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Predators that have fed on Panonychus ulmi (Koch) and Bryobia arborea Morgan and Anderson can be distinguished by the orange and reddish carotenoid biochromes derived from the prey. Predation on the two species of mites cannot be clearly separated. The predators are squashed on filter paper and the pigments separated by circular chromatography in a mixture of one part of zylene to four parts of white kerosene. The mite pigments are considerably altered during digestion in the predators. The method does not reveal the number of mites consumed by a predator, owing to differences in the pigment content of the various stages of the prey and in the time the pigments are retained in the predators.

It has been established that many substances can bring about a change in position of pigments in crustacean chromatophores (Florey, 1951). The extracts of certain animal tissues (pituitary, crustacean sinus-gland and post-commissure organs, insect brain and corpora cardiaca) are especially active (Brown, 1940; Knowles, 1953; Dupont-Raabe, 1952; Thomsen, 1943); there is evidence that these tissues intervene in the normal colour change of the animals which possess them and that their products may properly be considered as hormones. On the other hand, many species which do not themselves possess chromatophores (oligochaetes, molluscs, and many insects) have nevertheless been shown to contain substances in their tissues which will, after injection into crustaceans, initiate pigment movements (Scharrer, 1954). It has not yet been ascertained whether these pigment-activating substances chemically resemble normal colour-change hormones or whether the pigment movements they produce are pharmacodynamic effects irrelevant in the study of colour physiology.

After exposure of nymphs of some Pyrrhocorid bugs to contact with certain papers or wood chips, abnormal adults are produced. Some have crumpled wings (distorted adults) and a proportion of these do not berrd, others have wing buds resembling those of a last-stage nymph and can never breed (juvenile adults). A study was made on Pyrrhocoris apterus L. and Dysdercus intermedius Dist. of the source of the factors causing these abnormalities, which were more severe in the latter species.Exposure of nymphs to paper fro the Scientific American or the Sunday Express resulted in the production of 60–100 per cent. ‘juvenile’ adults, the others showing lesser deformities. Chips from the Baisam Fir (Abies balsamea) resulted in almost 100 per cent. ‘juvenile adults’ in Dysdercus and over 80 per cent. distorted adults in yPyrrhocoris. Chips from two other common American pulp trees (Pseudotsuga taxifolia and Tsuga albertiana) resulted in only a few distorted adults and no ‘juvenile adults’. Several chemial pulps were tested but none caused deformities, and it was conculded that the chemical processes removed all the active priniciples, even from the wood of the Balsam Fir. Mechanically produced pulp from the Balsam Fir was, in contrast, fully active. It was conculded that daily newspapers may contain enough mechanical pulp from active woods to produce the deformities, but that the active material must be in substances added later in manufacture to the papers used in the Scientific American, some copies of Nature, and tissues.A number of tree products (mainly terpenoids) that are commonly added to paper in the final stages of manufacture were tested as extracts applied to filter paper. Tall oil rosin had little or on effect on the growth of either species, but it resulted in an increase in the number of eggs laid. Gum rosin had little effect on either species, except to produce a few distorted adults. Wood rosin likewise had little effect on P. apterus, but produced many distorted adults of D. intermedius, of which very few laid eggs. Bornly acetate, a common component of the tree orsins, produced some distorted adults of both species, and greatly reduced fertility in D. intermedius.None of the qctive mqteriqls affected locusts (Schistocera gregaria Forsk. and Locusta migratoria migratorioides R. & F.) except that myrrh oil (a terpenoid) increased the rate of sexusl maturation.

Several statements and conclusions in the recent paper on diapause in the cabbage maggot by McLeod and Driscoll (1967) are quite misleading and require clarification. In my paper (1965), I was not in a position to critically appraise the results of earlier workers and I therefore simply presented my data as factual information. In their paper, McLeod and Driscoll present data to support the findings of earlier researchers in England, France, and Russia and they concluded that these records did not agree with the results of studies at Charlottetown. The disagreements were obvious but McLeod and Driscoll give no valid explanation as to why the results were different.

In the course of recent field studies in southern Alberta on the behaviour of adults of the sugar-beet wireworm, Limonius californicus (Mann.), it has been observed that the males spend much of their time after emergence resting on small clods of earth with their heads pointed upward into the breeze and with their antennae waving as though testing for odours. When they appeared to scent a female they moved into the breeze, crawling or flying, depending on the velocity of the wind. As they neared the female they became increasingly agitated, but when in close proximity to her they seemed confused and often passed within an inchof her. Eventually one of them located her and mating occurred almost immediately. The remaining males finally dispersed after crawling repeatedly around and over the copulating pair. These observations suggested that the females, soon aftcr emerging, release a sex attractant.

