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Public participation geographic information systems (PPGIS) are an increasingly important tool for collecting spatial information about the social attributes of place. The availability of Internet-based options for implementing PPGIS presents new opportunities for increased efficiency and new modes of access. Here we used a mixed-mode approach to evaluate paper versus Internet mapping methods for the same PPGIS survey in Wyoming. We compared participant characteristics, mapping participation, and the spatial distribution of mapped attributes between participants who responded to the paper versus Internet option. The response rate for those who completed the paper version of the survey was nearly 2.5 times the response rate of the Internet version. Paper participants also mapped significantly more places than did Internet participants (43 vs. 18). Internet participants tended to be younger, more likely to have a college degree, and had lived in the region for less time than paper participants. For all but one attribute there was no difference in the spatial distribution of places mapped between Internet and paper methods. Using a paper-based PPGIS survey resulted in a higher response rate, reduced participant bias, and greater mapping participation. However, survey mode did not influence the spatial distribution of the PPGIS data.

To investigate the best blue and green primary for color display from KANSEI-evaluation point of view, evaluation experiment using Semantic Differential method was carried out using four different blue primaries, and five different green primaries, in Exp.1 and 2, respectively. In Exp.1, results of 430nm, 450nm, and 470nm blue primaries showed similar performance, those of 480nm blue primary showed the worst performance for almost all test images and adjective pairs. For overall, 470nm blue primary shows the best performance. In Exp.2, difference among five green primaries is less significant than that in Exp.1, while performance of 510nm is worse than other primaries. Results of both Exp.1 and 2 suggest that color appearance of objects in the image is important factor in the selection of RGB primaries.

Current desktop technology is largely mouse-driven, but many analysts predict that in less than five years we will have a professional workforce that have only experienced learning in a touchscreen environment. Midland Valley have developed a digital mapping tool for smartphones called FieldMove Clino, which has been downloaded more than 20 000 times over the past year. The free version offers an effective way of introducing students to digital field mapping. However, many geoscience departments and teachers of field mapping have yet to make the switch from traditional paper-based methods to digital technology. This article aims to answer some of the frequently asked questions about digital field mapping and outlines some of the advantages for improving field skills and geological thinking in students.

Cities are not only connected through conventional infrastructure, but also through digital infrastructure. This paper tests whether digital connectivity patterns follow traditional ones. Using a generalized spatial interaction model, this paper shows that geography (and distance) still matters for an extensive set of world cities. With a view to the rapidly rising urbanization, the attention is next focused on the emerging large cities in China to test the relevance of distance frictions - next to a broad set of other important explanatory variables - for digital connectivity. Various interesting results are found regarding digital connectivity within the Chinese urban system, while also here geography appears to play an important role. © 2014 The Author(s). Papers in Regional Science © 2014 RSAI.

The extent and background of establishing international knowledge relations among young academic spin-off firms are explored in this paper. Drawing on survey data of 100 of such firms, the influence of human capital and social networks of these firms is examined, alongside their innovation level. International learning is measured in two ways, adoption of the strategy and spatial reach related to this adoption namely, from Europe to worldwide. The paper fits into a stream of research in which it is recognized that new technology-based firms interact both in local knowledge networks and knowledge networks abroad to remain competitive. A majority of the spin-off firms were found to be engaged in international networks and the most powerful influences tended to be the presence of PhD experience and size of the starting team. Social capital released through social networks is a relatively strong influence only in the spatial reach of knowledge relations, supporting the idea that strong social networks form a solid base from which global learning can be undertaken. The implications of the results of this work and future research steps are discussed. Resumen En este articulo se explora el alcance y el contexto a la hora de establecer relaciones de conocimiento internacionales entre empresas derivadas (spin-off) jovenes de caracter academico. Se examina la influencia del capital humano y las redes sociales de este tipo de empresa, junto con su nivel de innovacion, mediante la utilizacion de datos de encuestas de 100 de estas empresas. El aprendizaje a escala internacional se mide de dos maneras, que son la adopcion de la estrategia y el alcance espacial en relacion a dicha adopcion, desde Europa al mundo entero. El articulo se suma a una corriente de investigacion que reconoce que, para poder mantenerse competitivas, las nuevas empresas de caracter tecnologico interactuan tanto en redes de conocimiento locales como en redes de conocimiento en el extranjero. Se encontro que la mayoria de empresas derivadas forman parte de redes internacionales y que el tamano inicial del equipo y el tener experiencia a nivel de doctorado son lo que influye en mayor medida. El capital social que se libera por medio de redes sociales es una influencia relativamente poderosa solamente en cuanto al alcance espacial de las relaciones de conocimiento, lo cual apoya la idea de que unas redes sociales fuertes forman una base solida desde la que se puede acceder a un conocimiento global. Se discuten las implicaciones de los resultados de este trabajo y de futuras lineas de investigacion.

If regional development agencies assume the cluster concept to be an adequate framework to promote regional growth and competitiveness, it is necessary to identify industrial clusters in a comprehensive manner. Previous studies used a diversity of methods to identify the predominant concentrations of economic activity in one industrial sector in a region. This paper is based on a multidimensional approach developed by Titze et al. With the help of the combination of concentration measures and input–output methods they were able to identify horizontal and vertical dimensions of industrial clusters. This paper aims to refine this approach by using a superior measure of spatial concentration and by integrating information about spatial interdependence of industrial cluster structures to contribute to a more adequate framework for industrial cluster identification. Resumen Si las agencias de desarrollo regional asumen que el concepto de conglomerado (cluster) es un marco adecuado para el fomento del crecimiento regional y la competitividad, entonces es necesario identificar de manera exhaustiva los conglomerados industriales. Todos los estudios previos han utilizado una variedad de metodos para identificar la concentraciones predominantes de la actividad economica de un sector industrial en una region en particular. Este articulo esta basado en un enfoque multidimensional desarrollado por Titze et al., quienes con la ayuda de una combinacion de medidas de concentracion y metodos de entrada/salida fueron capaces de identificar las dimensiones horizontales y verticales de conglomerados industriales. El objetivo de este articulo es refinar este enfoque por medio de la utilizacion de una mejor medida de la concentracion espacial y la integracion de informacion sobre interdependencia espacial de estructuras de conglomerados industriales, para contribuir a un marco mas adecuado para la indentificacion de conglomerados industriales.

This paper tries to extend the range of techniques for testing the hypothesis of ‘complete spatiotemporal randomness’ in the case of a general type variable with a regional or spatial breakdown. The tests that we can find nowadays in the literature are not well-suited to, for the most part of, series of interest. We have generalized the use of three popular tests of spatial dependence (namely, Moran's I, the spatial BDS and the BP tests) to which we add a Lagrange multiplier test. Furthermore, with a Monte Carlo simulation, we show the finite sample behaviour of the four tests for linear and non-linear processes. The paper finishes with an empirical application to the annual growth rates of employment in European regions. Resumen Este articulo intenta ampliar el rango de tecnicas para evaluar la hipotesis de ‘aleatoriedad espacio-temporal completa’ en el caso de una variable de tipo general que muestre un desglose regional o espacial. Las pruebas que podemos encontrar en la literatura actualmente no se ajustan bien, en su mayoria, a las series de interes. Hemos generalizado el uso de tres pruebas conocidas de dependencia espacial (I de Moran, BDS espacial, y pruebas BP) a las cuales anadimos un test del multiplicador de Lagrange. Ademas, con una simulacion de Montecarlo, mostramos el comportamiento de muestra finita de las cuatro pruebas para procesos lineales y no lineales. El articulo termina con una aplicacion empirica a las tasas de crecimiento anual de empleo en las regiones europeas.

Data—their collection, analysis and use—have always been part of education, used to inform policy, strategy, operations, resource allocation, and, in the past, teaching and learning. Recently, with the emergence of learning analytics, the collection, measurement, analysis and use of student data have become an increasingly important research focus and practice. With (higher) education having access to more student data, greater variety and nuanced/granularity of data, as well as collecting and using real‐time data, it is crucial to consider the data imaginary in higher education, and, specifically, analytics as performative politics. Data and data analyses are often presented as representing "reality" and, as such, are seminal in institutional "truth‐making," whether in the context of operational or student learning data. In the broader context of critical data studies (CDS), this social cartography examines and maps the "data frontier" and the "data gaze" within the context of the dominant narrative of evidence‐based management and the data imaginary in higher education. Following an analysis of the main assumptions in evidence‐based management and the power of metrics, this paper presents a social cartography of data analytics not only as representational, but as actant, and as performative politics. Practitioner NotesWhat is already known about this topic Student data in higher education are increasingly used not only to inform operational and strategic planning, but to inform and shape curricula, pedagogy and student learning.The collection, measurement, analysis and use of student data are informed by a particular data imaginary in service of evidence‐based management.Data and analytics are seen as objective, neutral representations of reality and used as basis for informing policy, operational planning, resource allocation, and, increasingly, learning analytics and student facing dashboards.What this paper adds Critically examines data analytics in higher education as "truth‐making" and never neutral, and always as provisional snapshots of "reality" serving particular, often undeclared, assumptions and interests.Situates learning analytics as the collection, measurement, analysis and use of student data in the broader context of the data imaginary and student data as "data frontier".Provides evidence that data analytics is not only representational, but, increasingly, performative and political.Implications for practice and/or policy Makes explicit some of the theoretical, political, epistemological and ontological assumptions underpinning and sustaining the data imaginary in higher education.Foregrounds the need for more critical approaches to our expectations, collections, analyses and use of student data.Argues the need for policy and practitioners to recognise the inherent political and performative nature of data and data analysis, and the need for transparency, accountability and care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports the outcome of the RPAS-based prospection of four prehistoric and early historic sites on Mainland, Rousay and South Ronaldsay Islands of the Orkney archipelago (Northern Scotland). Application of RPAS (Remotely Piloted Aircraft System) improved the effectiveness and accuracy of the mapping of the archaeological landscape, comparing to the ground-base survey. The paper presents the workflow used to obtain the low altitude images using RPAS and photogrammetric pipeline applied to create ortophotomaps and digital elevation models. Then the interpretation of mapped remnants at the sites of Brough of Deerness, Burrian, Hashwick and Burwick is discussed. Beside reporting the new datasets for the Orkney the author is clarifying the problem of surveying “the inhospitable” landscapes - the areas that for different reasons might be difficult to access by survey using ground-based methods. Therefore Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems are advocated as a solution in such challenging conditions.

