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This article discusses various issues related to law and theories of overdue negotiable paper. There are three theories of overdue negotiable paper, no one of which has been consistently adopted by the common law. It is consequently difficult, if not impossible, to get either a correct perspective from which to view the cases or an absolute standard by which to measure their correctness. It appears to the article author to be impossible to follow the ordinary method and test the correctness of a case relating to overdue negotiable paper by the application. of the logical deduction and modification of the principles which, underlie the law of negotiable paper before maturity, because to do so would be to condemn almost every case to the limbo of legal error.

Reveals why it has become usual for bank loans, even if secured by collateral, to contain numerous provisions for the acceleration of payment. Conversion of a negotiable instrument into a substitute for money; Origin of the rule requiring certainty in commercial paper; Failure of the courts and law textbooks to distinguish between the requisite of certainty of time and that which forbids the instrument to be conditional.

The article presents an endeavor to test a theory of negotiable instruments by its application to the abnormal conditions of overdue paper. Examination of the decisions and text-writers shows not only a wide difference of opinion as to which of these two innocent persons should prevail, but also great uncertainty as to the theoretical nature of an overdue negotiable instrument. An overdue note is consequently negotiable within the terms of a statute exempting debts secured by negotiable promissory notes from garnishment.

Focuses on the legality of the draft of corporate documents in corporate joint ventures. Categories of situations where a corporation lacks necessary skills and resources needed in corporate expansion; Forms of business associations; Conditions in which analogous difficulties can arise.

Discusses the legal issue of donatio mortis causa of negotiable instruments in the United States. Distinction between the case of a bill of exchange and that of a check payable to bearer; Case of "Rolls v. Pearce"; Ruling in "Clemen v. Cheesman" that the gift of two checks of a third person, owned by the donor, is a valid donatio mortis causa; Ruling that promissory notes made or the bills of exchange drawn by the donor himself are not valid donatio mortis causa.

The article focuses on fraudulent alteration of commercial papers negligently drawn. The English decisions on the concerned subject establish two principles. First, as between drawer and acceptor, the former owes a duty so to draw as not to facilitate alteration, and he must answer to the latter for any loss resulting from failure to observe that duty. Secondly, as between the drawer or acceptor and subsequent parties there is no such duty, and, consequently, no liability for a failure to observe it.

Reports on the ruling of a court in Massachusetts on a case regarding the validity of a contract between Nashua River Paper Co. and Hammermill Paper Co. which contains a stipulation that no action should be maintainable against the foreign corporation except in certain courts of the foreign state. Reason behind the ruling of the court; Other court cases with similar ruling.

Presents information on several books on law. 'The Paper Chase,' by John Jay Osborn Jr.; 'The Future of the Oceans,' by Wolfgang Friedmann; 'Cope and Rebels: A Study of Provocation,' by Paul Chevigny; 'The Invisible Resource: Use and Regulation of the Radio Spectrum,' by Harvey J. Levin.

Presents information on books on law. 'The Papers of Adlai E. Stevenson: Washington to Springfield, 1941-1948,' volume 2, edited by Walter Johnson and Carol Evans; 'America's Public Lands: Politics, Economics & Administration,' edited by Harriet Nathan; 'How the Government Breaks the Law,' by Jethro K. Lieberman.

The article reports that the U.S. Supreme Court, in Times-Picayune Publishing Co. versus United States, upheld a tying arrangement for newspaper advertising as not violative of the Sherman Act, while enunciating criteria which may make it easier to eliminate tying arrangements under the Clayton Act. The defendant, publisher of the only morning daily newspaper in New Orleans, the Times- Picayune, and one of the two evening papers, the States, adopted a unit system requiring that classified and national display advertisements be placed in both papers. The Supreme Court reversed the District Court's finding that the unit system was a tying arrangement violating Sections 1 and 2 of the Sherman Act.

Presents a list of law casebooks. Legal accounting; Administrative law; Admiralty; Bills and notes; Business associations; Civil procedure; Code pleading; Commercial paper; Commercial law; Community property; Conflict of laws; Constitutional law; Contracts; Corporate finance; Criminal law; Domestic relations; Evidence; Equity; Federal anti-trust laws.

The article discusses issues related to the practice of law in Italy. As in most civil law countries, lawyers in Italy are divided into two classes — avvocati and procuraiori. The procuratore subscribes all pleadings and other papers submitted to the court, is present at the taking of depositions, and must sign the briefs, with few exceptions all papers during litigation are served on him rather than on his client. The avvocato in general performs broader and more responsible functions: he advises the client, drafts all papers and briefs and argues the case.

Examines the clauses of the Constitution relating to money. Description of the specifications of the power which is given to the Congress of the United States in the Constitution relating to money; Analysis of the clauses of the Constitution about the emission of bills and making paper a legal tender; Explanation of the power of Congress in making a paper currency.

