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This publication contains a collection of research papers designed to be used as a supplement to the textbook in a high school biology class. The material can be used to enrich the curriculum by stimulating critical thinking and by making high school students aware of the ways in which scientists work. Some of the papers have been condensed or paraphrased so that a high school student could use the publication as part of an independent study program. The papers are grouped under the following headings: Unity among Living Things, Biology of Man, Biology of Plants, The Conquest of Disease, The Origins of Life, The Origins of New Organisms, The Transfer of Traits, and Observation and Experimentation. Also included is a two-page figure spanning the period 1550 - 1950 and showing when famous scientists lived along with contemporaries who achieved fame in other areas of endeavor. (PEB)

A PAPER PRESENTED TO THE SECTION ON EDUCATION (Q) OF THE 1967 AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF SCIENCE ANNUAL CONVENTION, THIS DOCUMENT DISCUSSES THE ACTIVITIES OF THE DIVISION OF SCIENCE TEACHING (DST) OF UNESCO. INCLUDED ARE DISCUSSIONS OF (1) THE OVERALL PROGRAM BUDGET, (2) AN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF DST AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO THE EDUCATION SECTOR OF UNESCO, AND (3) A DESCRIPTION OF THE PRESENT OVERALL PROGRAM AND PROJECTIONS FOR THE FUTURE. THE PRESENT PROGRAM IS DESCRIBED UNDER ITS FOUR MAIN PARTS (1) COLLECTION AND EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION, (2) PILOT PROJECTS ON NEW APPROACHES AND MATERIALS FOR THE TEACHING OF BASIC SCIENCES, (3) OTHER ACTIVITIES TO IMPROVE THE TEACHING OF THE BASIC SCIENCES AT UNIVERSITY AND POST-GRADUATE LEVELS, AND (4) STIMULATION OF INTEREST IN SCIENCE. SPECIFIC PROJECTS AND PROGRAMS BEING CARRIED OUT UNDER EACH OF THE FOUR MAIN PARTS ARE DISCUSSED AND THE PRIMARY GEOGRAPHIC AREAS AFFECTED ARE INDICATED. A BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR THE PROVISION OF MORE DETAILED INFORMATION IS INCLUDED. (DS)

INCLUDED ARE MATERIALS FOR USE IN TEACHING AND EVALUATING 11 SELECTED CONCEPTS RELATED TO THE BIOLOGICAL CELL IN GRADES 2 TO 6. THE CONCEPTS WERE SELECTED AND THEIR ORDER DETERMINED THROUGH AN ANALYSIS OF ELEMENTARY TEXTBOOK SERIES, HIGH SCHOOL AND COLLEGE BIOLOGY TEXTS, CYTOLOGY TEXTS, AND INFORMATION GATHERED THROUGH A PILOT STUDY. THE MATERIALS HAVE BEEN EXPERIMENTALLY EVALUATED AND A BRIEF RESUME OF THE DATA IS PROVIDED. PART 1 DESCRIBES 11 LESSONS, ONE LESSON FOR EACH CONCEPT SOUGHT. THE LESSONS ARE DEVELOPED FOR ORAL PRESENTATION IN ASSOCIATION WITH APPROPRIATE VISUAL MATERIALS SUCH AS PHOTOMICROGRAPHS, ROCK SECTIONS, DIAGRAMATIC DRAWINGS, FILMLOOPS, AND OTHERS. PART 2 PROVIDES MULTIPLE-CHOICE TYPE TESTS FOR TESTING STUDENT KNOWLEDGE, COMPREHENSION, AND APPLICATION OF EACH OF THE 11 CONCEPTS. EACH TEST INCLUDES 36 ITEMS DIVIDED EQUALLY BETWEEN THE THREE LEVELS OF UNDERSTANDING. TEST RELIABILITIES ARE GIVEN. THE STUDY FOR WHICH THESE MATERIALS WERE DEVELOPED IS REPORTED IN FULL IN TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 40 OF THE CENTER FOR COGNITIVE LEARNING AT THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN. (DS)

The "View now" link directs to the finding aid only. Please email wvrhcref@mail.wvu.edu or call 304-293-3536 for more information about accessing collection A&M 2346 Robert C. Spangler (1892-1974) Papers, 1912-1964. Correspondence, research notes, photographs, and other papers of a former Professor of Biology at West Virginia University (1914-1955). Includes some materials relating to Spangler's theory of sex determination and his famous debate in 1922 with William Jennings Bryan regarding the theory of evolution. Bryan had offered a $100.00 prize to any professor who could reconcile evolution with the Bible and Spangler took up the challenge.