This paper presents the results of a recent three-dimensional (3D) survey at the Drimolen Makondo palaeontological deposits in the Hominid Sites of South Africa UNESCO World Heritage site. The Drimolen Makondo is a palaeokarstic feature that consists of a heavily eroded 2.6-2.0 Ma fossil-bearing palaeocave remnant. With photogrammetry and a laser scan survey, two 3D site models were created, georectified, and imported into geographical information system software. This paper outlines both of these survey techniques and provides an assessment of the relevant merits of each method and their applicability for detailed recording and archival documentation of palaeokarstic palaeontological and archaeological sites. Given the complex depositional context of many of the fossil-bearing South African cave systems and their importance for understanding our evolutionary history, new methods are critical to visualising and analysing 3D spatial data. The utility of 3D models lies in their ability to integrate with total station survey techniques to accurately record and control excavations and provide a means of visualising stratigraphic, sedimentary, and spatial contexts in various geographical information system platforms. The use of low-cost and time-efficient digital photographic surveys to create accurate 3D models, if completed accurately, can provide researchers with a means of contextualising excavation data without the need for expensive and highly specialised equipment. The development of this method combined with differential global positioning systems provides a solution in more remote locations to recording highly accurate fossil and 3D site contexts with increasing ease. It also allows the sites to be recorded as part of an evolving landscape rather than as single isolated localities. This technique should be a standard technique implemented when working on irreplaceable UNESCO World Heritage sites such as the hominin-bearing caves of South Africa.

Biogeographers use the language of islands to theorise insular communities, extending the term beyond coastal environments to include so-called ‘mainland’ islands. This paper suggests a similar approach is needed within cultural geography to account for places that are connected to archipelagos despite being unenclosed by water. The paper begins with a critique of materialist definitions of islands and the methodological assumptions underpinning them. It then speculates on an alternative theory of islands, which views them as autonomous objects and dynamic systems for reordering times and spaces within and beyond their watery margins. Auckland's Waitākere Ranges are considered as an example.

Many geographers have recently shifted their attention to critical explorations of the politics enabled by emerging forms of digital technologies. Unfortunately, analyses of how indigenous peoples are engaging these technologies have been largely absent from the new research agenda. This paper argues that digital politics offer both opportunities for empowerment and dangers of assimilation for indigenous peoples. The contradictory potential for engaging with the internet is therefore not dissimilar from the outcomes of indigenous engagements with other Western tools and institutions. The paper builds this argument through a critical discourse analysis of Inuit and non-Inuit discussions of polar bear management in the Canadian Arctic across five different websites. Based on this analysis the paper argues that more research is needed on indigenous engagements with the web, to better understand how indigenous peoples are developing digital tactics to take advantage of the benefits, and minimize the dangers, of its political potential. La gestion de l'ours polaire dans l'Arctique a l'ere numerique : regards des Inuits sur l'internet De nombreux geographes realisent aujourd'hui des analyses critiques portant sur les options politiques qui decoulent des nouvelles formes de technologies numeriques. Pourtant, la maniere dont les populations autochtones utilisent ces technologies fait rarement l'objet des programmes de recherche recents. Cet article defend l'idee que les options politiques numeriques contribuent a l'autonomisation des populations autochtones, mais les exposent aussi a un risque d'assimilation. Le recours a internet fait apparaitre des contradictions qui rappellent celles que suscite l'usage par des personnes autochtones des outils et institutions propres a l'Occident. Cet argument que fait valoir l'article repose sur une analyse critique du discours inherent aux discussions qu'entretiennent les Inuits et les non-Inuits sur cinq sites Web differents au sujet de la gestion canadienne de l'ours polaire dans l'Arctique. Il ressort de cette analyse qu'on devrait poursuivre des recherches complementaires sur le recours par des personnes autochtones a internet en vue d'eclairer la maniere dont les populations autochtones deploient des tactiques numeriques pour profiter des avantages de son potentiel politique tout en evitant les ecueils.

Whereas many studies exist regarding urban subcentre identification, systematic analyses of these methods' characteristics are scarce. This paper addresses and reflects these issues for one selected method, the locally weighted regression (LWR) approach. Methodologically the study concludes that no ‘one size fits all’ method exists, but that the LWR is a sensitive means to identify urban subcentres. Content-wise the study finds that German city regions are fairly monocentric, as all identified subcentres are of local relevance only. Comparisons to the urban spatial structure in US metro areas, to which the same LWR is applied, however, prove to be fairly complicated.

Estimation of the accuracy of terrestrial laser scanning has become a topical research issue. Point-cloud accuracy should be clearly differentiated from the accuracy of individual points, as it is influenced by positional errors and adjacent error spaces. Furthermore, it cannot be determined by the sum of positional errors. In this paper it is proposed that the average error-ellipsoid model is favourable for evaluating the accuracy of point clouds. Central to this model is the computation of the overlap between adjacent error ellipsoids and the determination of a functional relationship between the average volume of error ellipsoids and the point-cloud accuracy. This paper outlines the key advantages of the proposed evaluation model, such as the capability of providing an estimate of local point-cloud accuracy. The effectiveness of the model is discussed using a validation experiment. Resume L'estimation de la precision des systemes terrestres de laser a balayage est devenue un important theme de recherche. La precision des nuages de points doit etre clairement distinguee de la precision des points individuels, et elle ne peut se reduire a la somme des erreurs de position ponctuelles. Cet article propose d'utiliser le modele de l'ellipsoide d'erreur moyen pour evaluer la precision des nuages de points. Ce modele s'appuie sur le calcul du recouvrement entre les ellipsoides d'erreur de points voisins et sur la determination d'une relation fonctionnelle entre le volume moyen des ellipsoides d'erreur et la precision du nuage de points. L'article met en avant les avantages du modele d'evaluation propose, comme la possibilite d'estimer une precision locale dans le nuage de points. L'efficacite du modele est etudiee a partir d'une experience de validation. Zusammenfassung Schatzungen zur Genauigkeit des Terrestrischen Laserscanning (TLS) sind weiterhin ein wichtiges Forschungsthema. Dabei sollte eine klare Unterscheidung zwischen Genauigkeit einer Punktwolke und Genauigkeit eines Einzelpunktes getroffen werden, da jene von Positionsfehlern und Nachbarschaftseinflussen gepragt ist. Auch kann die Genauigkeit einer Punktwolke nicht aus der Summe von einzelnen Positionsfehlern bestimmt werden. Hier wird deshalb das mittlere Fehlerellipsoid als Model zur Evaluation der Genauigkeit von Punktwolken vorgeschlagen. Als zentrales Element wird die Uberlappung benachbarter Fehlerellipsoide berechnet und der funktionale Zusammenhang zwischen dem mittleren Volumen der Fehlerellipsoide und der Genauigkeit der Punktwolke hergestellt. Dieser Beitrag umreist die entscheidenden Vorteile des Modells, wie u.a. die Fahigkeit daraus eine Schatzung der lokalen Genauigkeit der Punktwolke abzuleiten. Die Effektivitat wird an einem Experiment validiert und diskutiert. Resumen Estimar la precision del escaneo laser terrestre (TLS) se ha convertido en un tema de investigacion de actualidad. Se ha de diferenciar entre la exactitud de una nube de puntos de la exactitud de puntos individuales al estar influenciada por errores en la posicion y errores en el espaciado. Ademas, no puede ser determinada por la suma de errores posicionales. En este trabajo se propone el modelo de error del elipsoide medio para evaluar la exactitud de las nubes de puntos. Es basico en este modelo el calculo de la superposicion entre elipsoides de error adyacentes y la determinacion de una relacion funcional entre el volumen medio de elipsoides de error y la exactitud de nubes de puntos. En este documento se describen las principales ventajas del modelo de evaluacion propuesto, asi como la capacidad de proporcionar una estimacion de la precision local de la nube de puntos. Mediante un experimento de validacion se analiza la eficacia del modelo. 摘要 地面激光扫描精度的评价已成为重要的研究领域,激光扫描的点云精度不仅受点位误差的影响也受相邻点位误差空间的影响,其精度评价不同于单点精度,通过点位误差之和无法实现准确的点云精度评价。针对此,本文提出平均误差椭球模型来实现点云精度的评价。该模型的核心是相邻误差椭球重叠区域的计算及平均误差椭球体积和点云精度关系的确定。本文重点阐述了所提出的评价模型能够实现区域点云精度评价的优点,并通过实现验证了该模型的有效性。