This paper contains descriptions entirely of Southern New Mexican forms, with the exception of two from the State of Chihuahua, Mexico.Sarcomacronychia sarcophagoides, n. sp. ♀.Eyes brown; frontal vitta narrow, blackish, front one-fourth width of head; sides of front, face and cheeks silvery-white; the double rows of frontal bristles nearly equal; vibrissæ distinct, short, decussate, inserted well above oral margin; antennæ and arista blackish, second antennal joint slightly rufous at ends, third one and a-half times as long as second; proboscis black, labella brown; palpi slender, brown; occiput cinerous, short black-bristly.

We have seen in several of my previos papers that the Owlet Moths, or Noctuidœ of temperate North America, the United States and Canada, resemble most strongly those of Europe. The divergence lies chiefly in the greater number of species belonging to the Noctudiœ fasciatœ, or Catocalinœ; and this is a tropical feature, such forms becoming more plentiufl as we go southward, although Catacala, the typical genus of the group, does not seem to cross the equator, to which latter fact I have already called attention.

Oligotrophus papyriferae Gagné is univoltine in Michigan. Adults emerge in mid-May and the females deposit small egg clusters on the underside of the leaf near the petiole of paper birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.). Larval eclosion occurs 1–2 weeks later; there are three instars. The larvae bore into and down the petiole and enter the stem or a bud attending the leaf base. Galls appear in early August. There are petiole-bud and petiole-stem galls, depending on which tissues are infested. Third-instar larvae vacate the galls in late September, work their way into the litter, and construct cocoons in which they overwinter. Pupation occurs the following May. Trees from 2 to 30 ft tall are attacked; lower branches are attacked the heaviest. Large galls kill buds, twigs, and entire branches. Small galls leave deeply indented branch scars and deformed limbs.

In a recent paper (1911), Swingle describes some stages of the life-history of (1) Trypanosoma lewisi in Ceratophyllus fasciatus and Pulex (sp.?), and (2) a new species of Herpetomonas (“ H. pattoni ”) found in these fleas.

The fossil cuticles of the paper-coal from the Moscow Basin in Central Russia were first described and figured by Auerbach and Trautschold in 1860. Since then these cuticles have been the subject of much discussion, especially with regard to the interpretation of their numerous regularly disposed perforations. According to the various views of previous investigators, several generic and specific names have been assigned to these cuticles. Auerbach and Trautschold, regarding the perforations as the result of the fall of the leaf-cushions as well as the leaves, considered the cuticles to belong to the genus Lepidodendron, and named the plant to which they belonged Lepidodendron tenerrimum.

Rats were fed on two deficient diets and were infected with N. brasiliensis larvae. They were autopsied at times ranging from 18 hours to 17 days after infection. The effect of the diets on worm burden, sex ratio of the worms and size of larvae and of worms were noted. Significantly more larvae reached the lungs and intestine in rats fed on glucose and filter paper (G.F.P.) and low protein (L.P.) diets than in controls, the highest numbers coming from G.F.P. rats. Neither the migration rate nor the development of the worms was accelerated by the deficient diets. G.F.P. and control rats lost larvae soon after their arrival in the intestine. Adult worms were lost from rats on the deficient diets before they were lost in significant numbers by controls; this was not due to the initially larger worm burdens in the former rats. G.F.P. and control rats lost the bulk of their infections by 17 days; L.P. rats retained about 50% of the worm burden they had on the fourth day. The effect of the deficient diets on the migratory and adult phase of N. brasiliensis, and on susceptibility and resistance is discussed.This work was done during the tenure of a Science Research Council Studentship. My thanks are due to Dr E. T. B. Francis for his helpful and critical supervision, and to Professor I. Chester Jones, in whose Department the work was carried out, for the facilities he provided.

From a long and careful study of the Brachiopoda I am led to offer some observations upon the two recently published papers by Dr. J. Allan Thomson which have appeared in this Magazine. In the case of Dallina I cannot agree with Dr. Thomson regarding the type of folding. He considers D. septigera (the genotype) and D. raphaelis as dorsally biplicate, D. floridana as dorsally uniplicate. Now dorsal biplication is brought about by the dorsal sulcus being superimposed upon a single dorsal fold. In D. septigera, as well as in D. floridana, a broad ventral sulcus is superimposed upon a dominant ventral fold; these two species, therefore, are, in my opinion, ventrally biplicate (as in Magellania flavescens and some others).