The article discusses the Rhode Island admiralty documents and papers. In 1703, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island were constituted one district, and the Rhode Island court was held by a deputy appointed by the judge in Boston. The Vice Admiralty papers start in 1727, run with tantalizing gaps to 1772, and are most complete for 1740-52. After 1752, the papers are extremely fragmentary. With the Revolution and the establishment of a state court of admiralty, the records begin again, and for the period 1776-83 they are substantially complete. In a sense, therefore, the Rhode Island papers complement those of New York, since the latter, in the Vice Admiralty period, are most full for 1754-74, and in the state court run from 1784 to 1788.

The article presents abstracts of various papers related to the civil and common law. One of the paper discussed is "Death by Wrongful Act in the Civil Law," issued by the Common Law Technique and Civil Law Authorities. In Panama R. R. Co. v. Rock, the U.S. Supreme Court, reversing the judgment of the Circuit Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit, holds that a husband cannot maintain an action for wrongfully causing the death of his wife in the Canal Zone. This proposition, sufficiently startling of itself in the year 1924, becomes more surprising when one turns to the opinion of the majority of the court and perceive its presuppositions. Another paper discussed is "Promise to Discharge Promisee's Debt to a Third Party: Effect of a Suretyship Relation Between Promisor and Promisee Upon Promisee's Rights."

The article presents information on various amendments to the Constitution of the U.S., and different laws related to searches and seizures of property and papers. The Fourth Amendment to the Constitution of the U.S. discusses about the right of people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures and issue of warrants. Constitutional provisions more or less similar to this one exist in all the states, except in New York where such a limitation appears in the Civil Rights Law. It is well known that the adoption in 1791 of the first ten amendments resulted from the agitation for a Bill of Rights which attended the ratification of the Constitution.

The article presents information on abstracts of various papers related to the legislation. One of the papers discussed is "Injuries by Trespassing Animals." In the simple conception of liability that refers everything to the human will, one is held legally upon a legal transaction, in which he willed liability, or because of a wrongful act, in which he willed something culpable. But liability at one's peril for situations dangerous to the general security, without regard to culpability, was an obvious fact in the administration of justice. Another paper discussed is "Effect of Ownership of All the Stock of One Corporation by a Second Corporation: Liability of a Parent Corporation for the Debts of a Subsidiary Corporations, Subsidiary Corporations As Agents."

The article presents various U.S. court cases and their judgments. In the court case People cx rel. Argus Co. v. Hugo, I68 N. Y.Supp. 25, a statute provided that the state printing board should award the state printing contract to the lowest responsible bidder. The board awarded the contract to the second lowest bidder, and the lowest bidder seeks to have the proceedings reviewed on certiorari. In the court case Carr v. Maine Cent. R.R., 192 AtI. 532 (N.H.), defendant informed plaintiff that if he would execute the necessary papers it would procure such consent. Papers were executed and delivered to the defendant, but it failed to act further during the period for securing the rebate. The court held the decision that the plaintiff is entitled to damages caused by defendant's failure to secure consent to the rebate.

The article presents abstracts of various papers related to international law. One of the papers discussed is "Defenses to Action on Foreign Judgment." By the civil law a foreign judgment, in the absence of treaty or statutory provision, is reviewable on the merits. When approved it is declared executory and enforced directly. At common law the rule is otherwise. A foreign judgment is conclusive on the merits, because it creates an obligation which is recognized like any other foreign-acquired right. Other papers discussed are "The Effect of Changing the Use of Land Taken by Eminent Domain," "Revision of Alimony Decrees," "Actual Competition As an Essential Element in Unfair Trade Cases" and "Effect on Incomplete Release of Appointment of Debtor As Executor."

The article presents abstracts of various papers related to legislation of the U.S. One of the papers discussed is "The Constitutionality of the Pipe-Line Amendment." By an amendment to the Interstate Commerce Act adopted in 1906 all persons engaged in the transportation of oil by interstate pipelines are placed on the footing of common carriers. A recent decision of the Commerce Court holding this amendment invalid because it applies to pipelines, which have never professed to carry for the public, presents a constitutional question of considerable importance. Another paper discussed is "Martial Law." Military jurisdiction is of three kinds. The universal demand for security to person and property, which has everywhere, expressed itself in the form of constitutional guarantees against interference with individual rights.

The article presents a list of book related to laws of the United States received by the journal. Some of the books included in the list are: "City and Regional Planning Papers," by Alfred Bettman; "Constitutional Law: Cases on," by Noel T. Dowling; "The Province and Function of Law," by Julius Stone; "Shares in Mutual Investment Funds," by Alec Brock Stevenson.

Presents several cases in the U.S. United States v. St. Regis Paper Co. on civil penalties for violation of Federal Trade Commission order; Serbian Eastern Orthodox Diocese for the U.S. and Canada v. Ocokoljick on chruch property disputes; Garden State Dairies Inc. v. Sills on commerce clause.

