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This paper compares the Pearson Chi-Square and Kolmogorov goodness-of-fit tests with respect to validity under the following conditions: (1) the N independent observations are tabulated and arranged into k mutually exclusive groups that are equally probable under the hypothesis to be tested; and (2) both N and k are "small"; i.e., not greater than 50. A random sampling experiment was performed, and the results show that in general for the conditions considered, the Pearson test is more valid than the Kolmogorov test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the small sample properties of minimum chi-square estimates of the parameters of stochastic brand choice models. It also describes and evaluates a statistical test which is appropriate for discriminating between two stochastic brand choice models when one is a constrained version of the other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a follow-up records' study of 773 former marriage counseling clients of 21 marriage counselors. The clients' primary treatment form was compared with six categories of counseling outcome. A chi-square statistical treatment demonstrated that the six forms of counseling resulted in different outcomes significant beyond the .001 level. A rank ordering of the six forms for effectiveness suggested conjoint interviews and conjoint groups to be the most effective forms. Different forms may be helpful to those who divorce as opposed to those remaining married, and some findings are quite different from current supposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper applies the exponential distribution to stock price reactions to determine, at three confidence levels, the critical percentage price reaction beyond which a reaction constitutes a strong likelihood of a major reversal or halt in the stock's present general price trend. We show that these critical values can be used to determine stop losses, so that a trader's position is closed when the probability of a major reversal or halt against his position is large, and an open position is kept open when the probability that the reaction is a major one is small or moderate. The distribution fit on ten stocks on daily and weekly bases for over a year's duration each, tested using the chi-squared statistic, was found to be good. Further, three stops, corresponding to three confidence levels of the distribution were tested for each stock against a subsequent six-month period of price action. The percentage of successful tests of these stops for each of the stocks corresponded very closely to expected results ascertained by using data from the previous period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a discussion on "segregation indices" which deals with issues like the way to define the amount of Negro segregation in a city. It is to define measures of association for a contingency table with only two columns, that is, where one of the attributes, like Negro and non-Negro, is dichotomous. Instead of a minority and dominant group, one may, for instance, compare men and women, an experimental and control group, and so forth. Likewise, the manifold attribute need not be location. If there is anything special about the residential segregation problem, it is that there are a large number of census tracts roughly equal in population, that is, that the row totals of the contingency table are approximate. To convert chi square for a table with two columns into an index with the range o to 1, one merely divide it by the total population. The quotient is called the mean square contingency, or phi square. Two of the proposed indices are nothing but special applications of phi, in one case for a particular fourfold table, in the other by k table. Furthermore, the familiar approach by k table is more easily generalized.

The role of the extended family as a source of information and as the basis for mutual assistance and social contact is studied among rural and urban samples in central Brazil. Chi-square tests are used to determine the presence of association between length of residence of migrants and occupational status with the extent of mutual assistance and social contact. While migrants have fewer contacts than do natives, the extent of contact tends to increase, particularly with relatives of the husband, with length of residence of the migrants. Occupational status is positively associated with extended family contacts of all types in both rural and urban samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A "blowup factor" is defined for the measurement of the effect on forecast error variance of two types of misspecification which may be implicit in the choice of a particular adaptive forecasting scheme: (1) misspecification of the number of non-zero parameters of the stationary linear stochastic process generating the observed time series, and (2) misspecification arising from postulating stationarity when in fact the generating process is non-stationary in mean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on the szondi test. In a previous paper, the researchers have shown the wide variation in the frequency with which pictures are chosen by Szondi test subjects. In the present study,the researcher test the homogeneity of the Szondi pictures from the standpoint of recognition by comparing sets 1 and V to see whether there is a significant difference in the frequency with which pictures are recognized. Should the pictures be associated with categories by chance, the researcher expect to find on the average one correct identification for each sample of eight pictures, or a total of 300 for the two sets in the experiment. The chi-square test is used to measure the significance of the difference between the number of correct identifications in the two sets.

