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This paper presents the architecture, functionality, and performance of the SpW Interface Node IP which constitutes a configurable IP Core from which non-SpW experts can tailor a customized SpW interface for integration into their developments. The IP core offers numerous configurability options and is also expandable to include additional blocks as the SpW protocol family evolves.

When developing the SpaceWire based Sirius Data Handling System (DHS) for small satellites AAC Microtec has had to address the dual problem of designing for a low cost and in a small form factor while retaining the high performance, availability and longevity required to support advanced science. In order to achieve the low cost a number of strategies have been applied. Notably, the data handling units are generically designed to be reusable either used for other missions as a part of the platforms they were initially targeted for or for use on other platforms, including CubeSats. Also, COTS components known to withstand the space environment have been used for the designs, in a strategy to reduce component costs. To increase reliability, the Sirius DHS units are designed around a Flash-based FPGA to be tolerant to SEE through triple modular redundancy (TMR) and other fault handling techniques and implements SpaceWire as the main data bus, using nano D-sub connectors to save space and weight. The paper explores in more detail the choices made on the data handling units in order to achieve sufficiently high performance and high reliability in a CubeSat compatible form factor at a reasonable price.

SpaceFibre is a new standard for spacecraft on-board data-handling networks, which runs over both electrical and fibre optic media. It provides high bandwidth, low latency, fault recovery and novel QoS that combines priority, bandwidth reservation and scheduling. SpaceFibre is backwards compatible with SpaceWire at the network level, allowing existing SpaceWire equipment to be incorporated into a SpaceFibre network without modification. SpaceFibre is now being designed into its first spaceflight missions. This paper describes SpaceFibre flight equipment being designed by STAR-Dundee for space flight applications. This includes a range of SpaceFibre IP cores targeted at radiation tolerant FPGAs and the SpaceFibre interfaces in a radiation tolerant many core DSP processor.

Compliance or conformance testing is basically a kind of an audit which is performed for the system to check whether all the specified standards are met or not. Implementation of conformance testers for the communication protocols is an important task, which is being solved in the majority of industrial companies that develop the communication equipment. On-board equipment always needs a proper testing before the integration into a spacecraft. Especially if we talk about equipment, that operates according to the newly developed communication protocol. Conformance testing is such kind of testing, which gives an ability to ensure that a hardware or software product, system or a physical link complies with the requirements of a specification or any other document. There is a number of transport protocols intended to operate over SpaceWire. The newly developed transport protocol STP-ISS is now among these protocols and provides such services as reliability, guaranteed data delivery, scheduling and connection-oriented data transmission. In order to test the software models or hardware implementation of the STP-ISS protocol the authors created a so-called software-to-hardware tester. It gives ability to test the real on-board hardware with the software implementation of a protocol model. The evolution of a tester can provide opportunities for testing other SpaceWire oriented transport protocols such as RMAP, CCSDS PTP, SpaceWire-R, etc. The current paper gives an overview of conformance testers, describes main features of the STP-ISS protocol, and, finally deals with the implementation of the Software-to-Hardware STP-ISS tester and its application use cases.

A diagnostic networking base system installation is described. It has been in service for one year. The purpose of this effect is to provide information on what one paper mill has accomplished in the diagnostic area and not the specifics of 'how' it was done. >

The concept of basic-skill deficits in today's workforce when viewed in the context of industries' need to compete in the global economy is addressed. A brief summary of the reasons that workplace literacy has become a contemporary issue is presented. Terms and background concepts that are needed for a full understanding of the subject are defined. Three case studies are included showing what some companies in the pulp and paper industry have done to address literacy needs. Suggestions for individuals needing to deal with document redesign are offered, as well as a broad outline of what the industry as a whole might profitably do to limit the impact of skill deficits in the next several years. >

Discrete time orthogonal polynomials such as Gram polynomials have been used In the past to control shape on steel rolling mills. In this paper the authors extend that idea to paper machines and control the parameters of the polynomials, taking into account the maximum bending moment of the slice lip and the relative stiffness of the slice with respect to the actuators. >

