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In this paper I review the three best-known aspects of community structure in the deep-sea benthos: depth gradients of species diversity, spatial dispersion, and faunal replacement with depth. Patterns of species diversity are documented for the megafaunal invertebrates and fishes and four macrofaunal taxa (bivalves, gastropods, cumaceans, and polychaetes). These trends and data on spatial dispersion provide the basis for evaluating theories of species diversity in the deep sea. I then compare rates of species replacement with depth in megafaunal and macrofaunal elements, and relate differences between the groups to life-history parameters and trophic roles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intraspecific predation, the process of both killing and eating an individual of the same species, is a significant and widespread process that until recently has not received the attention it merits. It is a major factor in the biology of many species and may influence population structure, life history, competition for mates and resources, and behavior. It is commonly observed among many animals: For this review I read over 900 papers describing such predation in about 1300 species. Laurel Fox's (1975 review of cannibalism (54) should be read for additional information. Here I attempt to present new or different data, references, and ideas. One of my purposes is to establish a theoretical framework for the organization and interpretation of the numerous observations of intraspecific predation. Certain topics included here are speculation intended to spark interest and indicate important problems that need further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this review, I address primarily the question whether the synthetic theory of population genetics, ecology and evolution supplies a sufficient explanation of what we find. The omission of a paper from the present bibliography is not intended as a criticism; for others, see the general review of Heliconius biology (23) and the comprehensive bibliographies (22, 105). There has always been a free exchange of data and ideas among Heliconius researchers, and some important discoveries and ideas have occurred simultaneously and independently; some foundation work is in unpublished theses (3, 22, 50, 51, 76, 85, 94). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]