To examine where Canadian geographers publish their research, we used data on article publication compiled from the annual Directory of the Canadian Association of Geographers for 1981–82, 1991–92, 2001–02, and 2011–12. We find a very wide range of journals (1238) is used, but many of them are rarely used. Papers published from 1981 to 2012 increased 3.7-fold with a similar increase in the number of journals used. Commercial presses have come to dominate publishing, society presses and university presses are fewer today but open access journals have become more common. Only about one quarter of the journals used have a Thompson Reuter Impact Factor (IF) but the median IF of IF-rated journals used rose from 1.56 (1981–82) to 2.23 (2011–12). The Canadian Geographer is the most frequently used journal, but over time flagship geography journals have been replaced by interdisciplinary and thematic journals. Papers published per faculty rose from an average of 0.5 yr−1 in 1981–82 to 1.7 yr−1 in 2011–12, with a large variation in publication rates per faculty across departments, reflecting the research versus teaching focus. Canadian geographers are publishing well beyond the field, engaging with much larger audiences, and reaching top journals, to the benefit of the discipline. Resume La publication des articles de revue en geographie canadienne Une analyse des revues dans lesquelles les geographes canadiens publient leurs travaux a ete realisee a partir des donnees sur la publication d'articles dans l'annuaire annuel de l'Association canadienne des geographes pour les annees 1981–82, 1991–92, 2001–02 et 2011–12. On constate un eventail de revues tres diversifie (1238) et que plusieurs d'entre elles sont utilisees rarement. De plus, entre 1981 et 2012, les articles parus ont augmente de 3,7 fois et le nombre de revues qui en ont publie a crU du meme ordre. Les maisons d'edition commerciales ont fini par dominer l'industrie. Si les maisons d'edition associatives et universitaires sont moins nombreuses aujourd'hui, il est plus courant de publier dans des revues en libre acces. Thompson Reuter calcule un facteur d'impact (FI) pour environ un quart de ces revues seulement, mais le FI median des revues indexees ayant fait paraitre un article est passe de 1,56 (1981–1982) a 2,23 (2011–12). Le Geographe canadien est la revue la plus sollicitee. Les revues phares specialisees en geographie sont graduellement remplacees par des revues interdisciplinaires et thematiques. La moyenne d'articles que chaque professeur a fait paraitre a augmente de 0,5 par an en 1981–82 a 1,7 par an en 2011–12. D'un departement a l'autre, les taux de publication par professeur varient en fonction de l'importance accordee a la recherche versus l'enseignement. Les geographes canadiens publient dans divers domaines autres que la geographie, permettant ainsi d'elargir le lectorat et d'acceder aux meilleures revues, ce qui valorise la discipline.

Festivals and carnivals are social-cultural assemblages of human and non-human entities. This paper investigates interactions between humans and animals by focusing on the Scone Racing Carnival, a key event in the Scone and Upper Hunter Horse Festival. This paper contributes to existing studies of non-metropolitan festivals and animal–human relations by questioning how and why non-humans are enrolled in these cultural events, and the impact this has on place identity. The central argument is that the relationship between humans and thoroughbred horses, in particular, has played a significant role in the creation of a distinctive landscape, a regional identity for the Upper Hunter region of New South Wales, and a local identity for Scone. In turn, the carnival has assisted in maintaining an ‘eque-cultural’ identity through the marketing and annual public celebration of human–horse relationships.

While maps have long been influential in the dissemination of geopolitical ideas, the critical geopolitical project often frames maps as evidence of the discourse it seeks to displace. As a result, very few maps appear on the pages of the field's most prominent journals. This paper explores this phenomenon and argues that novel approaches to mapping may actually strengthen critical geopolitical scholarship. We argue that scholars can learn much from contemporary approaches in critical cartography to provide geopolitical analysis with new, informative visualizations. We demonstrate this argument with an alternative cartographic representation of Kashmir. This paper makes two key contributions to critical geopolitics: (i) that alternative cartographic representations are well suited to aid in critiques of normative geopolitical ideas and (ii) that the map presented in this paper is but one way to illustrate emerging critical geopolitical scripts. Our hope is that this brief intervention to ‘take back the map’ will encourage like-minded scholars to (re)consider the merits of maps in articulating geopolitical narratives.

The two-fold utility (data projection and cluster analysis) of a two-phase batch self-organizing map (SOM) procedure (CP2) has been previously explored using the NCEP/NCAR geopotential height data for east Australia. That study focused on examining the performance of CP2 in comparison with a traditional cluster analysis procedure, CP1, for the purpose of synoptic typing. The present paper provides additional documentation on the implementation of CP2 for the same region, with broader considerations on the effect of SOM map size, seasonality, data standardization and the choice of neighbourhood functions. A total of 215 SOMs (classifications) were trained through CP2 with various data processing and parameter settings. The examination of these SOMs shows that the two-fold utility of CP2 leads to supplementary visualization of the dominant synoptic patterns over the study region. For SOMs of the same map size (i.e. number of synoptic types), cluster analysis via CP2 provides data groupings with relatively high accuracy and large separation but reduced level of pattern self-organization, while data projection via CP2 tends to create data groupings with a high level of pattern self-organization but reduced accuracy and separation. The choice of map size affects the accuracy, separation and self-organization of data groupings. As a compromise, a map size of 10–20 for cluster analysis and 20–30 for data projection is recommended for the study region. To account for the seasonality and latitudinal heterogeneity in the activity of synoptic systems, a relatively larger SOM size is needed to capture typical synoptic features prevailing in different seasons. Data standardization helps to provide a relatively balanced representation between larger-scale synoptic systems (e.g. anticyclones) and smaller-scale synoptic features (e.g. thermal lows), and also improves the level of pattern self-organization on the SOM across seasons. The additional documentation in this paper encourages a wider application of CP2 in environmental research.

A paradigm shift has occurred in the field of pedolody, moving away from traditional, tacit knowledge based soil survey methods to new, digital soil mapping (DSM) approaches. Although a variety of DSM techniques have been developed and are widely available, it is important not to lose sight of the wealth of existing soils information captured by historic soil survey and soil scientists. This paper presents a DSM method that combines expert knowledge with fuzzy logic and selective soil sampling to generate soil class and property maps for an approximately 16-ha (?40-acre) farm field in southeastern Indiana. Five soil classes were produced by implementing a fuzzy membership based approach utilizing four digital elevation model (DEM) derived terrain attributes: SAGA topographic wetness index (TWI), modified catchment area (MCA), slope percentage, and elevation. From the fuzzy class membership values, in combination with selective soil sampling and model calibration, calibrated and uncalibrated loess depth maps were generated. The mean absolute error (MAE) of predicted loess depth was 27 cm for uncalibrated prediction and 29 cm for calibrated prediction. Normalized yield data from 2011 found all five soil classes differed significantly in yield, giving evidence the five classes function differently in crop production. Peer Reviewed Papers

Processes of peri-urbanisation emerge from a range of drivers that differ according to socio-economic and geographic settings. Using the Melbourne outer peri-urban region, this paper explores these processes using a set of indicator variables for four identified modes of peri-urbanisation: exurbanisation, hidden urbanisation, retiree mobility, and displaced suburbia. This paper considers the relationships between these modes and their locational distribution. It then considers the potential influence of these processes on the characteristics of farming systems in the subject region through regression models. Significant relationships are evident in several instances, specifically the differences that emerge between retiree mobility and exurbanisation or displaced suburbia (processes linked to urban proximity). These latter processes also appear to influence features of local agricultural systems, including farm scale and type. © 2013 The Author. Geographical Research

Viticulture is the science of growing grapevines, in particular, those used in the production of wine grapes and wine. Although many different research areas exist within viticulture, the latest implement geospatial tools and techniques such as GIS, GPS, and remote sensing to better moni- tor the crop and therefore make better decisions regarding it. Geospatial techniques allow both researchers and vineyard managers to study the natural spatial variability that exists within and between vineyard blocks. This paper reviews three emerging subfields of geographic research in viticulture: site location and suitability analysis, vineyard land use identification, and precision viti- culture. Future research directions and integration of additional geographic tools and techniques are also discussed. Introduction to Geographic Research in Viticulture Growing grapes is inherently a geographic process. This is because all of the factors that help create optimal grapes for wine vary over space. Thus, geographic research in viticul- ture has long been a tradition of regional geography studies across the globe (Morrison 1936; Meigs 1941; Vince 1946; Weigend 1954; Peters 1984; Newman 1986). Geographic research in viticulture in the past several decades, though, has shifted from a descriptive regional science to become a more applied, technical research area. This paper reviews research concerning viticulture, which due to recent technological developments has been able to find new ways to examine and better understand the common viticultural prob- lem of spatial variability. Tremendous spatial variation exists within specific vineyard blocks as well as between blocks in regards to site characteristics (soil, climate, slope, moisture, etc.), surface structure (trellis training system of vine rows and inter-row spaces), and grape yield (quantity and quality). Due to this, viticulture is being studied using geospatial tools and techniques. The geographic perspective, in particular the use of geographic tools and techniques, that has been applied to viticulture is currently revolu- tionizing the international grape and wine industry. This affords viticulturists the ability to better choose sites for future vineyards, accurately inventory their current vineyard land area, as well as improve the crop quality and ⁄or quantity to increase profits. The main geographic tools and techniques used to research viticulture are global positioning systems (GPS), geographic information systems (GIS), and remote sensing. The specific tools and ⁄or techniques utilized are dictated by the type of research being carried out.