The "View now" link directs to the finding aid only. Please email wvrhcref@mail.wvu.edu or call 304-293-3536 for more information about accessing collection A&M 1848 Perry D. Strausbaugh (1886-1965) Papers, 1913-1964. Papers of P. D. Strausbaugh, former head of the Department of Botany, author of a biology textbook, and professor of Botany at WVU. Papers consist mainly of correspondence concerning the writing, compiling, editing, and revising a college biology text in cooperation with B. R. Weimar and Earl L. Core. Also included are letters concerning the investigation of plants for identification, the making of "Wild Flowers of the Alleghenies" and other moving pictures, and the signing of tackle Wilfred A. Jackson for a football scholarship. Correspondence with Earl L. Core includes reference to Core's expedition to South America (with pictures) as a U.S. Government researcher on quinine; reports of WVU developments and construction; and general professional matters. Other correspondent's include scientists, and a few statesmen including: A. B. Brooks, Charles A. Shull, William Crocker, Frank L. Bowman, W. F. Loehwing, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Encyclopedia Americana, Joseph Rosier, Jennings Randolph, M. M. Neely, Chapman Revercomb, H. M. Kilgore, B. S. Myer, and B. R. Weimer, Robert A. Armstrong, C.S. Boucher, W.P. Shortridge, Leonid Enari, A. J. Dadisman, Dudley S. DeGroot, Irvin Stewart, H. P. Sturm, George Smathers, Frank B. Trotter and Phil Conley. There are also manuscripts of articles, a draft of speeches, reports, and essays by Strausbaugh, grade and class books.

The "View now" link directs to the finding aid only. Please email wvrhcref@mail.wvu.edu or call 304-293-3536 for more information about accessing collection A&M 1997 Perry D. Strausbaugh (1886-1965) Papers, 1920-1948. Four boxes of correspondence from 1920-1948. The correspondence covers the period from the appointment of Strausbaugh in 1923, as Chairman of the Department of Botany at WVU (later the Department of Biology) to 1948. The correspondence from 1920-1923 is Dr. Strausbaugh's personal correspondence while on the staff of the College of Wooster, Wooster, Ohio. Included are seven pages of typescript carbons containing comments on Elements of Biology by Strausbaugh and Weimer.

Modified paper chromatography procedures for the analysis of fatty acids produced by anaerobic bacteria are described. Both ethylamine and hydroxylamine derivatives of fatty acids were prepared from inoculated anaerobic culture broth. The derivatives were spotted on chromatography paper and developed with appropriate solvents. Paper chromatography is a valuable alternative to gas liquid chromatography as an ancillary procedure in the identification of anaerobic bacteria in the clinical bacteriology laboratory.

Paper chromatography is very helpful in the identification and comparison of antibiotics, but very few results from the application of this technique have been published so far. The awakening of interest in the search for antibiotics which are active against fungi pathogenic to plants and animals makes the investigator aware of the scant information that is available to help characterize such agents. A knowledge of the Rf values of the known antifungal agents would help advance the search for such therapeutic materials. Often these values, in conjunction with the biological inhibitory activities, are the only criteria by which one can determine whether the unknown agent appears to be a new material. When the Rf data are obtained for shake cultures, one can eliminate many previously described antibiotic-producing organisms from further study, thus allowing more research to be applied to antibiotics which are new and different. The studies reported in this paper should serve as a guide to the identification of some of the known antifungal antibiotics.

