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In summary I applaud the authors for their research and writing, and for presenting the often confronting schism that occurred between the First Nations and the colonisers within the western third of the continent. Mokare was to share this same strong bond with Barker's successor, medical officer Alexander Collie, whose friendship was so strong that he requested to be buried next to Mokare upon his death. Charting Two Cultures: First Nations and Europeans in Western Australia: By Bill and Jenny Bunbury. [Extracted from the article]

Commitment to culturally sensitive practice is an ethical obligation that requires knowledge and skills specific to the practice context. Research shows that incorporating religion and spirituality into mental health practice is central to working effectively with Muslim communities. Practitioners need to consider the unique positionality and intersectionality when promoting mental health among Muslim women living in Western countries. This paper explores the trauma-informed, counseling approach and the integration of spirituality and religion when working with Muslim women living in Western Australia. Using the critical reflection approach, the research focuses on the concept of guilt about mental health and summarizes the main points considered in the counseling framework such as the centrality of spirituality and religion in perceiving guilt. The paper presents some practical strategies to incorporate cultural, religious, and spiritual concepts into the counseling relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper shows how system-level data can generate useful insights into the profile of first-year graduates who are teaching out-of-field (OOF). Understanding in-school demand and impacts on first-year graduates teaching OOF is important, especially when the first years of teaching are complex, busy, and involve a steep learning curve. A mixed methods sequential explanatory design was used to generate qualitative and quantitative data collected from teacher and principal surveys. This study establishes the prevalence of OOF teaching amongst first-year graduates in Western Australian public schools and develops a profile of their OOF experiences and support needs based on their perceptions and their principals' perceptions. This study details the supports that will make a difference to teachers' capability, in particular a reduction in load where the OOF teaching workload is high, and access to formal subject-specific mentoring, both noted in research as important support mechanisms. This paper provokes new research questions, highlights areas for further research, and establishes the need for more large-scale datasets and longitudinal studies to examine change over time and the enduring effects of OOF teaching, both in relation to transitions into teaching, as teachers learn on-the-job, and when teachers undertake formal professional development programmes or courses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A global challenge concerns reconciling population growth and increasing built infrastructure with foreshore ecosystems that are 'squeezed' against a rising sea levels, hampering their ability to deliver life-sustaining ecosystem services. This paper tests established sea-level rise strategies – fortification, accommodation, and retreat – using a city-centre adjacent estuarine case study in Western Australia to understand the implications for foreshore ecosystem service provision. The results indicate that some retreat of urban areas will be required, combined with the migration of the foreshore reserves landward, to maintain ecosystem service functions over the longer term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes an empirical case study of the Subiaco town centre in Western Australia. The research method employs geospatial mapping of archival and contemporary data sources to explore the town centre's changing spatial structure and high street morphology at the micro-scale over the past century. Once a thriving retail and business centre, Subiaco's (and possibly the state's), premier retail high street destination is now being compromised as the disruptive influence of online retailing gains further traction in the marketplace. Retail disruption provides the paper's conceptual foundation. Agents of disruption include the processes of creative destruction and innovation diffusion, which together with macro-economic factors help to explain the centre's evolution over time and space. The paper examines changes in the town centre's morphological character including residential gentrification, a growing dominance of fast food outlets, an overabundance of comparison stores and a more gendered offering in retail and personal services establishments. The paper also refers to the potential of the town centre to regain its past residential status as a means of fostering economic growth and renewal and suggests that this will only be achieved with radical intervention at the policy and planning level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quality and morphology of outcrop exposure places fundamental constraints on what ichnological observations can be made and the veracity of these observations. Whilst the limits and potential biases are well known and reported for core studies, in the majority of field studies the equivalent biases are typically overlooked. In this paper we present a widely applicable method for recording outcrop characteristics based on their morphology, and how these characteristics may affect observations. We consider the impacts of structural orientation, superficial cover, and outcrop location on outcrop quality. Finally, we present two case studies, from the Tumblagooda Sandstone of Western Australia and the Armorican Sandstone Formation of northwestern France, to highlight the importance of recording outcrop characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bark paintings represent a unique artform that originated in Australia and continues to this day. This paper presents a scientific investigation into both the pigments and binders used by Aboriginal artists from across the Northern Territory (NT) and the Kimberley region in Western Australia (WA) and represents the first major study dedicated to identifying these materials in samples taken from paintings. Laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy were used to identify the pigments in the four colors commonly associated with works by Aboriginal artists: red, yellow, black, and white. Iron oxides are used for red and yellow. Typically, kaolin is used for white and carbon or natural manganese ores are used for black, although the use of other pigments such as huntite (white) and battery black were seen in paintings from specific locations. Evidence of trade could not be established during this study; however, analysis shows that artists may use different pigments based on location and availability. A combination of FTIR and pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (pyrolysis-GC-MS) was utilized to investigate the presence of a binder in the paint. Plant-based materials were identified as the binder in the majority of the paintings. The use of orchid juice was common, both as a preparatory layer on the bark substrate and as a paint binder. The presence of synthetic resins was more widespread than anticipated, attributed to both conservation efforts and more modern painting practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Individuals who engage in violence and other problematic behaviours, in Australia and other international jurisdictions, can be banned by police from