As features of the landscape, waterfalls have been studied extensively by geographers, but the names given to these landforms have received relatively little scholarly attention. This paper examines the naming of waterfalls and addresses the question of classifying these hydronyms. The subject is considered in a global historical context, focusing on place names in the anglophone world. Until the 18th and 19th centuries, relatively few waterfalls were named.With the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, water power rose in economic importance, and at the same time, there was a growing scientific and aesthetic engagement with the landscape. These developments are suggested as reasons for the increased interest in waterfalls which were then being recorded in topographical literature and on maps, individual names being given to increasing numbers of falls. European exploration added to the knowledge of the world’s waterfalls, many of which were given names by their ‘discoverers’. This naming process accelerated with the growth of domestic and overseas tourism which exploited scenic resources such as waterfalls. Until now, research on the names of waterfalls has been fragmentary, and the classification of these hydronyms has been neglected. This paper demonstrates that waterfall names can be classified in accordance with a recognised toponymic typology. Using examples drawn from waterfall guidebooks, databases, maps, and other sources, the following discussion supports George Stewart’s claim that his toponymic classification is valid for place names of all kinds.

In this paper, a multi-resolution hybrid approach is proposed for the reconstruction of building models from point clouds of lidar data. The detection of the main roof planes is obtained through a polyhedral approach, whereas the models of appended parts, in this case the dormers, are reconstructed by adopting a model-driven approach. Clustering of the roof points in a multi-resolution space is based on the fuzzy c-mean in the polyhedral section of this hybrid approach. A weighted plane algorithm is developed in order to determine the planes of each cluster. The verification of planes between multi-resolution spaces adopts a method based on a least squares support vector machine that, in the model-driven section, is applied for detecting types of projecting structures. A method is then developed to determine the dormer models’ parameters. Finally, the detection of boundary roof lines is obtained through a customised fuzzy Hough transform. The paper outlines the concept of the algorithms and the processing chain, and illustrates the results obtained by applying the technique to buildings of different complexities. Resume Cet article propose une approche hybride multi-resolution pour la reconstruction de modeles de bâtiments a partir de nuages de points lidar. La detection des principaux plans des toits est obtenue par une approche polyedrique, tandis que les modeles de structures annexes, en l’occurrence les mansardes, sont reconstruits en adoptant une approche parametrique. La segmentation des points du toit dans un espace multi-resolution est basee sur la c-moyenne floue dans la composante polyedrique de cette approche hybride. Un algorithme est developpe pour determiner, avec une ponderation, le plan correspondant a chaque segment. La validation des plans obtenus entre des espaces multi-resolution adopte une methode basee sur les moindres carres des machines a vecteur de support, methode qui, dans la composante parametrique, sert a detecter les differents types de structures annexes. Une methode est ensuite developpee pour determiner les parametres des modeles de mansardes. Enfin, la detection des lignes de bordure de toits s’obtient par l’adaptation d’une transformee de Hough floue. L’article presente le principe des algorithmes et la chaine de traitement, et illustre les resultats obtenus en appliquant la technique a des bâtiments de complexites variees. Zusammenfassung Dieser Beitrag stellt einen hybriden Ansatz unter Nutzung von Mehrfachauflosungen zur Rekonstruktion von Gebaudemodellen aus Lidar Punktwolken vor. Die Erkennung der Hauptebenen eines Daches erfolgt durch einen polyedrischen Ansatz. Dier Modellierung von nachgeordneten Strukturen, hier Dachausbauten, erfolgt durch einen modellbasierten Ansatz. Der Fuzzy C-Mean Algorithmus wird genutzt, um ein Clustering der Dachpunkte fur den polyedrischen Teil des hybriden Ansatzes durchzufuhren. Ein gewichteter Ebenen-Algorithmus wurde entwickelt, um die Ebenen eines jeden Clusters zu bestimmen. Die Verifizierung der Ebenen in verschiedenen Auflosungsraumen adaptiert eine Methode, die sich einer Kleinsten Quadrate Stutzvektormaschine bedient, und wird im modellgetriebenen Teil des Ansatzes zur Erkennung der Typen der untergeordneten Strukturen verwendet. Eine weitere entwickelte Methode bestimmt die Parameter der Dachausbauten. Die abschliesende Erkennung der Dachrandlinien erfolgt durch eine angepasste Fuzzy Hough Transformation. Der Beitrag gibt einen Uberblick uber das Konzept des Algorithmus und die Prozesskette und stellt beispielhaft Ergebnisse der Technik an Gebauden unterschiedlicher Komplexitat vor. Resumen En el articulo se propone una aproximacion hibrida de multi-resolucion para la reconstruccion de modelos de edificios partiendo de nubes de puntos lidar. La deteccion de los planos principales de tejado se obtiene mediante una aproximacion poliedrica, mientras que los modelos de estructuras anexas, en este caso buhardillas, se reconstruyen adoptando una aproximacion dirigida por el modelo. La agrupacion de puntos de tejado en un espacio de multi-resolucion se basa en la media-c difusa en la seccion poliedrica de esta aproximacion hibrida. Se ha desarrollado un algoritmo de planos ponderados para determinar los planos de cada agrupacion de puntos. La verificacion de los planos entre espacios de multi-resolucion adopta un metodo basado en maquinas de vectores de soporte de minimos cuadrados. En el caso de la seccion dirigida por el modelo, se aplica para detectar los tipos de estructuras anexas. Entonces se determinan los parametros de modelo para la buhardilla. Finalmente, la deteccion de las lineas de frontera de los tejados se obtiene mediante una transformacion de Hough difusa adaptada. En el articulo se resume el concepto de los algoritmos y la cadena de proceso e ilustra los resultados obtenidos por aplicar la tecnica a edificios de complejidades diferentes.

In developing poverty reduction strategies, poverty and welfare maps are made based on estimated values for use in decision making. Targeting public resources is better achieved with information derived from these maps. This use of poverty and welfare maps in shaping policy practically illustrates information use for development. On poverty maps, for example, poverty estimates are depicted as graphic symbols through which information is transferred to the map user. This paper investigates how effective these maps are as graphic communication media. A cartographic approach is adopted to examine the symbolization of poverty and welfare maps with the aim of enhancing their design. Eight criteria were developed and used to infer map communication effectiveness in the context of poverty mapping. These criteria are interpreted as map defects and major ones are overlapping class value, problems with symbol type, choice of color scheme and class differentiation which are all related to map symbolization. Map symbolization challenges within the poverty mapping context are related to the need to visually perceive shared spatial patterns between two related variables, highlight units with high poverty levels as well as emphasize high and low points in a poverty or welfare data. This paper illustrates how to address these by applying basic cartographic principles. These principles are generic to all kinds of maps, but it is their applicability to poverty and welfare maps that is paper’s focus.

This paper presents a new hardware-accelerated approach to the volumetric reconstruction of trees from photographs, based on the methods introduced by Reche-Martinez et al. The system applies an adapted computed tomography (CT) procedure that uses a set of oriented photographs with known interior and exterior camera parameters for creating a 3D model of a tree, while requiring considerably fewer images than standard CT. As tomographic reconstructions are complex tasks that result in time-consuming processes for high-resolution volumes, the hitherto existing methods are improved and modified to allow an ideal parallelisation of the computations on graphics hardware. The paper delivers a detailed insight into the complete process of the reconstruction, from the acquisition and preparation of the input data to the implementation of the final system on graphics processing hardware. Resume Cet article presente une nouvelle approche acceleree par le materiel pour la reconstruction volumetrique d’arbres a partir de photographies, en utilisant les methodes introduites par Reche-Martinez et al. Le systeme applique une procedure adaptee de tomodensitometrie avec un jeu de photographies orientees dont les parametres instrumentaux internes et externes sont connus, pour creer le modele 3D d’un arbre en utilisant beaucoup moins d’images que la tomodensitometrie classique. La reconstruction tomographique etant une tâche complexe et consommatrice pour des volumes a haute resolution, les methodes existantes sont ameliorees et modifiees pour permettre une parallelisation optimale des calculs sur le materiel graphique. Cet article fournit une description detaillee du processus complet de reconstruction, depuis l’acquisition et la preparation des donnees source jusqu’a la mise en œuvre du systeme sur du materiel de traitement graphique. Zusammenfassung In diesem Artikel wird ein neuer hardwarebeschleunigter Ansatz zur volumetrischen Rekonstruktion von Baumen aus Photographien vorgestellt, basierend auf den Methoden von Reche-Martinez et al. Das System verwendet angepasste Methoden aus dem Bereich der Computertomographie (CT) um aus einer Zusammenstellung von Photos mit bekannter interner und externer Orientierung ein 3D Baummodel zu erzeugen, wobei hier erheblich weniger Bilddaten notwendig sind als fur Standard-CT-Ansatze. Nachdem tomographische Rekonstruktionen komplexe Aufgaben darstellen, die fur hochauflosende Volumenmodelle zu sehr zeitintensiven Prozessen fuhren konnen, wurden die bisherigen Methoden verbessert und modifiziert, um eine optimale Parallelisierung der Berechnungen auf Grafikprozessoren zu ermoglichen. Der Artikel gibt einen detaillierten Einblick in den vollstandigen Rekonstruktionsprozess, von der Erhebung und Vorbereitung der Photographien bis zur Umsetzung des finalen Systems auf Grafikhardware. Resumen El articulo presenta una nueva aproximacion de aceleracion por hardware de la reconstruccion volumetrica de arboles a partir de fotografias, basada en metodos introducidos por Reche-Martinez et al. El sistema aplica un procedimiento adaptado de tomografia computerizada (CT) que usa un conjunto de fotografias orientadas, cuyos parametros internos y externos son conocidos, para generar un modelo 3D de un arbol, requiriendo considerablemente menos imagenes que la CT estandar. Como las reconstrucciones tomograficas son tareas complejas que resultan en procesos costosos para volumenes de alta resolucion, los metodos existentes hasta el momento han sido mejorados y modificados para permitir una paralelizacion ideal de los calculos en hardware grafico. El articulo muestra un detallado vistazo al proceso completo de reconstruccion, desde la adquisicion y preparacion de los datos de entrada a la implementacion del sistema final usando hardware de proceso grafico.

Terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) data plays an important role in 3D modelling of urban scenes. Much research is carried out in the fields of pre-processing, segmentation and geometric reconstruction of laser data of building faCades. However, the quality of 3D models obtained from this data is rarely assessed. This paper proposes a qualitative and quantitative assessment approach to evaluate the quality of 3D models of faCades constructed with TLS data. Only segmentation and reconstruction operations are considered in this paper, because they cover the main steps in the 3D modelling process. Since every processing step produces an intermediate result, each one must be analysed and compared with an appropriate reference model. A new approach has been conceived to evaluate the precision of the segmentation results. It is based on the calculation of Boolean operators enabling the comparison of planar clusters produced by the segmentation. To evaluate the vector models resulting from the reconstruction step, a method based on quality indices is proposed. It is adapted not only for precision but also for accuracy calculations. The results show that the quality assessment approach is coherent and, moreover, easy to apply. Resume Les donnees laser terrestres jouent un role tres important dans la modelisation 3D des scenes urbaines. De nombreuses recherches portent sur les problematiques de pretraitement, de segmentation et de reconstruction geometrique de ce type de donnees acquises sur des faCades de bâtiments. Toutefois, les modeles 3D issus de ces donnees sont rarement evalues. Le present document propose une approche d’evaluation qualitative et quantitative permettant d’apprecier la qualite des modeles 3D de faCades, issus exclusivement de donnees laser terrestre. Seules les operations principales de segmentation et de reconstruction sont considerees. Comme chacune de ces etapes de traitement fournit un resultat intermediaire, chacun d’eux doit etre analyse et confrontea un modele de reference adapte. Une nouvelle approche a ete developpee pour evaluer la precision de resultats issus d’une segmentation. Elle s’appuie sur des operations booleennes permettant la comparaison de segments, c’est-a-dire d’ensembles de points decrivant un plan. Pour evaluer les modeles vectoriels issus de l’etape de reconstruction, une methode basee sur des indices de qualite est presentee. Elle est adaptee pour evaluer la precision, ainsi que l’exactitude des resultats de reconstruction geometrique. Les analyses menees montrent que cette approche d’evaluation est non seulement coherente mais egalement simple d’application. Zusammenfassung Terrestrische Laserscanner-Daten spielen eine wichtige Rolle bei der 3D-Modellierung von stadtischen Szenen. Ein Grosteil der Forschung beschaftigt sich mit den Themen der Vorverarbeitung, Segmentierung und geometrischen Rekonstruktion dieser Art von Daten, besonders im Bereich der Fassadenmodellierung. Allerdings werden die resultierenden 3D-Modelle nur selten quantitativ bewertet. Diese Arbeit schlagt einen Ansatz zur qualitativen und quantitativen Bewertung der 3D-Fassadenmodelle, die exklusiv aus terrestrischen Laserscanner-Daten ermittelt wurden, vor. Es werden hier nur die Vorgange der Segmentierung und Rekonstruktion berucksichtigt. Da jeder dieser Verarbeitungsschritte Zwischenergebnisse liefert, mussen diese analysiert und mit einem geeigneten Referenzmodell verglichen werden. Ein neuer Ansatz wurde entwickelt, um die Prazision der Ergebnisse aus der Segmentierung zu beurteilen. Es basiert auf booleschen Operationen und ermoglicht die Gegenuberstellung von kalkulierten Segmenten und Referenzsegmenten, die ausschlieslich aus Punkten abgeleitet sind. Zur Beurteilung der Vektormodelle, die der Rekonstruktionsprozess liefert, wird eine Methode vorgestellt, die sich auf Qualitatsindizes stutzt. Sie ist geeignet fur die Beurteilung der Prazision und der Genauigkeit der Modelle. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass der Beurteilungsansatz nicht nur koharent, sondern auch einfach anzuwenden ist. Resumen Los datos captados por escaners laser terrestres tienen gran importancia en el modelado 3D de escenas urbanas. Hay numerosas investigaciones sobre el preproceso, la segmentacion y la reconstruccion geometrica de fachadas con datos laser. Sin embargo en pocas ocasiones se ha evaluado la calidad de los modelos 3D extraidos de datos laser. En este articulo se propone una aproximacion para evaluar cualitativa y cuantitativamente los modelos 3D de fachadas extraidos de datos laser terrestres. Solo se ha considerado la segmentacion y la reconstruccion porque cubren los principales aspectos del proceso de modelado 3D. Dado que cada paso genera un resultado intermedio este ha de ser comparado con un modelo de referencia adecuado. Se ha concebido un nuevo metodo para evaluar la precision del resultado de la segmentacion. Esta basado en el calculo de operadores booleanos que permiten la comparacion de segmentos planos. Un metodo basado en indices de calidad se propone para evaluar los modelos de vectores resultantes de la reconstruccion. El cual se ha adoptado para calculos de precision y exactitud. Los resultados muestran que la evaluacion de calidad es coherente y ademas de facil aplicacion.

This paper investigates aspects of the urban hierarchy and concentration of patent sub-categories in United States metropolitan areas by estimating Zipf, Gini and Moran's I coefficients. Results do not support a power law depiction of the location of disaggregate patenting in the entire metropolitan system. The most concentrated and hierarchical patent technologies are computer hardware and software, computer peripherals, information storage, communications, surgery and medical instruments, nuclear and x-rays, semiconductor devices, optics and organic compounds. Technologies are cross-classified, which reveals aspects of variety in locational patterns and offers clues into systems of knowledge exchange in urban-based technological advance. Resumen Este articulo investiga los aspectos de la jerarquia urbana y la concentracion de subcategorias de patentes en areas metropolitanas de los Estados Unidos, mediante la estimacion de los coeficientes de Zipf, Gini, y la I de Moran. Los resultados no siguen una ley de potencias para la localizacion de patentes desagregadas en la totalidad del sistema metropolitano. Las tecnologias de patentes mas concentradas y jerarquicas son las de hardware y software, perifericos informaticos, almacenamiento de informacion, comunicaciones, cirugia e instrumentos medicos, radiologia (rayos X, nuclear), dispositivos semiconductores, optica y compuestos organicos. Las tecnologias muestran una clasificacion transversal, que revela aspectos de diversidad en los patrones de localizacion y ofrece indicios sobre los sistemas de intercambio de conocimientos en el avance tecnologico de caracter urbano.