In this paper, two novel techniques developed by the authors to measure certain quality variables in paper manufacturing are described. These methods are based on the new online image sensors for digital image processing of paper samples. The techniques use the two dimensional Fourier transform of the original images to estimate basically two variables: the floc size distribution in paper formation and creping of tissue paper. In the first case, a new method to estimate the floc size distribution in paper is presented. The method computes only a reduced portion of the spectrum to determine, in frequency, the floc sizes present. The technique to measure creping gives the degree of roughness that has been induced on the tissue paper by looking also at its power spectra distribution. This characteristic is essential in determining the smoothness of tissue paper. >

Describes the application of a 2D color image display to monitor various paper properties of a paper machine reel. These properties include caliper, opacity, moisture and basis weight. The conventional method of determining the paper quality of an entire reel was to perform statistical calculations on a profile-to-profile basis of paper properties in both machine direction, length and cross-machine direction, and width of the sheet. On a profile-by-profile basis, it can be somewhat difficult for mill personnel to determine whether the entire reel is within the desirable grade specifications or not, or whether the specification is only out of limits at certain sets or rolls within the reel. This difficulty can be overcome by use of digital imaging technology. An image display can be used to monitor the entire reel sheet for various paper properties. This means less time will be required for statistical calculations. Feedback from analyzing the reel image would enable mill personnel to identify possible problems associated with the paper machine controls. In addition, trimming information can be derived from the reel image noting if any undesirable streaks are present in the sheet. The reel image display was developed as a graphical tool for the paper machine, as part of a mill-wide information and optimization system (MOPS). This paper presents a case study of using this display at the Alberta Newsprint Company (ANC) pulp and paper mill. The overall benefits of this display are demonstrated by using actual property profile data recorded from their paper machine. >

The evolution of the computer-based data collection and analysis systems has lead to significant advancements in the application of modern system identification techniques to paper machine model development. Process data obtained from paper machines excited with pseudo-random binary sequences (PRBS) can be used to determine process dynamics, isolate multivariable process interactions and develop advanced computer models to evaluate existing and new control strategies. This paper examines some of the traditional parametric identification techniques such as least squares, maximum likelihood or instrumental variable methods applied to data collected from a paper machine. The resulting paper machine model includes the process dynamics, the shape of the responses in a cross machine direction sense and defines the interactions between the machine direction and cross machine direction control elements. Finally, the paper illustrates the application of the models to minimum variance methods of coordinating multiple actuators to reduce overall finished paper variability. >

This paper presents an improved dynamic matrix control (DMC) algorithm that is suitable for measurement failure and its application for the baseweight control of a paper machine. The main idea of the refined DMC algorithm is to replace the output of a plant with the model output of DMC when measurement failure happens, that is, to control the model by using DMC. To achieve the aim of accurate prediction of the plant output when measurement failure happened, the standard model based prediction in DMC algorithm is improved by replacing the open loop prediction with a close loop prediction. This proposed algorithm has been applied to baseweight control of a paper machine, and the results show that it can process the measurement failure caused by paper breakage in the production process. >

The authors examine the electrical energy usage in the pulp and paper industry for the continental United States. It is noted that the broad picture of energy required and fuel sources used gives a clear indication of a movement away from oil as an energy source. Internally generated fuel sources of spent liquor and hogged fuel have increased. The steam generated from boilers has increased internally generated electricity. It is pointed out that technologies such as high-yield pulping and impulse drying require less chemicals and reduced thermal requirements. The advanced thermal analysis technique of pinch technology focuses on optimum use of thermal requirements. It is concluded that all of these technologies point the way to more efficient thermal usage and increased demand for electricity. >

A digital-signal-processor-based control technique with constant tension control for the rewind roll of a paper machine is presented in this paper. The proposed methodology makes use of a digital signal processing technique to investigate the stability of a multiple closed-loop control system and then partition its operating area into optimal working regions. A novel data acquisition method is introduced in this paper to obtain fast responses of speed and tension. This technique is characterized by high reliability and flexibility in industrial applications.