entering certain locations. Bans are expected to deter recipients from further inappropriate behaviours, reduce crime, and increase community safety. This paper examines the operation of two banning mechanisms in Western Australia from the perspective of those charged with their imposition and enforcement. Interviews were conducted with 54 key informants, including police officers, licensees, and venue staff. Interviewees supported police bans as an appropriate way to address disorderly behaviours, and there was consensus regarding key policy objectives and desired outcomes. However, specific policy refinements were identified – including more effective data sharing to improve identification of recipients, more flexible breach provisions, and the introduction of temporary bans – to increase the enforceability and effectiveness of the provisions. Police banning powers in other jurisdictions may benefit from consideration of these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a new method of deriving 9-parameter affine 3D datum transformations by ordinary least-squares. Unlike previous methods, it covers all versions of the transformation. Initially, an 'average' scale factor is computed by distance analysis. Removing the scaling effect, the 'RIGOPT' subroutine is applied to optimise the rigid transformation that consists of 3 translations and 3 rotations. Using an equivalent enlargement hypothesis, the number of scale factors is increased to 3 by a short series of single-search-direction optimisations. The minimisation of residuals is verified by enclosing-interval analysis. The case studies cover datasets in Western Australia, Great Britain and Sweden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 2011, the Western Australian State Government has spent $85 million on its SuperTowns project that aimed to boost the population and viability of subregional centres or 'SuperTowns.' Using the Wheatbelt SuperTowns of Northam, Morawa, Katanning and Boddington this paper explores how local governments have employed spatial design interventions to shift the image of these inland towns in a bid to attract population from Western Australia's major urban centres. Despite six years having elapsed since the government inaugurated the SuperTown policy, demographic data shows declining populations in these subregional centres. This paper highlights the limits of spatial design interventions in relation to delivering population decentralisation to inland towns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectivesMethodResultsConclusions\nKey PointsTo produce national clinical norms for WASC-Y, examine the internal consistency of the WASC-Y scales, compare scores from a clinical sample with previously published community sample data, and test the degree to which other scales predict the Suicide Scale.We analysed WASC-Y data from 1226 Aboriginal youth who had presented to mental health services between 2007 and 2022 and compared their scores to the original community norms.Our sample shows a higher level of mental health risk than does the normative sample that varied according to gender. We found high levels of suicidal behaviour in the clinical sample: 41.5% admitted to thoughts of suicide and 25.0% reported one or more suicide attempts. One in 23 reported a high likelihood that they would attempt suicide again. Knowing someone who has suicided was associated with higher Suicide Risk. Linear modelling showed that Suicide Risk is predicted by a combination of all other WASC-Y scales and gender, with females at higher risk than males. There is emerging evidence that Cultural Resilience provides some mitigation of Suicide Risk.Our data provide the first culturally and psychometrically valid national mental health profile of Aboriginal youth accessing mental health services, including separate clinical norms for males and females. Aboriginal youth present with serious levels of suicide and mental health risk that urgently require improved access to clinically and culturally competent services. Our findings provide evidence of construct validity, in that scale scores showed meaningful associations with each other and with other variables in expected ways.What is already known about this topic: The WASC-Y stands alone as a culturally valid, psychometrically sound, and clinically valid screening tool to assess Aboriginal youths’ suicide risk, mental health risk, and cultural resilience.WASC-Y norms were derived from a non-clinical sample of 13- to 17-year-old school students in Western Australia.Clinical norms for WASC-Y are needed.The WASC-Y stands alone as a culturally valid, psychometrically sound, and clinically valid screening tool to assess Aboriginal youths’ suicide risk, mental health risk, and cultural resilience.WASC-Y norms were derived from a non-clinical sample of 13- to 17-year-old school students in Western Australia.Clinical norms for WASC-Y are needed.What this paper adds: We now have separate clinical norms for male and female Aboriginal youth that show high rates of suicidal ideation and behaviour.Suicidal ideation and behaviour are significantly higher among Aboriginal youth who know someone close to them who has suicided than among those who do not.Linear modelling indicates that scores on the Suicide Scale are best predicted by a combination of all other WASC-Y scales and gender.We now have separate clinical norms for male and female Aboriginal youth that show high rates of suicidal ideation and behaviour.Suicidal ideation and behaviour are significantly higher among Aboriginal youth who know someone close to them who has suicided than among those who do not.Linear modelling indicates that scores on the Suicide Scale are best predicted by a combination of all other WASC-Y scales and gender. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores whether the introduction of police-imposed barring notices in Western Australia (WA) is associated with changes to the number, type and location of recorded assaults. Police-imposed barring notices were introduced in WA in January 2011, and are issued in response to alcohol-related disorderly behaviours in/around licensed venues. A barring notice can exclude the recipient from one or more licensed venues for up to one year. WA Police provided unit level records of 67,750 assault incidents occurring during high-alcohol hours – 8pm to 6am on Friday and Saturday nights – between 1 July 2007 and 30 June 2020. This enabled data from before and after the introduction of barring notices to be compared. The findings identified a number of potentially positive effects of barring notices, including significant reductions (p < 0.001) in non-family assault offences marked with an alcohol flag, assault offences recorded occurring on pathways (which includes areas around licensed premises), and common assault offences marked with an alcohol flag. These categories clearly align with the intended use and effect/s of barring notices, and the findings are encouraging. The effects of other factors on offending numbers cannot be excluded, but the association between the introduction of barring notices and, in particular, a reduction in alcohol-flagged violent offending appears to support the use of barring notices in WA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inclusion is a core philosophy for health practitioners and human service users, and co-production is a way to achieve inclusion. Australia's assistive technology (AT) community seeks to include and amplify the voices of service and product users at multiple levels. Implementation of genuine partnerships for inclusion is however challenging. This paper describes the iterative co-design process undertaken