It has been widely accepted that the rational polynomial coefficient (RPC) model can be used as an alternative to rigorous sensor models of high resolution optical satellites for photogrammetric processing. In the application of the RPC model to synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image processing, it has been confirmed that the range-Doppler model can be replaced by the RPC model. Until now, however, orthorectification with the RPC model in SAR image processing has not been considered. This paper investigates how to perform orthorectification in SAR image processing with the RPC model. Following a brief introduction about the RPC model for spaceborne SAR imagery, an optimisation model is established and a method of conducting simulations with the RPC model is proposed. Finally, a series of experiments are performed in order to verify the correctness of the theory using TerraSAR-X, COSMO-SkyMed, ERS-2 and Envisat ASAR images as test data. By comparing the actual accuracy and the theoretical accuracy of the orthorectified imagery, the theory and methodology proposed in this paper are confirmed. Resume Il est largement reconnu que le modele RPC, qui utilise les coefficients d’une fraction de polynomes, peut etre substitue aux modeles physiques rigoureux des capteurs spatiaux a haute resolution pour le traitement photogrammetrique. Ainsi le modele distance-Doppler peut etre remplace par le modele RPC pour la synthese d’images radar. Toutefois, l’utilisation du modele RPC pour l’orthorectification des images radar n’avait pas encore ete envisagee. Cet article etudie la possibilite de mettre en œuvre l’orthorectification d’images radar au moyen du modele RPC. Apres une breve introduction sur le modele RPC appliquea l’imagerie radar spatiale, un modele optimise est presente et une methode de simulation basee surle modele RPC est proposee. Finalement, plusieurs experiences sont menees pour confronter la theorie a des images TerraSAR-X, COSMO-SkyMed, ERS-2 and Envisat ASAR comme donnees tests. Enfin, la comparaison de la precision obtenue avec la precision predite par la theorie permet de valider la theorie et la methodologie proposee dans cet article. Zusammenfassung Fur die photogrammetrische Auswertung ist es allgemein ublich, dass fur hochauflosende optische Satelliten das Modell der Rationalen Polynomkoeffizienten (RPC) als Alternative zu einem strengen Sensormodell genutzt wird. Fur die Anwendung in der SAR Bildverarbeitung wurde bestatigt, dass das Entfernungs-Doppler Modell durch das RPC Modell ersetzt werden kann. Bis heute wurde allerdings in der SAR Bildverarbeitung eine Orthophotorektifizierung mit dem RPC Modell nicht in Betracht gezogen. Dies ist Gegenstand dieses Beitrags. Nach einer kurzen Einfuhrung in das RPC Modell fur satellitengestutzte SAR Aufnahmen wird ein Modell zur Optimierung erstellt und eine Methode zur Durchfuhrung von Simulationen mit dem RPC Modell vorgestellt. Abschliesend wird eine Reihe von Experimenten mit TerraSAR-X, COSMO-SkyMed, ERS-2 und Envisat ASAR Testdaten durchgefuhrt. Durch Vergleich der tatsachlichen mit der theoretischen Genauigkeit der orthorektifizierten Bilder werden sowohl die Theorie, als auch die vorgeschlagene Vorgehensweise bestatigt. Resumen Comunmente se acepta que el modelado de sensores basado en Coeficientes de Polinomicos Racionales (CPR) es una alternativa a los modelos rigurosos para el trabajo fotogrametrico en los satelites opticos de alta resolucion. En el caso de la aplicacion del modelo CPR al procesado de imagenes SAR ya se ha confirmado que el modelo rango-Doppler puede ser reemplazado por el modelo CPR. Sin embargo y hasta la actualidad, en el procesado de imagenes SAR no se ha contemplado la ortorrectificacion con el modelo CPR. Este articulo investiga como realizarlo. Tras una breve introduccion sobre el modelo CPR para este tipo de imagenes, se establece una optimizacion del modelo y se propone un metodo de simulacion con el modelo RPC. Finalmente se realizan una serie de experimentos para verificar la correccion de la teoria utilizando imagenes TerraSAR-X, COSMO-SkyMed, ERS-2 y Envisat ASAR como datos de prueba. Mediante la comparacion de la exactitud obtenida y la exactitud teorica de las imagenes ortorrectificadas, se confirman la teoria y metodologia propuestas en este articulo.

This paper presents a possible way of surveying and modelling very complex architecture, integrating different instrumentation and modelling methods. In particular, it aims to draw attention to a possible measurement and data processing procedure allowing the rapid collection and post-processing of data in order to extract classical architectural products such as sections and profiles, and to build complete, accurate 3D models. The need is to structure a multiple data source procedure within a five-year project (still in progress) to survey and model the main spire of Milan Cathedral three-dimensionally. The spire is a very complex object and, for this reason, provides a really useful, challenging field test for new 3D survey technologies and, in particular, for integrating a variety of modelling methodologies. The paper describes survey workflow and processing steps, focusing on problems and justifying key choices. Resume Cet article presente une technique permettant la surveillance et la modelisation d’architectures tres complexes et integrant differentes instrumentations et methodes de modelisation. Il met notamment en evidence une procedure permettant une collecte et un post-traitement rapides des donnees dans le but d’extraire des produits architecturaux classiques tels que des sections et des profils, et de construire des modeles 3D complets et precis. L’objectif est d’etablir une procedure basee sur des donnees multisource dans le cadre d’un projet sur cinq ans (toujours en cours) pour relever et modeliser la fleche principale de la cathedrale de Milan en trois dimensions. La fleche est un objet tres complexe qui constitue donc un site experimental tres utile pour tester de nouvelles technologies de lever 3D, en particulier pour l’integration de plusieurs technologies de modelisation. L’article decrit le deroulement du lever et les etapes du traitement, met en evidence les difficultes rencontrees et justifie les choix effectues. Zusammenfassung Dieser Beitrag stellt einen moglichen Weg zur Vermessung und Modellierung sehr komplexer Architektur dar, wobei verschiedene Gerate und Modellierungsmethoden integriert werden. Im Mittelpunkt steht ein mogliches Mes- und Datenaufbereitungsverfahren, das eine schnelle Erfassung und Nachbearbeitung der Daten erlaubt, um klassische Architekturprodukte, wie Abschnitte und Profile zu extrahieren und komplette, genaue 3D Modelle zu rekonstruieren. Die Herausforderung besteht darin, ein solches Verfahren innerhalb von funf Jahren im Rahmen eines noch laufenden Projektes zur dreidimensionalen Vermessung und Modellierung des Hauptturmes der Kathedrale von Mailand zu realisieren. Der Turm ist sehr komplex und stellt damit ein hervorragendes Objekt fur einen Feldtest fur neue 3D Vermessungstechnologien und Modellierungsmethoden dar. Es werden der Ablaufplan und die Prozessschritte beschrieben, Probleme analysiert und die wesentlichen Auswahlkriterien begrundet. Resumen En el articulo se expone un posible procedimiento para realizar levantamientos y modelar arquitectura muy compleja, integrando instrumentacion diversa y metodos de modelado diferentes. En particular, el procedimiento ha de permitir la rapida captacion de datos y su post proceso con la finalidad de extraer productos arquitectonicos clasicos, tales como secciones y perfiles y construir modelos 3D completos y precisos. El levantamiento y modelado 3D de la torre de la Catedral de Milan, proyecto de cinco anos aun en progreso, requiere estructurar un procedimiento con datos de multiples fuentes. La torre es un objeto muy complejo por lo que es un desafio para distintas tecnologias 3D y, en particular, para integrar toda una variedad de tecnologias de modelado. En el articulo se describe el flujo de trabajo en la captacion y las fases del proceso, centrandose en los problemas y justificando las elecciones clave.

This paper is intended to examine how regional diversity in terms of cultural and racial diversity affects new firm formation in 10 disaggregated industrial sectors across US counties. Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo method is used to estimate the spatial autoregressive regression models. It is suggested that regional diversity positively affects new firm formation, both in its own and neighbouring counties, in selected industries examined. Resumen Este articulo tiene por objeto examinar como la diversidad regional expresada en forma de diversidad cultural y racial afecta a la formacion de nuevas empresas en 10 sectores industriales desagregados en condados de los Estados Unidos. Se utiliza el metodo de Monte Carlo bayesiano basado en cadenas de Markov para estimar los modelos de regresion espaciales autorregresivos. Se sugiere que, en las industrias seleccionadas examinadas, la diversidad regional afecta positivamente a la formacion de nuevas empresas, tanto en el propio condado como en los vecinos.

The river reach is a pervasive term within contemporary river research and applications. Yet, despite its prevalence, there is a notable lack of consistency in its definition. This paper identifies the presence of two broad types of reach definition within the academic literature, operational and functional, and argues that a functional definition is more suitable for applications within river research and management. A range of sequence zonation algorithms that were originally derived for geological well-log analysis were compared for their ability to automatically identify functional reach boundaries. An analysis of variance-based global boundary hunting algorithm was identified as the most suitable. To demonstrate the potential practical applications of automatic reach delineation methods, two case studies where functional reach boundaries have been identified were described: first, in a sequence of predicted sediment transport capacities for use in a reach-based sediment transport model; and second, in a sequence of RHS Habitat Quality Assessment scores for identification of lengths of channel in need of habitat restoration efforts. Finally, the paper discusses how this type of functional reach identification procedure might be applied in other areas of river research and applications and how a multivariate version of a statistical zonation algorithm might prove useful in facilitating integrated catchment management by identifying reach boundaries common across all variables of interest in the system. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

In this paper, we evaluate the spatial location patterns of Spanish manufacturing firms in each industry. We use a distance-based method, Ripley's K function, which allows us to treat space as continuous. With ‘complete spatial randomness’ as benchmark, every sector presents significant concentration whatever the distance considered. If we use the locations of all manufacturing firms as a benchmark, we find dispersion in some sectors and concentration in others, finding also differences in the spatial scale at which clustering occurs. Finally, the use of cities as a benchmark reveals that not only is ‘first nature’ among the location determinants of manufacturing firms but they also include the self-reinforcing advantages of ‘second nature’. Resumen. En este articulo evaluamos los patrones de localizacion espacial de empresas de manufacturas en cada industria. Utilizamos un metodo basado en la distancia, la funcion K de Ripley, que nos permite tratar el espacio como un continuo. Tomando la ‘aleatoriedad espacial completa’ como cota de referencia, todos los sectores presentan una concentracion significativa, independientemente de la distancia considerada. Si empleamos las localizaciones de todas las empresas manufactureras como cota de referencia, encontramos dispersion en algunos sectores y concentracion en otros, asi como diferencias en la escala espacial a la que ocurre la formacion de conglomerados (clusters). Finalmente, el emplear ciudades como cota de referencia revela que entre los determinantes de localizacion de empresas manufactureras no solo esta la ‘primera naturaleza’ sino que tambien se incluyen las ventajas de retroalimentacion positiva de la ‘segunda naturaleza’.