1 A new diagonal electrophoretic technique for determining the order of the lysine-containing tryptic peptides of a protein is described. The protein is converted into its trifluoracetyl derivative, digested enzymatically (or chemically), and the resulting peptides separated by paper electrophoresis. The paper is then treated with ammonia vapour, which re-exposes the ɛ-amino groups of the lysine residues, and submitted to a second electrophoresis at right angles to the first direction. Peptides containing lysine residues, together with the N-terminal peptide of the protein, are found to lie off a diagonal formed by all other peptides, whence they may be readily purified. A study of these peptides enables the order of the lysine-containing tryptic peptides in the protein to be deduced. 2 The technique has been successfully tested with insulin. 3 When the method was applied to porcine pepsin, the four tryptic peptides isolated were easily ordered and the carboxyl-terminal sequence of the protein shown to be Arg-Gln-Tyr-Tyr-Thr-Val-Phe-Asp-Arg-Ala-Asn-Asn-Lys-Val-Gly-Leu-Ala-Pro-Val-Ala. The three basic amino acid residues in the molecule are thus found clustering towards the C-terminus of the polypeptide chain. 4 A common ancestral gene for porcine pepsin and bovine (calf) rennin is suggested by the close homology between the C-terminal sequences of the two proteins.

Mayor Gamble has just spoken to you on water-supply from the standpoint of the health of citizens. May I discuss with you water from the standpoint of a chemist as it is required by industrial concerns as the most necessary feature of manufacturing operations, especially in the manufacture of pulp and paper, which promises to be the next great industrial development in this southeastern territory which is governed by your membership. A recent survey by the Federal Government has shown an enormous wealth of pine and semi-hardwood timber in this practically untouched region. The figures of this survey are now attracting nation-wide attention, especially since the spruce woods of the Great Lakes and Eastern States are practically exhausted and this makes necessary the importation annually of some two hundred million dollars worth of pulp and paper. About fifteen years ago when it was first proposed to manufacture kraft from southern pine it was loudly proclaimed that this was impossible, but during the intervening years there has been so rapid a growth of the kraft pulp and paper industries that the South now dominates the field with the manufacture of more than sixty percent of the national output. Now when it is proposed to use southern pine for white paper the same cry is heard about the unsuitability of southern pine. The work in the Pulp and Paper Laboratory of the Industrial Committee of Savannah has completely disproved this contention. Erroneous ideas have been held regarding our pines: first, through the use of the name "yellow" pine, which applies only to the heart, while the sapwood gives a pulp actually lighter in color than spruce; and, second, the utilization of longleaf and slash pines for naval stores

Paper used for Japanese umbrella is vat-paper as well as machine-paper and oiled these Japanese paper, which is chiefly made from paper-mulberry.This report shows the superiority of those oiled-papers of various kind which are practically used after having examined their physical and chemical characteristics, and concluded as follows.(1) Japanese paper, if colored, increases its intensity.(2) Colored paper, when oiled, is not generally intensified, but, in case of white paper, it increases intensity.(3) To speak of oil, perilla oil or the one mixed up with a small quantity of paulownia oil is recommended.(4) When oil is twice coated, intensity is increased, but inferior oil such as substitute oil may not be very much beneficial even if twice coated.(5) As oiling method, hand-appling with waste-silk available at present is not abtained good results, it should be improved.

A simplified procedure for filter paper electrophoresis is described in which disturbing factors such as evaporation, heating, buffer concentration gradients, and pH changes in the electrode vessels were reduced to a minimum. Artificial mixtures of highly purified proteins could be separated and the components isolated. The application of the method to a variety of studies on serum proteins is demonstrated. Protein concentration in paper segments was determined by two different methods of protein estimation. Curves were obtained showing the same five major peaks for normal serum as found by the classical methods of free electrophoresis. Comparisons were made of the areas of the various components under the curves obtained with the different methods. Two dimensional electrophoresis was applied to serum and serum components. It proved of value in demonstrating the heterogeneity of fractions such as the γ-globulin of serum. The polysaccharide dextran was used as an index of the extent of electro-osmotic flow during the course of the various experiments. The ratio of the distance of electroosmotic flow and the distance of protein migration was shown to be constant for a given type of paper. For serum albumin on Munktell 20 paper this ratio was 0.35. A formula for mobilities applicable to liquid in a highly porous supporting medium is presented. Mobility values for human serum albumin at various pH levels on paper showed approximate agreement with those obtained in free solution giving a similar isoelectric point.