to structure and deliver a peer-led information and support program, enabling AT users and supporters to build their AT decision making capability and share their expertise with each other and the broader community. A living labs approach was grounded in co-design principles and drew on the peer education, AT competency and capability-building knowledge base. Methods included embedding intersectional capabilities within the service, and the engagement of over 600 people in design thinking and program iterations through surveys, focus groups, journey mapping and think tanks. A national, peer-led, co-designed online community for AT users was established and has been running since 2017. The community of 5000 users contribute to a peer-led information and support initiative geared to share expertise and build AT decision making capability. Service delivery by the AT user community and for the AT user community requires a commitment to co-design, and an engagement with concepts of risk, competency, scope of practice and capability. The learnings from AT Chat have implications for AT services on this journey everywhere. Active co-design of AT services meets human rights and good practice benchmarks required by contemporary services. Foregrounding AT users within program design and delivery, brings a range of positive outcomes and possibilities for the way services are delivered. AT users have substantial untapped potential which brings tangible outcomes for other AT users, health professionals, service provider organizations and for society. Development of paid roles and pathways to recognize the skills of AT users, and indeed AT communities has potential to improve AT user self-efficacy as well as to contribute to the AT workforce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inundation mapping is an essential part of environmental monitoring, flood disaster management and risk mitigation. There are many earth observation sensors that can provide spatial information about inundation extent at different times. However, these extents need to be comparable to provide an accurate and consistent estimate of a flood's progression. Monitoring inundation extent around the peak of a flood event is important because it captures the hazardous period during a large flood event, and it identifies connections between off-stream waterholes and flood waters for environmental monitoring. This paper presents results from a study comparing near-coincident flood inundation maps derived from optical (Landsat, MODIS, Sentinel-2 and VIIRS) and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) (Sentinel-1 and NovaSAR-1) remote sensing imagery. We also compare all inundation maps derived from remote sensing data with near-coincident hydrodynamic (HD) modelling. The study was conducted for the Fitzroy floodplain in Western Australia, a large, complex and remotely located river basin. The results show that optical remote sensing data have average F1 scores ranging from 0.57 to 0.65 when compared to the HD model results, with Landsat and MODIS performing best. Sentinel-1 and NovaSAR-1 SAR have a poor agreement (average F1 score of 0.31 and 0.35 respectively) when compared to the HD model results, particularly within scattered vegetation adjacent to the river channel, with better results in open water on the floodplain and in the river. If comparisons are made only during the peak flood stage, the F1 scores improve for the optical data (0.61 up to 0.8). Comparisons of the remote sensing inundation maps show that the optical data are suitable for interchangeable mapping during large flood events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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There has been significant investment by police agencies in the use of body-worn cameras (BWCs). Preliminary evidence suggests that when used in the context of domestic and family violence, BWC footage may strengthen evidential cases and prosecutions. There is, however, a paucity of research examining the merits of and risks posed by the use of BWC footage in DFV incidents and legal proceedings. Notably absent in much of the literature are the views and experiences of police officers who, as initial owners of BWC footage, are likely to affect how it is produced and interpreted. This paper presents findings from the first Australian study to examine how police officers, as users and operators of BWC technology, perceive the use of BWC footage in DFV-related civil and criminal legal proceedings in two Australian state jurisdictions: Western Australia and Queensland. While broadly supportive of BWC technology, police respondents, especially those from specialised DFV units, identified various benefits and limitations to using BWC footage in the context of DFV, including that BWCs have the potential to capture DFV upon police call-outs, but can be limiting insofar as they do not show ongoing patterns of violence. Our findings highlight the importance of exercising domain-specific, rather than a 'one size fits all' approach when it comes to understanding the benefits and limitations of BWC technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers the problem of scheduling periodic maintenance items for oil and gas plants. Each maintenance item involves various maintenance tasks and may require temporary equipment shutdowns, which are costly and highly disruptive to production. The aim is to minimise equipment shutdowns by grouping maintenance items with similar shutdown requirements into short-term maintenance operations called campaigns. Real plants can involve tens of thousands of maintenance items and thus manually scheduling the campaigns is an extreme challenge. In this paper, we develop a mixed-integer linear programming model for optimally allocating maintenance items to campaigns so that total shutdown cost is minimised. The model incorporates constraints on maintenance deadlines, campaign times, maintenance item suppression and labour hours per campaign. We solve the model for realistic scenarios involving data for Karratha Gas Plant in Western Australia, which is the main processing plant for the massive North West Shelf oil and gas project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dinosaur fossils of the Lower Cretaceous (Aptian–Albian) Eumeralla Formation (Otway Basin) of Victoria provide insights into the faunal and ichnofaunal diversity of southern hemisphere high latitude dinosaurs during the initial separation of Australia from Antarctica. To date, at least eight dinosaur fossil locations have been reported from this formation. In this paper, we describe a new tracksite locality along the coastline of Wattle Hill that represents the most westerly occurrence of dinosaur fossils in the state. Some of the Wattle Hill prints resemble tracks attributed to ornithopodan trackmakers from neighbouring tracksites of the Eumeralla Formation (Knowledge Creek, Browns Creek), while others resemble bird prints. The site also preserves a large non-avian theropod footprint that resembles Megalosauropus prints from the Lower Cretaceous (Valanginian–Barremian) Broome Sandstone, Western Australia that if correct, extends the temporospatial range of this ichnogenus. The Wattle Hill tracks vary in their erosion between and within tracksites, from a natural mould (concave epirelief), transmitted tracks, possibly penetrative tracks and infilled reliefs that resemble (but differ from) natural casts. With the constant weathering of the Eumeralla Formation exposures, it seems likely that additional dinosaur tracks fossils will be discovered with continued Victorian coastal explorations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a