This paper studies the relationship between geography and dynamics of network in the evolutionary process of a newly emerging industry. Core actors are well connected with one another through policy-related project networks, as well as temporary clusters, such as trade fairs, conventions, and seminars. Although geographical proximity is not significantly related to the occurrence of co-operation between individuals, position of an actor in the network is significantly related to his/her geographical reach. Despite the importance of other industrial network in the Capital Region, actors in non-Capital Regions played important positions in the networks and assumed key roles in institutional-building processes. Resumen. Este articulo estudia la relacion entre la geografia y las dinamicas de red en el proceso evolutivo de una nueva industria emergente. Los actores esenciales estan bien conectados entre si mediante redes de proyectos relacionados con politicas, asi como por conglomerados temporales como ferias de exposiciones, convenciones y seminarios. Aunque no hay una relacion significativa entre la proximidad geografica y la aparicion de una cooperacion entre individuos, la posicion de un actor en la red esta relacionada significativamente con su alcance geografico. A pesar de la importancia de otras redes industriales en la region capital, los actores del resto de regiones ocuparon posiciones importantes en las redes y asumieron papeles clave en procesos de desarrollo institucional.

There is manifold literature dealing with co-operative activities of firms. However, no empirical study seems to have investigated the factors leading to malfunctions in co-operation projects in terms of a low likelihood of co-operation, low rate of success, and failed co-operation. Our paper attempts to fill this gap by investigating the possible presence of two problems in co-operation: the lack of intermediation and of reciprocity. Based on data gathered for firms in two German regions and one French region, we find that the success of co-operation projects depends on the perceived importance, rather than on the perceived quality, of intermediate actors. Hence, the major problem for intermediating suitable partners is more related to communication than it is a programmatic issue. Trust and reciprocity in co-operation between firms is found to be relevant ex-post in the sense of being a main determinant of failed co-operation projects. Resumen La literatura acerca de las actividades cooperativas de las empresas es numerosa. Sin embargo, ningun estudio empirico parece haber investigado los factores que llevan a un mal funcionamiento de proyectos de cooperacion en terminos de baja probabilidad de cooperacion, baja tasa de exito, y cooperacion fallida. Nuestro articulo intenta cubrir este vacio con la investigacion de la posible aparicion de dos problemas de la cooperacion: la falta de intermediacion y de reciprocidad. Con base en los datos recolectados por empresas de dos regiones alemanas y una region francesa, encontramos que el exito de los proyectos de cooperacion depende de la percepcion de la importancia de actores intermediarios, mas que de la percepcion de su calidad. Por tanto, el problema principal en la intermediacion de socios adecuados esta mas relacionado con problemas de comunicacion que con temas programaticos. Se encontro que la confianza y reciprocidad en la cooperacion entre empresas son relevantes a posteriori en el sentido de ser una de las causas principales del fracaso de proyectos de cooperacion.

In order to learn more about sectoral differences of knowledge networking in a regional development context, we apply the knowledge base concept, distinguishing the analytical (science based) and synthetic (engineering based) knowledge base. We aim at comparing knowledge networking with the help of network analyses in two knowledge bases in Germany: the analytical knowledge base with the help of the biotechnology industry in the Aachen Technology Region and the synthetic knowledge base with the help of the automotive industry in Southwest Saxony. The paper concludes that there are some main differences found in the characteristics of knowledge networking between the two different knowledge bases. Resumen Para poder conocer mas sobre las diferencias sectoriales en el establecimiento de redes de conocimiento dentro de un contexto de desarrollo regional, aplicamos el concepto de base de conocimiento, haciendo distincion entre bases de conocimiento analiticas (ciencias) y sinteticas (ingenieria). Nuestro objetivo es comparar el establecimiento de redes de conocimiento con la ayuda de analisis de red en dos bases de conocimiento en Alemania: la base de conocimiento analitica, con la ayuda de la industria biotecnologica en la region tecnologica de Aquisgran y la base de conocimiento sintetica con la ayuda de la industria del automovil en Sajonia del Suroeste. La conclusion del articulo es que hay diferencias importantes en las caracteristicas del establecimiento de redes de conocimiento entre ambas bases de conocimiento.

There are increasing opportunities to use consumer-grade digital cameras, particularly if accurate spatial data can be captured. Research recently conducted at Loughborough University identified residual systematic error surfaces or domes discernible in digital elevation models (DEMs). These systematic effects are often associated with such cameras and are caused by slightly inaccurate estimated lens distortion parameters. A methodology that minimises the systematic error surfaces was therefore developed, using a mildly convergent image configuration in a vertical perspective. This methodology was tested through simulation and a series of practical tests. This paper investigates the potential of the convergent configuration to minimise the error surfaces, even if the geometrically more complex oblique perspective is used. Initially, simulated data was used to demonstrate that an oblique convergent image configuration can minimise remaining systematic error surfaces using various imaging angles. Additionally, practical tests using a laboratory testfield were conducted to verify results of the simulation. The need to develop a system to measure the topographic surface of a flooding river provided the opportunity to verify the findings of the simulation and laboratory test using real data. Results of the simulation process, the laboratory test and the practical test are reported in this paper and demonstrate that an oblique convergent image configuration eradicates the systematic error surfaces which result from inaccurate lens distortion parameters. This approach is significant because by removing the need for an accurate lens model it effectively improves the accuracies of digital surface representations derived using consumer-grade digital cameras. Carefully selected image configurations could therefore provide new opportunities for improving the quality of photogrammetrically acquired data.

The existence of digital boundary data files to accompany area census statistics for small units has now become accepted as the norm in respect of population census output in many countries. However, there has been growing variation in the specification of census geography and widespread inconsistency in the sets of polygons between the constituent countries of the UK. This paper reports on research that has created data sets of consistent areas and estimates of census counts spanning the last four British censuses from 1971 to 2001 to enable the comparison of small spatial units and the analysis of population change. The paper assesses the data sets produced by areal weighting and dasymetric mapping by comparison with a subset of consistent spatial units between 1981 and 1991 and with published statistics for larger areas. The results are also examined in relation to previously published methods of obtaining weights empirically for use in the dasymetric mapping. The paper highlights the potential of the consistent small spatial units that have been created for the analysis of population change over time. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The purpose of this paper is two-fold. First, in the context of a spatial model we generalize two indices. One is a dynamic generalization of the emanating effect that was introduced by Kelejian and colleagues. This index describes how events in one unit spill over time to other units due to spatial interactions. As an analogy, it corresponds to the effect that the smoking habits of a given teenager might have on the smoking habits of each of his/her friends. In a sense, our second index, termed the vulnerability index, is the reverse of the first one in that it describes the response of a given unit over time to events in neighbouring units. The analogy here would be how the smoking habits of a given teenager is affected by the smoking habits of all of his/her friends. Second, we empirically implement our indices in the context of a model explaining GDP per capita growth in various countries. In this context the vulnerability index describes the sensitivity of GDP growth in one country with respect to events in other countries; the emanating effect describes how events in one country effect the GDP growth in other countries. Resumen Este articulo tiene un doble objetivo. En primer lugar, y dentro del contexto de un modelo espacial, generalizamos dos indices. El primero es una generalizacion dinamica del efecto de emanacion introducido por Kelejian y colaboradores. Este indice describe como lo que sucede en una unidad se extiende con el paso del tiempo a otras unidades por motivos de interacciones espaciales. A modo de analogia, se corresponde con el efecto que podria tener el habito de fumar de un adolescente en el habito de fumar de cada una de sus amistades. En cierto sentido, nuestro segundo indice, denominado indice de vulnerabilidad, es lo contrario del primero ya que describe la respuesta de una unidad a lo que sucede en unidades vecinas con el paso del tiempo. La analogia en este caso seria el efecto que podrian tener los habitos de fumar del conjunto de amistades de un adolescente en particular en su consumo de tabaco. En segundo lugar, realizamos una implementacion empirica de nuestros indices dentro del contexto de un modelo que explica el crecimiento per capita del PIB en varios paises. Dentro de este contexto, el indice de vulnerabilidad describe la sensibilidad del crecimiento del PIB de un pais en relacion con lo que sucede en otros paises, mientras que el efecto de emanacion describe como lo que sucede en un pais afecta al crecimiento del PIB de otros paises.