By the application of the crossing paper electrophoresis, antigen-antibody reactions could be detected on the filter paper. Antiserum was applied on a line on the anodic side of the filter paper and antigen was applied on a line drawn obliquely to the former on the cathodic side. By the electrophoresis, the antiserum was separated into its components and crossed over by the antigenic proteins. Antigen-antibody precipitates occurred in the zone of γ-globulin of the antiserum.The line of precipitate formed by the reaction of egg albumin with its homologous antiserum was dissolved and moved, if excess of egg albumin had crossed with it. The antiserum obtained in the earlier stage of immunization, however, showed a line of complex, which was not dissolved by the excess of egg albumin. The complex was suspected not to be precipitate. Thus it was inferred that the anti-egg albumin antibody of the earlier stage would be “incomplete”, which would become complete precipitin afterwards.The cross reactions of the anti-hen's egg albumin with heterogenous antigens, egg albumins of duck, goose, guinea hen, and quail, could also be deteced.By the crossing paper electrophoresis of bovine serum and its rabbit antiserum, at least 6 lines of pricipitate were detected. Two-dimensional application of the method was also carried out: The antiserum alone was first separated on a line in the first dimension. Then the antigenic bovine serum was applied on a line vertical to the first one. And the second electrophoresis was carried out to the 2nd direction vertical to the first one. The proteins of bovine serum migrated into the zone of γ-globulin of the antiserum to form lines of precipitate. By the two-dimensional technique, however, the sensibility of the method could not be raised. A comparison with the technique of Garbar's immunoelectrophoresis was made.The cross reactions of the anti-bovine serum rabbit antiserum with heterogenous antigens, human, swine and goat serum, were detected by the method.

In spite of many attempts to modify the filtrate reaction of Brdicka's cancer test, none of them gave better results than the original one. We already reported that in patients with acute leukemia the first maximum of Brdicka's filtrate wave was often higher than the second maximum. Such phenomenon presumably depends on the high contents of polysaccharides in molecules of these blood mucoproteins. In this paper further efforts were made to clarify the factors influencing on the shape of the protein double wave, and to find out the polarographic characteristics and clinical significance of electrophoretically separated mucoprotein with special reference to the wave form. Among many experimental conditions, the temperature in polarographic cells was found to be most sensitive factor to affect the protein wave shape, so that all experiments were carried out at the constant temperature (20°C±0.05). Serum mucoprotein was evidently separated into two fractions, M1 fraction an M2 fraction, by paper electroyhoresis in McIlvaine's buffer of pH 4, 4. These two fractions showed polarographically different shape each other. The M1 fraction, the most rapidly anodic moving one, showed left side elevation in shape; in other words, the first maximum was higher than the second maximum. On the contraly, M2 fraction showed right side elevation in shape; the second maximum was higher than the first maximum. Furthermore, it was very interesting from clinical point of view that the characteristic shape of M1 fraction was to some extent variable depending on diseases. From the clinical observation on 259 cases including 119 cases of cancer and 11 cases of leukemia, it was revealed that in neoplastic patients the wave shape of M1 fraction showed clearcut difference from those in normal; Δh (distance from the second maximum to the first maximum) of M1 fraction in neoplastic patients was larger than that in normal. Thus, the cancer detection rate has markedly elevated as compared with the original filtrate test, namely from 77% to 90%o in our study.