case study on the tensions present between the regulation of liquor regulation and the ways in which contemporary music venues are able to support local original contemporary music activity in Western Australia. It draws on qualitative semi-structured interviews with the owners, managers and bookers of ten live music venues in order to explore the ways in which their operations are impacted, not only by the Liquor Control Act (1988), but how it is administered and applied in-situ. As this paper argues, this application and in-situ enactment, does not allow for the flexibility the sector needs in order to meet demands, and ultimately results in a failing of the Act in being able to adequately support live original music activity, one of its secondary objectives. Recommendations such as areas in need of further research, as well as changes to the administration of the LCA which can support a more open and supportive dialogue and policies between government and industry are also made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2008, the Western Australian State Government initiated its Royalties for Regions Program to fund its regional development mandate. The program, an outcome of an electoral commitment, reallocated 25% of the state's prodigious mineral royalties to non-metropolitan regions, with supporters applauding the improved regional conditions and critics claiming fiscal irresponsibility. Numerous reviews, mostly qualitative, were undertaken, but the state's Auditor-General asserted that the program remained unmeasured. This paper presents a quantitative analysis of the program's outcomes as framed by the state's regional development policies. It investigates the program's influence on populations in small local governments (with fewer than 5,000 residents), where its effect would be most prominent, to determine whether the program prompted population growth. The research uses census data to examine how these municipalities' population growth deviated from their projected growth while discounting for major resource projects – the mainstay of these local governments. The research concludes that the sampled populations typically declined more than projected. Discussion follows, questioning whether government investment and interventionist policies in regional development can achieve population growth in regional settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In light of incident occurrence in recreational protected areas, there is a need to consider larger questions of risk and responsibility for visitor safety. Whether visitors in national parks think that their safety lies in the hands of themselves or others has important implications for the prevention of accidents. This paper sought to explore the visitor perspective of responsibility in Western Australian national parks. A visitor survey was administered over an eight-month period in 2017–2018 in four parks identified as high in visitor risk. Using data from 1059 questionnaires, a cluster analysis revealed four visitor groups who differ in their views on who is responsible for safety: the Shared Responsibility, the Individual Responsibility, the Management Responsibility, and the Indifference to Responsibility group. Further analysis revealed that visitors' sense of responsibility was found to relate to risk perceptions, risk propensity and preparedness in parks. The results of this paper have important implications for management agencies, indicating that visitors vary in their expectations on how risks should be managed in parks. Avenues for further research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Otitis media is very common in Aboriginal children in Western Australia and chronic ear disease causes major problems in speech and language development and education. Up until recently, most programmes dealing with the problem of OM have focused on clinical interventions rather than prevention. The Enhanced Prevention Working Group was established as part of the WA Child Ear Health Strategy (2017–2021). The Group has worked collaboratively to develop a set of recommendations for prevention of OM in Aboriginal children. These recommendations were informed by WA-based health promotion interventions initiated by Aboriginal Health Practitioners at a community level. This paper provides a historical perspective of the current situation and discusses each of the recommendations from Aboriginal Health Practitioners working within their community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The AHI-FSA (Advanced Himawari Imager - Fire Surveillance Algorithm) is a recently developed algorithm designed to support wildfire surveillance and mapping using the geostationary Himawari-8 satellite. At present, the AHI-FSA algorithm has only been tested on a number of case study fires in Western Australia. Initial results demonstrate potential as a wildfire surveillance algorithm providing high frequency (every 10 minutes), multi-resolution fire-line detections. This paper intercompares AHI-FSA across the Northern Territory of Australia (1.4 million km2) over a ten-day period with the well-established fire products from LEO (Low Earth Orbiting) satellites: MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) and VIIRS (Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite). This paper also discusses the difficulties and solutions when comparing high temporal frequency fire products with existing low temporal resolution LEO satellite products. The results indicate that the multi-resolution approach developed for AHI-FSA is successful in mapping fire activity at 500 m. When compared to the MODIS, daily AHI-FSA omission error was only 7%. High temporal frequency data also results in AHI-FSA observing fires, at times, three hours before the MODIS overpass with much-enhanced detail on fire movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Establishing an alternative resource of rare earth elements (REEs) in coal by-products has been a topic of high interest for the past decade. Despite this, research that characterizes REEs in such materials produced in Australia is lacking. This paper focuses on the concentration and occurrence of REEs in power station coal ashes that represent a suite of major economic coal basins in Australia. The concentration of REEs in coal ash samples was determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy (ICP-MS). Fly ash and bottom ash generated at power stations that utilize coals from the Collie Basin in Western Australia contained elevated REE concentrations. A REE-rich fly ash containing 0.21% total rare earth oxides (REO) was subject to further analysis by Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-rays (SEM-EDX) and TESCAN Integrated Mineral Analysis (TIMA). Fine (avg. <5 μm) monazite grains were observed in the fly ash which were typically bound to Al/Si-rich phases. A substantial increase in the aqua regia-extractable fraction of REEs occurred when fly ash samples were milled to an ultrafine particle size. The current investigation has demonstrated that Australian coal ash may represent a promising resource of REEs as the demand for these metals increases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present an efficient statistical method (denoted as 'Adaptive Resources Allocation CUSUM') to robustly and efficiently detect the hotspot with limited sampling resources. Our main idea is to combine the multi-arm bandit (MAB) and change-point detection methods to balance the exploration and exploitation of resource allocation for hotspot detection. Further, a Bayesian weighted update is used to update the posterior distribution of the infection rate. Then, the upper