The accurate identification of the mapping between the cross-direction (CD) actuators and the scanned profiles of paper CD properties requires reliable processing of test data which takes into account paper shrinkage and misalignment. This paper describes a new tool which can automate this identification process. The new tool covers all aspects of CD process identification including excitation of the paper machine CD actuators, collection and processing of data, and maintenance of the identified process model and test setup as grade-dependent data. The tool has been tested on existing CD control systems with various types of actuators and has successfully identified new mapping and tuning parameters.

This paper presents a novel approach and its application to the modelling of non-linear unknown systems via B-spline neural networks. The system is assumed to be described by a NARMAX model, which is subjected to coloured noise. A new regression formula is constructed and it has been shown that the generalised RLS algorithm can be directly applied to train the weights and produce a desirable estimate on the various modes of the noise. The selection of the knots distribution of B-spline neural networks is also considered. An algorithm has been developed which produces an optimal knot distribution for an input axis using training data. Finally, the method developed is applied to build up a local model for a paper machine wet end, which represents the relationship between added chemicals (rosin and alum) and the sizing of the resulting paper. Desired results are obtained.

Load is one of the least precisely known elements in a power system, yet its influence on the power system simulation is major. Static load models, from measurements of voltage and powers, have been successfully used for many years at Hydro-Quebec. For certain loads, like paper mills, static models do not fit very well. This paper describes the identification of a dynamic voltage model for such a load.

A poor economic outlook and greater competition are forcing the pulp and paper industry to introduce greater efficiency and more flexibility into production processes. This also includes greater plant flexibility in order to meet the changing demands of the customer. With relatively high operating costs, this is the only way that long-term plant capacity and operation can be maintained. Plant designers and operators are looking for ways to identify and tap this potential for efficiency and cost reduction. Traditional concepts of plant design, commissioning and operation are being very closely examined with instrumentation at the field level looked at critically. The authors discuss the move to digital instrumentation, smart transmitters, and fieldbus technology with particular emphasis on PROFIBUS. >

The paper reports on return voltage measurements performed on different 10 kV paper-oil insulated belted-type cables used in network systems with isolated neutral and with effective earthing of the neutral. The different cable design, e.g., the increased thickness of insulation between conductor and sheath for isolated systems, has a strong influence on the return voltage curves. Thus, a diagnostic method, which is exclusively based on single parameters such as the maximum or the initial slope of the return voltage curves, may lead to a misinterpretation. A more sophisticated evaluation method, which uses the time dependence of the complete return voltage curve is proposed in this paper.

This paper documents the successful development and evaluation of a novel membrane switch. The process results in lower environmental burdens and manufacturing costs than current screen-printed polyester solutions. Detailed is the evaluation of offset lithographically printed conductive tracks on paper substrates for application in computer keyboard assemblies. Offset lithographic printing of conductive tracks is an emerging fabrication technique finding application in low-cost, high volume, flexible circuitry applications. Several fully featured demonstration keyboards and switch membranes have been constructed and tested. These are currently in use in office environments and are presented.

The paper-making process is very complex, there exists long delay time, grievous nonlinearities and time-varying parameters. The paper presents a neuron model-free control method in which the neuron gain is regulated adaptively for the paper-making process. This procedure can control the process with long delay time and great range of open-loop gain variation efficiently. The simulation results for a complex paper machine is satisfying, good performances in robustness and adaptability are obtained.

How to realize process integration of CIMS for the modern pulp and paper industry is the main topic of the paper. Firstly, obvious and potential benefits of PI are summarized and the main stages to develop CIMS are given. For pulp mills, several production scheduling/optimization problems are listed, their objectives and solutions are given out and functional sub-systems are listed. For paper mills, the similar scheduling/optimization problems, their solutions and several cases are discussed. Then, the main functions and modules of the mill wide energy management system are listed and mill level functions of integrated pulp and paper mills are simply discussed. Next, PI methods are classified and discussed, which includes pinch technology, mathematical programming, hierarchical analysis, knowledge based systems, exergy analysis and stochastic search methods. Some conclusions are drawn and information integration and a case study are shown as further research topics.

