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This paper attempted to investigate the trends or cultural attitudes of Arabic lecturers of East Java's State Islamic Universities (PTAIN) in using Arabic. To this end, the present study used a quantitative approach The results show that the directive utterances used by Arabic language lecturers at East Java's PTAIN tend to take the form of direct speech acts through certain language politeness features. Besides, the hierarchy of the directive politeness speech in Arabic and Indonesian shared a similar degree of illocution. However, there is no significant difference between the hierarchy of directive politeness speech in Arabic, Indonesian, and Javanese perceived by the Arabic language teachers based on the Chi-square statistics test with α = 0.05. Consequently, they tend to use non-Arabic socio-cultural norms in expressing various directive utterances in Arabic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of The Iraqi University is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of College of Education / Wasit is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Agricultural Economics & Social Sciences is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of An-Najah University Journal for Research, B: Humanities is the property of An-Najah National University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Agricultural Economics & Social Sciences is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Hepatitis includes a wide range of clinical and pathological conditions. The beta-2 microglobulin (β2M), as part of the HLA complex, is responsible for transmission of viral antigens on the surface of liver cells. The purpose of this study is to determine the concentration of salivary β2M as a marker of viral proliferation in subjects who are HbsAg+, HBV DNA PCR+ compared with those who are HbsAg+ HBV DNA PCR-. Materials and Methods: In this case-control study, we enrolled 25 patients who were Hbs Ag+ HBV DNA PCR+ in addition to 21 patients who were Hbs Ag+, HBV DNA PCR-. We obtained sputum samples from all patients and measured salivary β2M levels by nephelometry. Data analyses were performed by the descriptive, student's t- and chi-square tests. Results: There were 25 men (54.3%) and 21 women (45.7%) with a mean age of 35.72 ±11.86 years who participated. Of PCR+ patients, 72% were on medication, however 85.7% of the PCR- patients did not take medication (p<0.001). Salivary β2M concentration in the PCR+ patients (5.284±5.45) was greater than observed in the PCR- patients (1.51: ±0.77), of which this difference was statistically significant (p<0.003). Conclusion: Salivary β2M levels, as a marker of viral replication, could be used in patients with hepatitis B. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: There are different radiographic imaging techniques used in dental treatments such as implants. Use of cross-sectional images, such as tomograms, enhances the visualization of the available bone. Tomographic images are prepared using 2 methods, linear and spiral. The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy of radiographic measurements in images taken by these two techniques. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 20 sites were selected on three dry human mandibles (10 sites anterior to and 10 sites posterior to the mental foramen) and radiographic images were taken by two techniques of linear and spiral tomography . The tomographic images were evaluated by two radiologists in relation to the variables of height and width of mandible. Then the mandibular bones were sectioned at the specified sites to determine the actual sizes of variables. The measurements from the tomograms were classified into 3 groups: error >+ 1 mm, error < -1 mm, and -1 mm < error < + 1 mm, and then were statistically analyzed by Pearson and chi-squared tests (α = 0.05).In addition, Cohen's kappa coefficient was determined to evaluate inter-observer accuracy. Results: The accuracy of radiographic measurement of linear tomography was not significantly different from that of spiral tomography, based on variable of height (p value > 0.05). Similarly, based on the variable of width, there was no significant difference between the two methods (p value > 0.05). Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, the accuracy of the images taken by two linear and spiral tomography techniques is equal and acceptable compared to the real dimensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]