confidence bound (UCB) is used for resource allocation and planning. Finally, CUSUM monitoring statistics to detect the change point as well as the change location. For performance evaluation, we compare the performance of the proposed method with several benchmark methods in the literature and showed the proposed algorithm is able to achieve a lower detection delay and higher detection precision. Finally, this method is applied to hotspot detection in a real case study of county-level daily positive COVID-19 cases in Washington State WA) and demonstrates the effectiveness with very limited distributed samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the ontological differences between modern water, the dominant way of thinking about water in the industrialised West, and Living Waters, a concept used by Aboriginal Australians to talk about water(s) and water bodies. Working collaboratively with Aboriginal experts and state government water planners in the Kimberley region of Western Australia we developed two social-ecological conceptual models to compare propositions about the ontological character of water. One model represents a modern water paradigm, upon which state systems of water management are based, and the other represents a customary system of management: a Living Waters paradigm that depicts the relationships between people, other beings, and the waters of the Martuwarra/Fitzroy River catchment. The models are intended to inform water governance processes and influence negotiations between State and customary institutions. We use the models here to analyse water policy tools and their ability to support the relationships particular groups have with their waters. We identify gaps in existing policy for the sustainability of Living Waters. We discuss the implications of the differences between these two conceptual models for water justice, as well as for sustainability research and socio-ecological modelling as it applies to rivers and their waters in Australia and elsewhere, or to other human-environment relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a method to probabilistically quantify the moments (mean and variance) of excavated material during excavation by aggregating the prior moments of the grade blocks around the given bucket dig location. By modelling the moments as random probability density functions (pdf) at sampled locations, a formulation of the sums of Gaussian-based uncertainty estimation is presented that jointly estimates the location pdfs, as well as the prior values for uncertainty coming from ore body knowledge (obk) sub-block models. The method was tested in a region situated in the Brockman Iron Formation of the Hamersley Province, Western Australia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In most developed countries, intervention in regional development is declining due to non-interventionist policies and increasing local responsibility for development. Western Australia, however, has embarked on a different route – a unique version of the 'new' paradigm, or place-based development – that departs from these broader neo-liberal trends. This paper examines Australian and Western Australian policies and compares them with those of Canada and British Columbia, jurisdictions similar to Australia and Western Australia, respectively. The Western Australian approach is investigated in the context of the 'new' paradigm, how it manifests in the case studies and, finally, which lessons emerge from these approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Australia's stop-start relationship with India, a key state often on the periphery of the Australian political vision, reflects the inconsistency of its interest in the Indian Ocean and its region, although crucial to its seaborne trade. Failures to engage substantially with India following the Second World War were based in Australian foreign policy focused on its Western rather than its regional interests as well as Cold War imperatives. Initially relying on British and United States presence in the Indian Ocean to guarantee transit, and the non-aligned or neutralist position of India and other Indian Ocean littoral states to explain early engagement mainly at a trade, aid and commerce level, Australia came face to face in the 1960s with realist politics: Britain's withdrawal from its bases east of Suez and the Indian Ocean's place in Great Power Cold War calculations. The 1960s recognition that, beyond bilateral trade as a driver of stability, some independent Australian thinking on Indian Ocean policy was desirable led, in 1976, to a move away from 'forward defence' and, in 1987, to the announcement of a Two Ocean policy. Other White Papers followed, and the intervening and subsequent years saw the baton of policy discussion picked up by scholars and strategists, in the main West Australians or others located there, adding depth to iterations of 'Look West' policies. While the present paper explores the broad sweep of federal policy from the late 1960s to the early 2000s, coincidently often given prominence by West Australian politicians, its focus is also on the consistent efforts made in Australia's Indian Ocean-bordered state to promote and sustain interest in the Indian Ocean Region. The Indian Ocean Newsletter, later The Indian Ocean Review, published from 1980-2000 are a comprehensive and interesting record of Western Australian scholars' and strategists' contributions on the 'engagement' side of the ledger. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we describe porosity variations in Miocene to Holocene carbonates off the west coast of Australia and assess their compaction trends. The porosity values were measured using discrete samples of Sites U1459–U1464 obtained by the International Ocean Discovery Program Expedition 356. The carbonate deposits have been influenced by a range of textures and diagenetic conditions throughout a nearly continuous sequence of geological ages from the Miocene to Holocene and at core depths from 0 to 1100 m below the seafloor. The collected samples were mostly grainstone, packstone, wackestone and mudstone textures. Dolostones and dolomitic carbonates were described at the Miocene intervals. Compaction trends were estimated exponentially and linearly based on cored sites, carbonate textures and dominant mineralogies (dolomite, calcite/aragonite). At all six sites, porosity distribution and reduction were generally depth-dependent. The porosity converged to about 30% between 750 and 1100 m, which suggests that the carbonates were close to the densest packing by mechanical compaction at a burial depth of ∼750 m. The porosity deviations are associated with textures and dominant mineralogies. Increasing mud content from grainstone to mudstone is a controlling factor for initial porosity and porosity reduction rate. Dolomitisation, dolomitic cementation, aragonite needle-rich mud and non-skeletal grains cause deviations from the depth-dependent compaction trends. Reflux-related cementation generally decreases porosity in Miocene dolomitic intervals. Higher porosity values of the Quaternary wackestone and mudstone at Site U1461 resulted from the presence of aragonite needle-rich mud hosting abundant micropores and from a high sedimentation rate. The occurrence of non-skeletal grains, such as ooids and peloids, as well as occasional meteoric exposure led to porosity inversion, occluding interparticle permeability and the creation of moldic pores. Porosity variations of Miocene–Holocene carbonates off the west Australian coast are primarily depth-dependent. Mechanical compaction affected porosity reduction down to a value of ∼30% at a burial depth of ∼750 