This paper sheds the light on an underemphasized centripetal force in a Venables framework: in such kind of models, the fall in transport costs (in core-periphery equilibrium) increases the complexity of production processes, through an increase in the number of varieties of intermediate goods. We argue that this increasing complexity strengthens the need, for downstream firms, to be close to their suppliers. If the coordination costs that arise from this complexity effect are strong enough, the redispersion of industrial activities in the last stage of the integration process does not take place. Resumen Este articulo pone de manifiesto la fuerza centripeta subenfatizada de un marco de Venables: en tal clase de modelos, la caida en los precios del transporte (bajo un equilibrio nucleo-periferia) incrementa la complejidad de los procesos de produccion, mediante el incremento del numero de variedades de bienes intermedios. Argumentamos aqui que esta creciente complejidad fortalece la necesidad, para las empresas situadas posteriormente en el flujo productivo, de estar cerca de sus suministradores. Si los costos de coordinacion que surgen de este efecto de complejidad son lo suficientemente fuertes, no sucedera la redispersion de actividades industriales de la ultima etapa del proceso de integracion.

The literature on drumlins is pervaded by the notion that their longitudinal profile is usually highly asymmetric with a stoss steeper end and a lee gentler end, and that this can be used to infer the palaeo ice flow direction. The idea is built up in many papers covering more than a century of research. However, most of the early published papers were qualitative in nature and more recent quantitative papers appear to challenge the ubiquity of the classical stoss–lee shape. Here the shape of the drumlin longitudinal profile of 29,238 drumlins in the British Isles has been analysed. Drumlins were grouped into flowsets for which a palaeo ice flow direction was inferred independently of the drumlin shape. Given such ice flow directions it was then possible to identify the upflow and downflow ends of each drumlin and to trace and extract its longitudinal profile. Results indicate that the highest point of the drumlin is usually found around half way along the profile. The mean slope angles at the stoss and lee ends were found to be very similar. Finally, the average profile built from all mapped drumlins appears almost symmetric. In conclusion, drumlin longitudinal profile is far from being the classically asymmetric shape widely reported in text-book descriptions. Drumlins are mostly symmetrical in shape with a very slight tendency towards the classical shape. Highly asymmetric drumlins do exist but are rare and with an almost equal numbers of drumlins that are the reverse of this. These findings are verified both at the entire population level and the flowset level. This demonstrates that the idealized stoss–lee shape of classically-asymmetric drumlins is not representative of the population and should be replaced with that of mostly symmetric bumps. Drumlin shape is not a good indicator of the palaeo ice flow direction. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The cross-sectional nature of much social data, coupled with the static view provided by maps and current spatial data handling software, have produced a tradition of research on urban spatial structure that is largely two-dimensional and derived from residential locations. The paper presents an analysis of a space-time diary data set collected in Halifax, Nova Scotia. A series of transformations are used to convert the individual diary records to a three-mode matrix of intensities, which is then analyzed using the PARAFAC three-mode factor model. Home/work is found to be the strongest organizing dimension of the urban space-time, followed by entertainment, shopping, and education / work. We show how these dimensions appear to varying degrees in different locations, time periods, and human activities. The paper argues for a dynamic view of urban spatial structure in which only the physical facilities remain static.

This paper examines temporal correlations and temporal clustering of a proxy historical landslide time series, 2255 reported landslides 1951–2002, for an area in the Emilia-Romagna Region, Italy. Landslide intensity is measured by the number of reported landslides in a day (DL) and in an ‘event’ (Sevent) of consecutive days with landsliding. The non-zero values in both time series DL and Sevent are unequally spaced in time, and have heavy-tailed frequency-size distributions. To examine temporal correlations, we use power-spectral analysis (Lomb periodogram) and surrogate data analysis, confronting our original DL and Sevent time series with 1000 shuffled (uncorrelated) versions. We conclude that the landslide intensity series DL has strong temporal correlations and Sevent has likely temporal correlations. To examine temporal clustering in DL and Sevent, we consider extremes over different landslide intensity thresholds. We first examine the statistical distribution of interextreme occurrence times, τ, and find Weibull distributions with parameter γ << 1·0 [DL] and γ < 1·0 [Sevent]; thus DL and Sevent each have temporal correlations, but Sevent to a lesser degree. We next examine correlations between successive interextreme occurrence times, τ. Using autocorrelation analysis applied to τ, combined with surrogate data analysis, we find for DL linear correlations in τ, but for Sevent inconclusive results. However, using Kendall's rank correlation analysis we find for both DL and Sevent the series of τ are strongly correlated. Finally, we apply Fano Factor analysis, finding for both DL and Sevent the timings of extremes over a given threshold exhibit a fractal structure and are clustered in time. In this paper, we provide a framework for examining time series where the non-zero values are strongly unequally spaced and heavy-tailed, particularly important in the Earth Sciences due to their common occurrence, and find that landslide intensity time series exhibit temporal correlations and clustering. Many landslide models currently are designed under the assumption that landslides are uncorrelated in time, which we show is false. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Aerial images are valuable products when dealing with both geospatial and geotemporal analysis. Nowadays, they are widely used for many different purposes and by an extensive public, including private companies, official administrations and individual users. Although in the past few years there has been an increasing interest in showing all kinds of geographical information on the World Wide Web, access to aerial imagery and its dissemination are still difficult and lack flexibility. This paper introduces an aerial imagery management system based on client–server principles, operated so as to allow users quick and efficient queries, processing and management of huge sets of photogrammetric imagery stored on raster servers. It is a novel product that is ready to provide image-based cartographic data available in public and private digital warehouses, facilitating all the required visualisations and queries, as well as geometric and radiometric processing on the fly. This paper shows the design, system architecture and various functionalities of the system in a real-life scenario. Resume Les images aeriennes sont des produits precieux pour les analyses geographiques tant spatiales que temporelles. De nos jours, elles sont largement utilisees pour des applications tres variees et par un vaste public, incluant les entreprises privees, les administrations publiques et les utilisateurs individuels. Malgre un engouement recent pour la diffusion de toutes sortes d’informations geographiques sur internet, l’acces a l’imagerie aerienne et sa diffusion restent difficiles et manquent de souplesse. Cet article presente un systeme de gestion d’images aeriennes base sur un principe client–serveur, concu pour que les usagers puissent d’une maniere rapide et fiable, consulter, traiter et gerer des jeux volumineux d’images photogrammetriques stockes sur des serveurs d’images. Il s’agit d’un produit innovant, pret a fournir des donnees cartographiques sous forme d’images si elles sont disponibles dans des bases de donnees numeriques publiques ou privees, et qui facilite les visualisations et les requetes ainsi que les traitements geometriques et radiometriques a la volee. Cet article presente la conception, l’architecture et diverses fonctionnalites de notre systeme dans un scenario usuel. Zusammenfassung Luftbilder sind wertvolle Informationsquellen fur die raumliche und temporale Analyse von Geodaten. Heutzutage ist deren offentliche Nutzung durch private Firmen, Behorden oder Individuen fur viele verschiedene Anwendungen sehr verbreitet. Obwohl in den letzten Jahren ein zunehmendes Interesse in der Dissemination von allen Arten von geographischer Information uber das World Wide Web zu verzeichnen ist, ist der Zugang zu Luftbildern und ihre Verteilung weiterhin erschwert und nicht flexibel genug. Dieser Beitrag stellt ein Managementsystem fur Luftbilder auf der Basis von Client–Server Losungen vor. Grose Datensatze photogrammetrischer Bilder werden rasterbasiert auf Servern gespeichert das System bietet dem Nutzer eine schnelle und effiziente Suche, Prozessierung und Verwaltung an. Dieses neuartige Produkt kann bildbasierte kartographische Daten sowohl fur offentliche als auch private zentrale Datensammlungen bereitstellen. Die notwendigen Visualisierungen und Abfragen stehen zur Verfugung und geometrische und radiometrische Prozesse konnen on-the-fly durchgefuhrt werden. Es werden das Design, die Systemarchitektur und verschiedene Funktionalitaten fur reale Anwendungen des Systems vorgestellt. Resumen Las imagenes aereas son datos muy utiles para realizar analisis espaciotemporales. En la actualidad se utilizan ampliamente para distintos propositos por parte de un publico muy variado, que incluye a empresas, administraciones publicas y usuarios individuales. Aunque en los ultimos anos ha habido un interes creciente por ofrecer todo tipo de geoinformacion a traves de la Web, la difusion y el acceso a las imagenes aereas es aun dificil y poco flexible. Este articulo presenta un sistema de gestion de imagenes aereas que utiliza una arquitectura cliente–servidor, que permite al usuario realizar consultas de manera rapida y eficaz, procesando y gestionando un gran conjunto de imagenes fotogrametricas almacenadas en servidores tipo raster. Se trata de un producto novedoso que facilita la realizacion de cartografia basada en imagenes disponibles en repositorios publicos o privados de imagenes digitales, facilitando la visualizacion y la consulta. Ademas permite llevar a cabo los ajustes geometricos y radiometricos en tiempo real. Este articulo muestra el diseno, la arquitectura y las diversas funciones de nuestro sistema en un escenario real.

In this paper, we propose a new approach for modelling a long temperature time series, using fractional cyclical integration. This model is based on the observation that the estimated spectrum of the series (the average annual temperature in Central England, 1659–2001) has its highest value at a frequency which is not zero, thus suggesting the existence of cycles at other frequencies. The results based on a fractional cyclical model show that there is a significant warming effect throughout the sample of about 0.22 °C/century. However, if we concentrate exclusively on the data corresponding to the 20th century that value increases to 0.64%. Moreover, the results in the paper show that a fractionally cyclically integrated model can be a competing alternative to other approaches based on fractional integration at the zero frequency. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society