CHANG (1955) reported the lowering of the blood hemoglobin of chicks due to free gossypol feeding and postulated that free gossypol in the diet leads to interference with the synthesis of the proteins of the blood in these chicks. In view of the useful information that has been obtained in recent years using the electrophoresis technique in the study of normal and pathological sera, an experiment was planned to study the electrophoretic patterns of serum samples obtained from birds fed a normal diet, as well as from birds fed free gossypol in the diet. An electrophoresis cell using filter paper strips, as originally designed by Durrum (1950) and marketed by Spinco, was employed. Later it was discovered that the resolution of the globulins of chick serum is very poor on filter paper. More serum samples were obtained from birds used in a study of the effect of protein level on …

This study investigated effects of industrial wastes of a paper mill on fish. Chemical analyses were made of the effluent and of the river water before it entered the mill and at the effluent entry point. Static bioassay techniques were used to determine tolerances to the effluent of ten fish species which were abundant in the paper mill area. Fish were collected from the effluent entry point into the river. An abundant fish fauna was found. Charmin Paper Products Company, Cheboygan, Michigan, treats its waste products thoroughly and is an example of what an industry can do to reduce water pollution. The common shiner, Notropis cornutus , was found to be intolerant to even low concentrations of the effluent. Thus, its presence in an area would indicate a very low level of pollution of this type.

SUMMARY mitochondria were incubated in air in the presence and absence Methods are described for the resolution of coenzyme Q of substrates, the ultraviolet absorption spectra of the cyclo- homologues and other lipides by means of reversed phase paper hexane extracts of such particles were shown to change in a chromatography on silicone-impregnat,ed filter paper. manner which denoted a substrate-dependent reduction of coenzyme Q (9). Such extracts have now been chromatographed Acknowledgments-The authors are indebted to Dr. David on paper, and the results have been consistent with the previous E. Green for his encouragement in the course of these studies. interpretation of the spectra of these extracts. The data given Oscar Mayer and Company kindly supplied the large quantity in Fig. 2 indicate that the extract of particles incubated in the of tissue used in the investigation. REFERENCES

1) The daily change of the electrophoretic pattern of the silkworm blood from larval to pupal stage was examined. Three components (b3, b2, b1) were present in the blood of the early period of the 5th instar as shown in the previous paper (AIZAWA, 1955), while from 4-5th day of the 5th instar to pupal stage, there appeared two components, which were densely stained (Figs. 1, 3). In the latter case, when the electrophoresis was performed with the diluted blood, three protein components could be clearly detected (Fig. 2). b3 is the fastest moving component and it seems to be albumin. b2 and b1 are probably globulin. b3 component decreased with the pupal age and finally disappeared, at earlier time in male than in female.2) Comparison of the electrophoretic patterns was made by veronal, phosphate, citrate, borate or tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane buffer with the varying ion concentration and pH. The separation of the protein fractions with veronal buffer (pH 8.6, I=0.05) was better than with other buffers.3) Comparison of staining, was examined using bromphenol blue, solar blue black and amido black. All dyes were suitable for the purpose. By sudan black staining, b3 component was slightly stained (Fig. 4).4) Paper strips were cut off from the electrophoresis paper of the jaundice-diseased blood at the regions of b3, b2+b1 and the starting line as shown in Fig. 5. The virus was extracted with the distilled water and the injection experiments were performed. The virus amount was highest in b2+b1 fractions and it decreased in the fraction from near the starting line. The virus activity was scarecely shown in the fraction of b3.5) Any difference, except for quantitative one was not observed in the electrophoretic patterns of the blood between the normal and diseased larvae (both nuclear and cytoplasmic polyhedroses). On the contrary, the pattern of Galleria mellonella is, however, different from that of Galleria-adapted silkworm jaundice virus (Aizawa, unpub.).