This paper considers /spl Hscr//sub /spl infin// robustification of an industrial paper machine cross-directional (CD) control system. The existing industrial controller is reinterpreted as a precompensator weight for shaping the open-loop response. The robustification is then achieved by performing a robust stabilization of the nominal plant model and industrial controller combination. The large scale (226 inputs and 226 outputs) /spl Hscr//sub /spl infin//. optimization problem is decoupled into 226 independent SISO systems by an application of recent results for spatially invariant systems. The robustified closed-loop is then implemented by augmenting the industrial controller with a low-order prefilter. It is then demonstrated that the robustness of the closed-loop system has been significantly improved while its performance remains well-preserved.

Driven by low-cost, resource abundance and distinct material properties, the use of paper in electronics, optics and fluidics is under investigation. In order to realize a dense coverage of sensor networks as part of the roadmap of the internet-of-things, achieving lower manufacturing cost of the aforementioned sensors is required. Considering microelectro-mechanical systems based on magneto-resistance principles (anisotropic, giant, tunnel) that are conventionally manufactured onto inorganic semiconductor materials, we propose the use of paper substrates for cost reduction purposes primarily. In particular, we studied the magneto-resistance sensitivity of permalloy (Py:Ni 81 Fe 19 ) onto paper substrates utilized in various daily applications. Here, the Py:Ni 81 Fe 19 coating was developed by means of, but not limited to, sputter deposition, and spans an area of 10x10 mm2 and a thickness of 70 nm. In this research, we investigated several paper materials covering a range of grammage of [80, 350] g/m2, surface roughness of [0.21, 3.462] µm given by the root mean squared R ims , various impregnations, porosity levels and surface macro-structures. Yet, in this paper, we focus on our findings with clean room paper (80 g/m2, R rms = 2.877 µm, 23% surface porosity, latex impregnation, no embossed macro-structure). Employing a four-point-probe resistivity measurement setup, we investigated the change of electrical resistance of Py:Ni 81 Fe 19 under the presence of an oriented external magnetic field. Compared to the theoretical limit of 2.5% of Py:Ni 81 Fe 19 on smooth surfaces, we have obtained large and positive magneto-resistive changes (2.5 - 14%) for these aforementioned systems. Principally, we analyzed the effect of surface topology of the clean room paper on the magneto-resistance sensitivity of Py:Ni 81 Fe 19 . We concluded that the occurrence of such magnetic behavior is most probably due to tunneling of electron waves through the asperities and porosity of the paper surface and subsequent scattering of electrons at pinned domain walls.

The importance of external inputs into academic environments is highlighted and the actions that have been taken by the School of Computing and Technology at the University of Sunderland to ensure that external speakers are invited from industry and academia to come and give a fresh view on issues related to computing and technology are outlined. Details are then presented on the three series of guest lectures that have been instituted by the School: (i) Distinguished Speaker series, (ii) Practitioner Series, (iii) BCS SocioTech (North) series.

We propose to use noncausal transfer functions to model the spatial behavior of cross-directional (CD) processes so as to circumvent the high-dimensionality of a causal transfer function. This noncausal representation is shown to have a causal-equivalent form. We prove that the covariance of maximum likelihood estimate of the causal-equivalent model asymptotically converges to that of the noncausal model. This result is then used to design optimal inputs in closed-loop for the original noncausal model of the CD process. An illustrative example is provided to highlight the advantage of using optimally designed excitation signal for CD closed-loop identification over white noise excitation or the current industrial practice of spatial bump excitation.

Advances in microfluidic research have allowed digital microfluidic (DMF) chips to be rapid prototyped using inexpensive materials and simple fabrication processes to the extend where the time spend on chip design can be significantly longer than the time required for fabrication. The growing need for application specific DMF chips challenges efficient handling of the increasing chip design and programming complexity. To address this, we propose a correct-by-construction modular chip design approach, which allows chips to be constructed from a component library and verified by simulation before fabrication. After fabrication, the chip is operated from a smartphone by remote instrumentation of a portable DMF chip control device. By combining structured design techniques with custom developed hardware and software tools, we present a full end-to-end solution for fast DMF chip design, simulation and operation.