m. Differences in texture-based compaction trends were affected by increasing mud content. Major porosity deviations are associated with dolomitisation, dolomitic cementation, aragonite needle-rich mud and non-skeletal grains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1935, a Joint Parliamentary Committee at Westminster reported on 'The Petition from the State of Western Australia in Relation to Secession'. The culmination of a process triggered by a 1933 referendum, when two-thirds of West Australians voted to secede from the Australian Commonwealth, the Joint Committee famously resolved that Western Australia's petition was 'not proper to be received'. Not for the last time in British history, a referendum result promising sweeping constitutional change collided with the practicalities of its implementation. But while Western Australia's secession movement foundered, it nonetheless sparked a series of debates around London's obligations to overseas Britons, Britannic identity, and the future of imperial relations. While previous scholarship has for the most part focused on the local and national dimensions of Western Australian secession, this article examines it as a window onto the complex political partnerships that comprised Britain's interwar empire. It makes the case for the movement's imperial significance and offers the first substantive investigation of its influence on interwar imperial affairs. It argues that West Australian secession deserves more serious consideration than it has traditionally been awarded, not only as a local and national question, but above all as an imperial issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers the effects of industrialisation upon one of the world's most significant rock art sites, Murujuga (Burrup Peninsula), located in north-west Western Australia. Photographs of 26 petroglyphs taken prior to or early in the industrialisation of the area were compared with recent photographs to assess whether the presence of industry is accelerating degradation. Fifty per cent of the petroglyphs showed indications of changes, and two showed substantial damage. The bulk of the changes can be attributed directly to industrial activity in the area which commenced in the 1960s. All changed petroglyphs, with two exceptions, were in relative proximity to industry. A reduction in industrial emissions is considered essential if damage to the rock art is to be limited and this iconic cultural place is to remain largely intact for future generations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The war for talent, whereby skilled workers move between countries, continues to remain a global issue. This paper is informed by the human resource management (HRM) literature on global careers of skilled migrants and their cross-cultural adjustment and well-being. These literatures draw on human capital theory to understand skilled migration. In this paper, a case study of Western Australia's answer to addressing skills shortages by employing skilled migrant workers through temporary skilled migration schemes (employer-sponsored) situates the discussion within the role of HRM. Temporary skilled migrants are vulnerable in that they can experience a number of stressors, including long periods of separation from their loved ones, commencing a new job in an alien environment and resettlement tasks. The paper makes a contribution in utilising Al Ariss and Syed's (2011) model of human capital drawing on social, cultural, economic and symbolic forms of currency for temporary skilled migrants. This group is not homogenous in that they all draw on these aspects of human capital in varying ways. By addressing the gaps, HRM can add value in providing assimilation strategies for temporary migrant workers that supports retention and ensures improved worker well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The region-building process in Western Australia is examined using Paasi's theoretical framework of ‘regional institutionalisation’. The paper examines the formalisation of the regions in Western Australia from the 1940s with the first attempts to regionalise the State, through to the recent political and policy shifts. A particular focus is given to the pivotal legislation passed in 1993 which created nine Regional Development Commissions, and the implications of the post-2008 Royalties for Regions program. The discussion examines the trajectory of the Western Australia regions through the lens of Paasi's model. The paper shows that the Regional Development Commissions have had a critical role in fulfilling the different stages of the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, our purpose is to investigate policy informing texts and discourses referencing transgender equality and gender diversity in the Western Australian education system. Drawing on scholarship from transgender, queer and policy studies, we highlight the interplay of progressive and conservative forces affecting the Western Australian education system's commitment to supporting transgender and gender non-binary students. Based on a Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC) project, the paper constructs a Western Australian case study, which threads together the critical examination of policy informing texts, qualitative interview data and media discourses surrounding public narratives, such as the Safe School Coalition Australia's attempt to implement a school program, which builds awareness about gender and sexual diversity. Emerging through the material, discursive and spatial elements of locales and networks, our case study has the potential to deepen knowledge regarding the heuristic capacity of employing policyscape as an analytic category. In this vein, we draw attention to the possibilities and challenges for re-conceptualizing gender and providing trans-affirmative school spaces that promote equality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines how two Britons, working in Western Australia and Natal, respectively, engaged with ideas about the civilisation and education of Indigenous people. It is argued that concepts of civilisation were debated by missionaries, researchers and members of the public. Using the correspondence, publications and private journals of two educators, Dr Henry Callaway, Church of England missionary in Natal, and Ann Camfield, teacher in Western Australia, the paper draws attention to their respective approaches to education. Each contributed to broader imperial debates concerning the meaning of race in relation to educability. Education in both places, while connected to these global ideas, was also profoundly influenced by local context. 