Issue is taken with Sprott's criticisms of the use of chi square in birth-order studies, including the author's recent paper on alcoholism, birth order, and family size. Sprott's argument that the chi-square test is inappropriate is discussed, but further statistical tests not involving chi square yielded the same conclusion, i.e., no birth-order effect. Also, interactions between birth-order effects and family sizes are unimportant for the alcoholism data and difficult to evaluate in any birth-order study where an overall test is required. The corrected family-size analyses are defended as the best available. Sprott's suggested changes in the family-size analyses do not affect the conclusion that persons from large families are overrepresented among alcoholics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a five-year longitudinal study on cognitive style and inquiry strategy. The purpose of the study was to determine the longitudinal effects of the inquiry strategy method on the pupil's styles of categorization. The subjects were administered with the Sigel Cognitive Style Test (SCST). The longitudinal groups of experimentals and comparisons had the SCST in 1966. The results have shown through Chi-square that both inquiry groups were significantly more analytical in styles of categorization than were the comparison groups. Implications for analytical style were discussed.

In this article the authors described a method of testing relative merits of area and quota sampling by drawing various samples from a known universe, which is made up of records based on a house-to-house survey in Iowa City. Stratification simply means dividing the universe into groups which are presumed to be more homogeneous than the entire universe. This is merely a technique for the reduction of the variance of a sample estimate. The differentiation between quota and area samples is made by the way the respondents are selected within strata, not through the presence of strata or their choice. A statistical method, chi-square test was developed by Karl Pearson to test the hypothesis that an observed distribution is a random sample from a proposed universe. The hypothesis is rejected when the probability of securing a value of chi-square as large as, or larger than, the value obtained is small, usually less than 5 percent. It can be seen from the given formula that chi-square is defined in absolute frequencies, not relative frequencies.

The article focuses on the task of a psychologist to discover the rules or laws governing mental activity. It examines three experiments in which a set of targets, equiprobable to the experimenter, are treated by the subjects as non-equiprobable. In one of the experiments, for the experimenter, the elements constitute a uniform display. The same feature characterized a further preliminary experiment. A subject is told that to each square has been assigned a number, and this number is recorded on a ticket in an urn. Three tickets will be successively drawn at random from the urn, with replacement after each draw. Before each draw, the subject indicates the square, which he thinks will be located by the ticket drawn. A Chi-square test shows that the first and third choices depart significantly from a uniform distribution, but not the second choice. The responses constitute a way of patterning the display, this patterning presumably being shaped by experience. The variation of pattern as between the three experiments suggests that the pattern or structure imposed is sensitive to the display and to the task.

A technique previously developed for interpreting measures of association for fourfold tables based on markovian assumptions is here extended to derive measures of second order association. Transition rates between the states represented by [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the congruence of self and ideal-self utilizing a Q-sort and occupational choices made by potential four-year college students and potential junior college terminal students. To determine if there was a significant difference between the means of Q-sort scores for the groups, es were calculated. The chi-square test of significance between the groups in their selection of realistic occupational goals indicated that a significantly greater number of the four-year college groups selected realistic occupational goals, .01 level A greater number of subjects selected occupational goals above their aptitude level and in inappropriate occupational areas than the number of subjects who chose occupations below their aptitude level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present article reports the results of a statistical correlational analysis of constriction-dilation as manifested in the Rorschach test and reflected in the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT). The chi-square tests of independence for each of the Rorschach categories versus all seven TAT were categorized. There were 21 associations statistically significant at the 5% level or better, from a possible maximum of 42. Twenty of these 21 were in the direction consistent with the hypothesis. These results provide emphatic evidence that constriction on the Rorsehach projective test is closely associated with constriction evinced in response to a second projective technique, the TAT.

Explores the use of statistical tests for decision-making in regional geographical construction in the United States. Chi square; Variance analysis; Relationship between regional constructs and the areal dispersion of selected traits within regional frames.

The article presents a simplified explanation of tests of significance including formulas and underlying assumptions. The commonly used statistical techniques to differentiate selected samples or populations to a given trait under consideration includes chi-square, the Fisher-t and the analysis of variance. Understanding of these test of significance will enable teachers to appraise critically any claims made on the superiority of certain methods and techniques over others and to decide the desirability of altering present methods on the basis of statistical soundness of the evidence presented. The statistical formula for computing chi-square, the Fisher-t and analysis of variance were also presented.

Looks on the use of Chi square for testing regional geographical boundaries. Absolute frequency of a geographic area; Validity of the statistical test; Use of acres as a unit of mensuration.