The condition of insulators on transmission and distribution power systems is of prime importance for the successful operation of a power grid. Particularly since a damaged or electrically deficient insulator(s) can lead to costly system outages, serious injury, or loss of life.

This paper presents die storage improvement for a case study company, who is a manufacturer of made-to-order paper packaging product. One of the critical equipment used to produce paper packaging is the dies used in die cutting machine. These dies are stored in the separate storage room and they are placed on any available shelf slot. Due to the wide variety of product design, number of die stored in die storage room is large and continues to grows every year due to the increasing number of customers. Die storage room has become untidy and packed, which make the die retrieve process become more difficult. K-means clustering, one of the data mining algorithms, was applied to cluster dies into groups based on their size, price and frequency of use. Then the layout of storage room was re-designed based on the new cluster to improve space utilization. After improvement, the time used for die retrieval was significantly reduced.

This paper mainly studies an intelligent test paper generation method based on genetic particle swarm optimization. Firstly, this paper introduces the index system and the constraint condition of the intelligent test paper generation. Moreover, this paper proposes the intelligent test paper generation method that combines an improved adaptive genetic algorithm with particle swarm optimization. In the algorithm, the initial population is generated using the particle swarm optimization by designing proper chromosome coding and then determining the fitness function. Next, new population are obtained by processing the initial population using the genetic algorithm. As a result, operation results are output. At last, this paper analyzes the factors that affect the result of intelligent test paper generation through experimental verification. The research shows that the genetic particle swarm optimization's operation speed is very fast and its operation results are much accurate.

It's easier for the oil-immersed power transformer to fail when moistened. As is known to us all, moisture may cause the great decrease of the breakdown voltage of the oil-paper insulation system. So, the failure probability model of transformer was established in this paper by using the theory of strength-stress model which is successfully used in the mechanical reliability field. The model could be used to quantitatively calculate the failure probabilities of a single transformer or transformers in a certain region. The appropriate descriptions of stress and strength were introduced to fit the strength-stress model for the two kinds of failures respectively. The random amplitude and times of lightning in a certain period are described by double integral of their probability density functions. The moisture content of one transformer influences the failure probability by changing the strength of the oil gap.

The Frequency Domain spectroscopy is a nondestructive electric diagnosis. It's very suitable for transformer oil-paper insulation condition of field detection, the actual development of the internal oil paper insulation status can be reflected accurately, especially in the low frequency and the ultra-low frequency. Because of the frequency domain dielectric spectroscopy at low frequency measurement requires a very long time, and it's vulnerable to environment. In order to ensure the accuracy of the insulating condition, the FDS needs to be better applied to the nondestructive quantitative assessment in transformer oil paper insulation system. The aged ample of oil-paper insulation is first prepared, and then this sample tested at thermostat 30°C in the FDS. To obtain the insulation information contained in dielectric loss factor (tanδ) as more as possible, the integral of dielectric loss factors (S tanδ ) in the characteristics frequency ranges are introduced as characteristics parameters for assessing insulation condition. Due to the FDS requires a very long time in characteristics frequency ranges, and it's vulnerable to environmental factors, In this paper, the method of predicting S tanδ in low frequency FDS based on the parameter identification of the X-Y equivalent circuit is put forward. then, the measured data and calculated data are compared, in order to confirm the availability of this method.

Oil-impregnated paper bushing (OIP) is one of the key devices in transformer. Recently, several severely failure of OIP initiated explosion that destroyed large network transformers. A high expense of failures urged people to research the condition monitoring of the insulation defect of OIP. In this paper, the insulation defect of OIP is classified statistics based on the fault positions sourced by the CIGRE brochure and the China electric grid. Most bushing failures are caused by moisture entering the bushing through leaky gaskets or other openings. A comprehensive detection method which is combined the relative measuring method of dissipation factor with the partial discharge method for partial discharge of OIP is presented directing to the serious moisture defect of insulation moisture. It is applicable to the condition monitoring of insulation defect of bushings. It may be provide valuable reference for the condition monitor and maintain of OIP for the operation of the power system.