The history of the wasps of temperate America has not been recorded. It appears that entomologists have no great desire to study those interesting insects; and although several species occur in Canada, we know little or nothing of their natural history. One species, the spotted wood wasp (Vespa maculata, Linn.), occurs commonly, as near as I can determine, about every third year, in our northern woods. Havinq partially studied its habits, and collected a series of the nests in all their stages, it is particularly in regard to the latter that I claim attention. But before I proceed to relate what I have ascertained regarding their architecture, it will suffice to state that each large nest which we notice suspended from trees towards the end of summer consisted of a colony of males, females and workers or imperfect females, as they are termed.

The following is the account given by the Triad Society of themselves and of their origin:—The Selús (a Tatar tribe) invaded China, under the reign of Kang-he, (about 1675–79), and greatly disturbed the country. The people were very much alarmed; and the Manchús sent an army to resist the invaders, which was several times defeated without gaining a single advantage. Upon this, an officer named Kwŏ-ting-hwuy returned to the Court to ask for assistance, simply stating, that whilst the enemy were making inroads in the country, there were few soldiers to oppose them, or generals to command; he added, that the troops wanted provision, and that he came to give a representation of the state of things. The Emperor, on receiving the report, instantly called a council, and after some discussion, it was agreed to declare by proclamation, that if any able man would come forward and lead the army into battle, he should receive a present of 10,000 taels and a dukedom. This welcome news reached a monastery in Fokien, where there were above 1200 bonzes, who immediately proceeded to the capital and begged to be admitted to the imperial presence. One of their number was forthwith appointed commander-in-chief, and he successfully routed the Selú army.

In this tribe the secondaries are oftenest gaily coloured (mostly yellow) and banded, still subordinated to the primaries which show, more or less adequately, the usual Noctuidous ornamentation. The abdomen is rarely tufte. On account of the shape of the primaries, the form of the abodmen, the abdominal tuftings, the pattern of the wings beneath, the apporacth to Ophideres, I regard the genus and species Euparthenos nubilis, Ann N.Y. Lyc. Nat. Hist., as entirely distinct from Catocala sp.

This tribe is, so far as I know, exclusively American. The thorax is elevated, the patagia usually deflected. The eyes are naked; the front embossed; the legs thinly scaled, with a claw on front tibiæ; the abdomend somewhat short and weak, untufted on dorsum; the wings pointed at tips. The genera seem to fall in between Calpe and Plusia* They are: Basilodes, Stiria, Stibadium, Fala, Plagiomimicus, Acopa. The genus Cirrhophanus probably belongs to the Heliothini; we do not know the larva, but the moth is allied to Chariclea delphinii, by the Hübnerian charcter of the pattern of ornamentation.

I beg to lay before our Society transcripts of three Documents illustrative of the Earl of Sussex's negotiation, in 1567, for the marriage of Queen Elizabeth with the Archduke Charles.The first is the Diary of the Journey, kept by Sir Gilbert Dethick, who, as Garter King of Arms, attended the cortege, to invest the Emperor with the Order of St. George. It is mutilated in a few passages, being one of the numerous fragments of the Cottonian Library, which, with many fine and important volumes, were destroyed, or spoiled for all useful purposes, in the well-known fire of 1731.The second is a Letter from the Earl of Sussex to the Queen herself (preserved in the Cottonian MS. Galba, B. xi . fol. 300), dated 27th August, 1567, detailing the substance of his several audiences of the Emperor up to the Emperor's acceptance of the Order of the Garter. It begins rather abruptly. It was probably preceded by some previous Letter to the Queen, descriptive of the journey: and not improbably by another Letter, or perhaps Letters, stating the further discussions with the Emperor and the Archduke, and the causes of failure of the Negociation.The whole affording an ample view of the Negociation, and of the fruitless expenditure which it entailed.

Figures Nos. 25,26 and 27 represent the caterpillar, chrysalis, and perfect insect of the grape-vine sphinx, Chærocampa pampinatrix. The young larvæ varying in color from green to pale lilac or red, are now (August 1st) very common, and may be easily recognised by reference to the figure: for although the ground-tint of the body may vary.

