described.