The authors discuss several papers that have been presented over the last decade that are worth additional consideration by readers interested in data converter circuits. The papers have been selected for different reasons: some have become trend-setters, others present particularly interesting ideas that may yet set future trends.

This paper proposes an untethered self-folding locomotive paper robot. Its self-folding locomotion is similar to the opening and folding of the Chinese hand-held fan. We achieve this fan-like self-folding motion by the special design of paper cases and utilization of a novel 3D sticky pneumatic actuator. The actuator is a bladder with adhesive backs. Its inflation and contraction are controlled by two miniature pumps respectively. The opening and folding motions of the robot are synchronized with the inflation and contraction of the actuator. The electronics are clock-based controlled by an Arduino board. Instead of relying on the friction force, the robot utilizes the moment produced by the gravitational force to achieve locomotion. Thus, the robot is able to operate on surfaces where the friction coefficients are small. The average speed of its locomotion is 0.825cm/s. The robot features low cost, accessibility and instant-fabrication. The materials and equipment used for fabrications are paper cardboards, plastic membrane, tapes, tubes, scissors, miniature pumps, batteries, relays, solenoid valves, and Arduino boards which are all widely used in and easily obtained from daily life.

A method to predict the shape of a paper model of a two piece brassiere cup is proposed. A brassiere cup consists of several parts made of cloth and wires. The shape of each part is determined by making a paper model of the cup and checking the 3D shape of the model. For efficient design of parts, it is required to predict the 3D shape of such model with simulation. As a model is made of paper, each part is inextensible and its deformed surface is developable. Then, the potential energy of a part can be represented as a function of the principal curvature and the principal direction along an edge of the part. Minimizing the potential energy under geometric constraints, the stable shape of the cup model is derived. The computed shape of the cup almost coincided with the measured shape of an actual paper model.

In this paper, we focus on a human hand recognition system for human-robot interaction. The motion of the human hand is so dynamic that the hand needs to be tracked at high speed, and non-blurred images are required to achieve stable and correct recognition. Moreover, a wide recognition area is necessary for natural interaction. To achieve these aims, we constructed a new active sensing system that can actively track and recognize the human hand by using a high-speed vision system. An application that clearly requires high-speed recognition and actuation is the rock-paper-scissors game between a human and a robot, and we focused on this task to demonstrate the proposed system. In this situation, we track a human hand at high speed and detect its sign (rock, paper, or scissors) correctly in every frame. Our experiments showed that the robot hand formed its sign to beat the human opponent in natural interaction thanks to its high speed and wide recognition area.

This paper describes how voltage sags impact the operation of a newspaper printing machine. Rotary printing machines have offset printing cylinders and chain of rubber rollers running through variable speed synchronous motors. The servo drives controlling these motors are severely impacted by voltage fluctuations in the grid power supply. In the present case study the analysis is carried out for the impact of voltage sags and transients on a rotary printing press. A logical solution is developed to reduce the machine downtime resulting due to these power quality issues. The concept, methodology, circuit diagrams and result of this solution are presented in this paper.

Solid insulation tended to absorb moisture during the operation and maintenance of oil-immersed transformers, which could be dangerous to the apparatus especially under rated conditions. As had been researched, wet insulation could lead to bubble effect in turn-to-turn insulation when the temperature in transformer increased rapidly. Primarily, this paper investigated the degradation of dielectric strength caused by gas bubbles generated from oil-paper insulation. This paper mainly focused on clarifying the evolution of thermal bubble formation. The experimental platform consisted of an oil-paper insulation system, and an adjustable heating system was established to study the influence of water and gas content on bubble evolution temperature. Results showed that the gas content and moisture content in the paper could significantly affect inception temperature of bubble formation, which could well explain the high probability of bubble evolution in old and wet oil-impregnated transformers. Then, a mathematical model was founded to calculate the bubble evolution temperature considering the solubility of gas and moisture in transformer oil at a certain temperature. Finally, based on the above results, this paper provided a strategy for managing the risk of insulation failures in oil-immersed transformers caused by thermal bubbles in dynamic rating conditions.