Attacus cecropia.–During the winter months, when the apple trees are leafless, the large cocoons of the Cecropia moth may be found here and there, firm1y bound to the twigs, and occasionally I have seen them on young trees attachcd to the stock near the ground. They are about and are entirely constructed of silk, the fibres of which are very much stronger than those of the common silk worm Bombyx mori. This silk has been worked to a limited extent and manufactured into socks and other articles, which have been found very durable; but a drawback to the advancement of this branch of industry lies in the fact that the caterpillars do not bear confinement well, and hence are not easily reared.

A Government grant by the Royal Society enabled me to spend the months of August and September of 1889, in the investigation of unknown or obscure points in the marine algæ, in the Laboratory of the Marine Biological Association, Plymouth. One of my chief objects was to obtain such material of the various members of the Gigartinaceæ, of Spyridia, Stenogramme, and other genera, as would permit me to make a detailed examination of the development of the fruit (cystoearp) from the earliest stage to maturity. Several of the genera required were very rare or of unknown locality, and in many cases only to be found by dredging. In searching for these, new weeds, or new localities for known weeds, were met with, and it seemed to me the notes I made would be of use to algologists. Cocks, Hore, Boswarva, Gatcombe, &c, and of late years Holmes, have combined in their work to give a very full account of the marine algæ to be met with without the use of the dredge. For twenty years Cocks, I am told, did not miss a single low tide at Plymouth (or, if not, Falmouth). Up to the present our knowledge of the weeds of Plymouth has been derived almost entirely from shore-hunting, some of the rarest weeds being described as washed ashore, so that it was a question as to whether such weeds were locally established or merely “drift” specimens. In 1867 Boswarva published his Flora of Plymouth Sound in the Transactions of the Plymouth Athenaeum, his catalogue being compiled from the discoveries of himself, Cocks, &c. This list appears word for word in the Marine Biological Association Journal, No. 2, 1888. I am permitted by Mr. Holmes to say that through a misunderstanding he is stated to give the names of eight additional species.

Most individuals consume daily nearly a pound of carbohydrate food in the form of starch or sugar.The cheapness of sugar in recent times has led to its increased consumption. In 1891 the annual consumpt of cane sugar alone per head of the population was estimated at 80 lbs.There can be no doubt that the increased consumption of sugar has been followed by an increase in the number of cases of acid dyspepsia, which may in some individuals become so troublesome that they are obliged to abandon saccharine articles of diet as much as possible.

The tibiæ are usually all spinose, the eyes naked, the body untufted, the form normal, the male antennæ of various structure, pectinated, brushlike simple. The European species are refered by Lederer all to one genus, Agrotis or Hübner. Nervertheless, I think the yellow-winged forms may well be separated under Hiria and Tryphœna. Of these yellow-winged forms, with flattened abdomen, we have only one T. Chardinyi, from Anticosti and Maine, considered identical with the Siberian species of the same name, described orginally by Boisduval under Anarta.

SUMMARYThe ninhydrin-positive patterns produced by chromatography of foot tissue of Nassariics reticulatus from Plymouth and North Wales and of specimens of Nassarius from Essex were established. The similarities and differences between the two are described and the consistent differences found are considered to be indicative of genetic differences between the specimens from Essex and those from the other two areas. The only factor found to affect the otherwise remarkably reproducible pattern given by individuals from the same area was the degree of starvation; the effect was reversible. The pattern given by another marine gastropod, Littorina littorea (L.), is also described. Reference is made to the potentialities of the technique.

Among the specimens from the Yorkshire Coal Field which have been collected by Mr W. Hemingway, Barnsley, and submitted to me for examination at various times, are the remains of several cones which are referable to the genus Sigillariostrobus, Schimper.Notwithstanding the great frequency of the genus Sigillaria in the Coal Measures, and especially in the Middle Coal Measures, examples of their fructification are very rare. This is the more remarkable, as specimens of Sigillaria, showing cone scars, though not common, are occasionally met with. Possibly, however, the apparent rarity of Sigillarian cones is due, in part, to our inability at present to distinguish them in all cases from cones generally placed under the name of Lepidostrobus, which latter genus there is every reason to believe comprises cones that belong to several genera of Lycopods.

Although additional papers of this series are in preparation, it is considered appropriate to publish the completed ones at this time and to present this interim, tabulated, summary of the preceding five papers to assist the reader in the recognition of the forms with which we have already dealt. Other forms occur on conifers in the mountainous regions of western Canada and the United States that are not well known taxonomically. When studies on them are completed, it is the intention to prepare a final summary of all work that has been done on this subject.