Presents a Command Paper, the Fourth Report of the Law Reform Committee, recommending substantial legislative changes in the Rule Against Perpetuities. Period of the rule; Basis for the validity of a limitation under the rule against perpetuities; Rejection of the power of courts to remodel limitations which infringe the rule.

The article presents a memoir of U.S. legal scholar Thomas Reed Powell. The article author states that although Powell founded no school and espoused no doctrinal creed, his teaching and writing were distinctive, unmistakable, and inimitable. His published papers, numbering close to two hundred essays, are marked by that relentless analysis of judicial rhetoric, that irreverent uncloaking of disreputable logic, that playfulness in the service of intellectual morality, which made him a fearsome delight to students and friends. If one were to revert after all to the language of science and identify a phenomenon with his name, it would have to be called the Powell Effect.

The article informs that the American political tradition and the antitrust laws make competitive free enterprise both a norm in practice and an ideal of national policy. Those who favor this policy do so on various grounds. They believe that rivalry among competing sellers will lead to improvement of product and reduced prices. The downward pressure on selling prices will also compel a striving for increased efficiency and reduced costs. It is the purpose of this paper to review the work of these administrative agencies and the courts in formulating national economic policy in this area. The central and recurrent problem will be the relative weight to be accorded to the policy of maintaining competition in an industry which by hypothesis is to be governed by competition only to a limited extent.

The article focuses on issues related to the drafting of partnership agreements in the U.S. This paper will deal chiefly with the major features of this form and its adaptation to various business situations. The partners may agree on anything they wish. The chief task of the draftsman is to ascertain what they do wish, to think out in advance the typical problems that are likely to arise, to discuss these with his clients, to work out decisions as to how they are to be treated, and to set the results down in clear language.

The article informs that a well recognized general proposition that upon request sovereign States are granted immunity from the jurisdiction of foreign courts. Under this doctrine States claim, and expect to receive, immunity regardless of the nature of the dispute in which an attempt is made to name them party defendant. This paper will consider the applicability of this doctrine to state trading organizations and state commercial activities, with particular reference to the Soviet Union. Immunity from jurisdiction means that, upon a proper motion, a court of one sovereign State will declare itself incompetent to pass upon the merits of certain causes of action brought against a foreign sovereign, its representatives, or its property

Reports on the publication of leading legal articles. Case involving the nature of a bank's interest in paper deposited for discount or collection; Case involving the preference given to the legal estate over the equitable.

This article presents information on some books and periodicals that contain research papers on legal topics. A writer in a recent periodical maintains that a judgment for the defendant in an action by an administrator should bind another administrator of the same deceased in another jurisdiction, because there exists between the two an official privity. Some of the books listed are, "Blackmail and Extortion," by James W. Osborne; "The Development of International Law," by Edwin Maxey and "Growing Conception of Neutrality," by Hannis Taylor.

The article presents information about papers related to the U.S. law published in various journals. The provisions of the Fifth and Sixth Amendments to the Federal Constitution guaranteeing common law procedure, including the right of indictment and trial by jury do not extend to the inhabitants of our insular possessions. It would seem that this applies equally to all the territories of the United States. It is suggested, there can be no distinction between the organized and the unorganized territories. The privileges guaranteed by the Bill of Rights in fact extend to the former only by virtue of an Act of Congress or a treaty provision.

The article presents information on the gage of land in medieval England. The English gage of land with possession of the debtor until default is to all seeming developed later than the gage with immediate possession of the creditor; the origin of this later form of security for loans being directly connected with the history of the process of judicial execution. It will be seen that whether the medieval creditor take immediate possession or only on default of the debtor, the principle is the same. In either case the security is a usufructgage or it is a property-gage, or it is indeed a combination of the two. Though the tracing of the development down to the present lies beyond the scope of the present paper, it is believed that this very same conception lies at the basis of much of the modern English law.

The article comments on the advancements in the agreement on rules to prevent a conflict of laws. The inconvenience resulting from a conflict of laws between the states of the U.S. on the subject of commercial paper has of late been largely avoided by the general adoption of the Negotiable Instruments' Act, framed by the Annual Conference of the States for Promoting Uniform Legislation. It is from the action of this body that the most is to be hoped for in the future in smoothing the way to general agreement within the United States as to matters of private law.

Presents a list of legal research papers, recently published. The list here includes, "Law of Accomplices"; "Conference Respecting Final Court of Appeals"; "Three Great Judges of Our Own Times"; "Corporations and Trusts"; and "Criminal Law and its Administration in the State of New York"; "The Development of Law during the Middle Ages, Especially in France and England"; "Expert Testimony: Its Abuses and Uses"; "Handwriting of Part Payments" and "Incorporation by Reference."