For making Japanese Style Paper, vegetable mucilage such as "Tororo-aoi", " Nori-asa" or "Ninori"is usuallyadded to obtain uniformpaper sheet. Mechanism of the uniformsheet formation property of mucilage is discussed principally on the standpoint of drainage of water.Drainage time has been measured by using upper part of schopper's freeness tester. Three kinds of vegetable mucilage extracted from "Tororo-aoi" (Abelmoschus manihot medic), "Nori-asa" (artificial couple of "Tororo-aoi" and "Okura " Abelmoschus esculentus Moench made by prof.Kagawa) and "Ninori" (Hydragea paniculata sieb) have been studied.Effects of the amounts and the kinds of vegetable mucilage, pulp consistency and temperature of water.Drainage time increases according to the increase of the addition of vegetable mucilage or pulp consistency, and decreases by rising the temperature of water.That is to say the drainage degree is the function of (1) the added amount of vegetable mucilage (2) pulp consistency (3) resistance of fiber layer (4) resistance of filtering material (5) beating degree of pulp, and the reverse function of (6) the temperature of water (7) filtering area (8) head difference in vat and (9) x (etc.) : Drainage =Kφ {(the added amount of vegetable mucilage) (pulp consistency) (resistance of fiber layer) (resistance of filtering material) (beating degree of pulp) (the temp. of water) (filtering area) (head difference in vat) (x)}.By using white water repeatedly, effect of vegetable mucilage and also drainage time decrease gradually. In the case of using white water repeatedely, the recovery percentage of available component of vegetable mucilage measured by the drainage time, is about by 20% "Tororo-aoi", by 40% "Nori-asa", and by 60% "Ninori ". The order of depression of viscocity of vegetable mucilage is as follows, "Tororo-aoi", " Nori-asa " and " Ninori ". Therefore in mill practice the percentage of recovery of available component of " Ninori " has become greater than the above mentioned data. This is the reason why the " Ninori " notwithstanding the mucilagious extract is smaller than "Tororo-aoi", is comparatively favourable in mill practice.

SUMMARY: A simple method of detecting arabinose by paper chromatography in the cell-walls of aerobic actinomycetes is described. Mycobacteria and Nocardia species are rich in arabinose while saprophytic species of Streptomyces are deficient. Pathogenic Streptomyces species tend to fall between the two extremes but Streptomyces somaliensis is apparently nearly devoid of arabinose.

High rates of acetylene (C 2 H 2 ) reduction (nitrogenase activity) were observed in woodroom effluent from a neutral sulfite semi-chemical mill under aerobic (up to 644 nmol of C 2 H 4 produced per ml per h) and under anaerobic (up to 135 nmol of C 2 H 4 produced per ml per h) conditions. Pasteurized effluent developed C 2 H 2 reduction activity when incubated under anaerobic but not under aerobic conditions. Activities were increased by addition of 0.5 to 3.0% glucose or xylose. Enrichment and enumeration studies showed that N 2 -fixing Azotobacter and Klebsiella were abundant, and N 2 -fixing Bacillus was present. Of 129 isolates of Klebsiella from pulp mills, lakes, rivers, and drainage and sewage systems, 32% possessed nitrogen-fixing ability.

1. A modification of the usual paper electrophoretic procedure has been made by including in the buffer medium 0.05 per cent of certain alkylphenyl ethers of polyethylene glycol. 2. This modified procedure yields electrophoretic patterns of blood serum proteins that may be subdivided into 12 fractions— albumin, α1-globulin, three α2-globulins, three β-globulins, and four γ-globulins. 3. The method was applied to blood serum from 70 patients apparently free of significant disease and to sera from a number of patients with varied disease. More specific location of the altered protein levels was possible in a number of disease states. 4. Glycoprotein distribution was not seriously disturbed by the presence of the nonionic surfactants, but lipoproteins migrated at a decreased rate.

In order to determine the effective shoot cutting height on the high training in paper mulberry, two experiments were conducted. The results were as follows. Cutting at the height higher than 15 to 30 centimeters from ground surface in the first year, showed the merits as increased yield and yield rates and the distinguished marks of high training. The most effective shoot cutting height on and after the second year was 3 centimeters in 30 centimeter high training.

I investigated amino acids composition of the protein from the tuberculous pus plasma in 3 cases and free amino acids in the tungstic acid filtrates of tuberculous pus plasma by a paper-chromatographic procedure. 1) I found tuberculous pus plasma proteins do not essentially differ from usual proteins regarding the qualitative composition. 2) In 3 cases of closed tuberculous abscess never punctured free amino acids were not detected. 3) Free amino acids were present in the protein-free filtrates of tuber-culous pura of 5 closed abscesses often punctured before. 4) The number of the free amino acids found there, however, far less than that of the corresponding amino acids in hot true pura. There is a striking contrast between tubercuous and non-tuberculous true pura.