The European Test Symposium (ETS) Best Paper Award, which was introduced in 2004 when the European Test Workshop (ETW) turned into the ETS, aims to maintain and encourage the quality of papers and presentations in the ETS technical program.

Wireless sensor networks consists of sensors nodes used for the communication purpose. Wireless sensor networks are self-organized and data-centric. In Wireless sensor networks, there are some issues like data redundancy, high energy conservation and injecting unnecessary data. Data aggregation method overcomes the data redundancy problem. In this paper, a data integrity protection strategy has been discussed based on watermarking technologies to protect the data integrity. At the end of the paper comparison of various schemes is also provided based on characteristics like the method adopted by each scheme and the position at which integrity is provided.

Monetary transactions are integral part of our day to day activities, so currency recognition has become one of the active research area at present and it has vast potential applications. In this paper we introduced a system to recognize and classify four different currencies using computer vision. As there are 200+different currencies used in different countries around the world. The technology of currency recognition aims to search and extract the visible as well as hidden marks on paper currency for efficient classification. The features are extracted based on color, texture and shape for four different currencies and they are classified using Artificial Neural network.

This modelling is conducted to finding correlation between transient voltage that injected on bushing and electric field that occur. The method that is used on this modelling is by simulate dry lightning impulse test on bushing for transformer with several software. Bushing type that used on this study is oil impregnated paper. The output of this study is to determine the effect of capacitor grading on bushing, the correlation between transient voltage and electric field, and maximum electric field that occur if bushing was injected with transient voltage level that exceed its BIL capability. All in all, this study provide technical evaluation using software COMSOL and FEMM in terms of electric field and transient voltage capability of oil impregnated paper bushing.

Paper-based microfluidic chips provide a novel way to carry out microfluidic analysis. Such chips achieve “lab-on-paper” instead of traditional “lab-on-chips”. The paper substrate is attractive because it is cost-effective, easy to use and disposable. The routing problem of paper-based digital microfluidic (PB-DMF) biochips is to realize bio-chemical operations on paper with inkjet printing techniques. We propose a routing scheme targeting multiple preprogrammed droplet paths such that both routability and wire-length are optimized in a paper layer. Compared with previous digital microfluidic (DMF), the proposed paper-based DMF needs only one integrated paper layer instead of two layers of control and signal layers in the traditional DMF. Experimental results on a set of paper chip applications show the effectiveness, efficiency and scalability of the proposed algorithm.

In this paper, backpropagation networks are used to predict basis weight and moisture content in the pulp machine, Kappa number in the digester, and brightness in the bleaching plant. Historical data from these processes in Weyerhaeuser Canada is analyzed to develop an empirical predictive model for process variables and to gain a better understanding of the dependence of qualities on these variables. In order to avoid deficiencies associated in generalized descent method for training the network, the conjugate gradient method has been used. >

Issues relating to the environmental attributes of electronics products are becoming more commonplace in today's marketplace. Many of the request for proposals (RFP) that we are responding to include requirements to describe the system or programs we have in place to manufacture, package, transport, collect and dispose of our products. This paper outlines an in depth look at the current marketplace demands, the possible impacts of them, and a discussion of why and how Unisys is responding to these new circumstances.

Digital control of drive equipment has provided unique opportunities to utilize silicon-controlled rectifier DC-drive systems. It is shown that an economical, functional, and reliable system can be obtained by selecting new modern digital components and logic controls to upgrade an operating drive section. The authors describe the selection process, changes that took place in the design of a system, retrofitting of the new equipment to reusable machine drives, and the installation. The machine start-up and the operation of the equipment after the changeover have provided verification that combining existing DC section electric drives with new digital controllers can be an economic alternative. >

A cleaner production strategy for processes in pulp and paper industries is investigated which considers the combination of technology and equipment with a processes control method. A multi-agent structure is applied to build the models of pulping and papermaking processes. The model structure and implementation of this strategy is discussed. The strategy based on multi-agents provides an idea to study and analyze integrated optimization of complex control systems.