'Civilisation' and the 'civilising mission' may have been unifying goals for missionaries in different sites of Empire, but understandings of what civilisation should inculcate, or do, varied according to particular circumstances. These histories are best understood in transnational and comparative perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper names and describes the longstanding issue of tourism access to the Kimberley coast region in northwest Australia. Tourism access is a problem because it occurs without appropriate permissions from the Traditional Owners. The granting of access permission is a fundamental component of the local Traditional Owner ontology, or concept of being. Tourism activities cannot be culturally sustainable without appropriate Traditional Owner permissions. We argue that this seemingly simple issue is a “wicked problem” and must be recognised as such to facilitate its “taming” to create a culturally sustainable local tourism industry. The paper first examines the cultural and historical context, establishing a more nuanced understanding of the problem. Framed in Rittel and Webber's definition of a wicked problem, it then describes its complex and intercultural nature, highlighting repeated and continuing efforts and failures by key parties to address it, linked to an ingrained lack of political will. We conclude that operators could take ownership of the wicked problem and contribute to taming it by proactively engaging in a direct relationship with Traditional Owners based on transformational learning. The paper contributes to tourism planning studies, to the concept of the Just Destination and to indigenous tourism understanding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research examines Western Australian (WA) public library collections and the representations of Asia in these collections. Serving the needs of the general public within a certain geographic area, public libraries collect materials in all formats and genres based on institutional priorities related to community or user needs and interests. This paper presents findings from a 2019 survey and series of interviews with librarians from WA public libraries to find out more about their collections by examining two types of materials: (1) items about Asia and, (2) items in Asian languages. The key findings are as follows: (1) relatively little attention is paid to cultural representations of the community in the development collections in WA's public libraries (2) LOTE (Languages other than English) materials make up a small percentage of WA public libraries' overall collections; and (3) representations of Asia within the collections are associated thematically with migrant support, travel destinations, cool Asia, and food cultures. This study makes a contribution to research and practice in this area by employing an interdisciplinary approach using cultural studies, library and information studies frameworks, introducing new ways of thinking about these collections and how library materials connect to cultural identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The majority of Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander (hereafter referred to as "Aboriginal") people live in urban centres. Otitis media (OM) occurs at a younger age, prevalence is higher and hearing loss and other serious complications are more common in Aboriginal than non-Aboriginal children. Despite this, data on the burden of OM and hearing loss in urban Aboriginal children are limited. This project was initiated following a request from urban Aboriginal people who felt the focus on more remote communities often meant urban communities were forgotten. This paper describes the development of an urban Aboriginal birth cohort study of OM that is culturally secure, outlines the process of community consultation and establishment of an Aboriginal Community Advisory Group to provide cultural governance, and presents preliminary results. Djaalinj Waakinj is an ongoing study being conducted in Perth, Western Australia, on Noongar Boodja (country). Aboriginal researchers visit people's homes to collect sociodemographic and environmental data at enrolment of babies aged <3 months; otoscopy and tympanometry are conducted by an Aboriginal research assistant or a nurse at ages 2–4, 6–8 and 12–18 months, and full audiological assessment conducted at 9–12 months. To date, 125 participants have been enrolled; 39% of 71 children aged 2–4 months and 52% of 44 children aged 6–8 months had evidence of OM. To our knowledge, this is the first prospective cohort study aiming to determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with OM in Aboriginal infants residing in an urban area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/aim:People with severe mental illness (SMI) do not receive adequate attention in research or clinical practice. They are considered hard to reach and difficult to engage. Information is needed to help provide support for this vulnerable population. This paper aims to investigate the well-being of adults diagnosed with SMI and receiving Assertive Community Treatment (ACT) by applying the occupational well-being framework to the everyday activities of this vulnerable group of people. Materials and methods:Eleven adults diagnosed with an SMI, living in the community, participated in semi-structured interviews over a 12-month period. A longitudinal design was used to collect data through using field notes and audio recordings. For this paper, secondary analysis was conducted by coding the data deductively thereby investigating the participants’ experiences in relation to the seven Occupational Well-being framework descriptors (accomplishment, affirmation, agency, coherence, companionship, pleasure and renewal). Results: Participants’ everyday activities and occupational well-being appeared severely restricted and largely determined by the type of care they received. There was minimal evidence of the well-being descriptors, though all the participants reported experiencing some form of pleasure, even though some of the pleasurable experiences negatively impacted their health. Conclusion/significance:The episodic nature of SMI means that people living with an SMI require continuity in key relationships and support to achieve Occupational Well-being. Occupational therapists working with mental health consumers need to facilitate the types of activities that foster well-being through accomplishment, affirmation, agency and companionship, and that derive pleasure in healthy and positive ways. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Driving along any rural road within Western Australia involves some level of uncertainty about encountering an animal whether it is wildlife, farm stock or domestic. This level of uncertainty can vary depending on factors such as the surrounding land use, water source, geometry of the road, speed limits and signage. This paper aims to model the risk of animal–vehicle crashes (AVCs) on a segmented highway. A hierarchical Bayesian model involving multivariate Poisson lognormal regression is used in establishing the relationship between AVCs and the contributing factors. Findings of this study show that farming on both sides of a road, a mixture of farming and forest roadside vegetation and roadside vegetation have significant positive effect on AVCs, while speed limits and horizontal curves indicate a negative effect. AVCs consist of both spatial- and segment-specific contributions, even though the spatial random error does not dominate model variability. Segment 15 is identified as the highest risk segment and its nearby segments also exhibit high risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite a vast body of empirical evidence emphasizing the significance of urban landscapes for improved quality of life, academic literature examining the impacts of urban consolidation on established vegetation and trees remain limited. This paper outlines the economic, social and environmental benefits of urban vegetation and trees and investigates the consequences of urban consolidation on established vegetation and trees in Como, an inner suburb, south of Perth, Western Australia (WA). It presents data from a longitudinal study utilizing photographic evidence and visual observations over several years. This study reveals an overwhelming trend for the removal of all landscaping when land is redeveloped under the current policy direction of urban consolidation. This paper investigates the importance of urban vegetation and trees, as a significant and valuable proportion of ‘greenery’ in urban areas. A conclusion drawn is that there exists little or no incentive for developers to preserve established urban vegetation and trees and only limited capacity to regulate for the protection of established ‘greenery’ in the private domain. Finally, the authors provide some recommendations, which emerge from this research. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article reflects on a joint journey during which three academics, a community historian, and a family historian collaborated in searching for Moon Chow, who is widely narrated as the first documented Chinese immigrant to Western Australia. This experience demonstrates how researchers from various traditions and backgrounds can work together productively despite different initial motivations and agendas. This article presents various Moon Chow stories and narratives that family historians, community historians, academic historians, public entities, and commercial entities have put forward. Rather than judging the soundness and merits of these stories, this article highlights how working with family and community historians results in researchers developing a richer understanding of Moon Chow, telling his story sincerely and sympathetically and preventing the poor scholarship of replacing one oversimplified narrative with another. This article also reveals that family historians may choose to deal with different parts of their family history in different ways to reach different objectives. As a result, their positions, motivations, and identities can be highly fluid, not confined to scholarly paradigms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Main Roads Western Australia currently prohibits the strength gained from cement modified materials to reduce pavement thickness due to the lack of durability of the cement treatment. It has been found both in Western Australia and internationally that the cement treatment of basecourse "disappears" due to a chemical retardation process known as carbonation. Carbonation occurs at the interface between cement matrices and pores with the presence of carbon dioxide in pore water. This paper therefore investigates the relationship between moisture ingress and cement content. The tube suction test and the unconfined compressive strength test are applied. The tube suction test measures the dielectric value, a measurement of electromagnetic wave refl ection as an index of the performance of cemented basecourse. Subsequently, the sorptivity parameter is assessed which shows a correlation between the rate of water ingress and the square root of time. The results show that an increase in cement content proves to be beneficial in managing water ingress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aesthetic value is one of the fundamental criteria used to determine the cultural heritage significance of important places. In Australia, however, cultural heritage has had only a limited engagement with theories on aesthetics, and as a result, no practical methodology has been developed to identify, describe and assess the acoustic dimension of aesthetic value. This paper critiques the literature on aesthetics that cultural heritage has focused on to date, highlighting its emphasis on the visual qualities of place over other multi-sensory understandings. Recent research into acoustics, particularly based on the concept of the soundscape, is explored in order to develop a qualitative methodology to assist heritage practitioners and others in understanding, describing and evaluating the acoustics of place. The applicability of this approach is demonstrated through the analysis of two cultural landscapes in the south-west of Western Australia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the experiences of young homeless people in Western Australia during their transitions to more permanent accommodation and independent living. For these young homeless people, permanent accommodation provided an opportunity for 'feeling at home' and having a sense of control and stability associated with 'home'. Within this space, these young people wanted to be considered 'normal' home occupiers. In this context, the paper discusses how young homeless people experience and negotiate the social and cultural understandings of home outside socially accepted pathways of leaving the parental home and becoming 'normal' home occupiers themselves. The paper shows how this experience of home, and the potential it offers previously homeless young people, is interrupted by discourses of youth workers, neighbours and society at large, which serve to (re)position them outside the community of 'normal' home occupiers. The findings have implications for both policy and the delivery of services to young homeless people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wildlife tourism is potentially a common pool resource (CPR) issue when the following are applicable: it is difficult to exclude tourists; their experiences are affected by others' activities; and adverse impacts on the wildlife occur. CPRs are typified by non-excludability and subtractability. Relatively few efforts have been made to consider tourism in this way or to use the concept of CPR in tourism management schemes. This paper (1) explores the possibility of wildlife tourism being a CPR issue, (2) derives a list of enabling conditions required for the sustainability of such resources and (3) determines the applicability of the conditions through a case study. Having described the potential for wildlife tourism to be a CPR issue, the enabling conditions explored in the rest of the paper follow: the characteristics of the tourism resource system and its user groups, the associated institutional arrangements and the external environment. The application of CPR thinking to the case study, whale shark tourism in Ningaloo Marine Park, Western Australia, revealed the contribution of institutional arrangements, particularly those associated with the State Government, to sustainable management. The use of the enabling conditions as a tool for managing wildlife tourism is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews the spatial and agglomeration characteristics of the internet and the knowledge economy and their potential impact on urban planning and public transport. This paper then considers Perth, Western Australia, as a case study looking at its spatial urban planning and public transport characteristics, which in many ways do not support the future development of a networked knowledge economy. The paper concludes by proposing a radial-orbital rail system for Perth, Western Australia (see Figure 1). The 'Knowledge Ring' rail line is proposed as part of a wider radial-orbital rail network and is named as such, as it would: connect the Perth Central Business District (CBD) with several key tertiary and research institutions as part of a wider networked radial-orbital public transport system; deliver an urban network of activity centres with a focus on knowledge and digital economic production better suited to the economic and environmental challenges of the twenty-first century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the Cultural Studies Association of Australasia (CSAA) conference in Kalgoorlie, at the Western Australia School of Mines. The CSAA conference was said to be a large cultural event. The keynote address was immediately preceded by the St Barbara Festival Parade, which is one of Kalgoorlie's premiere cultural events. The delegates were driven to the Western Australian Prospectors' and Miners' Hall of Fame in the evening.

Editorial Board Note: In 2006, the Discipline Group of Anthropology and Sociology at The University of Western Australia hosted a symposium, 'Anthropology in the West: 1956-2006', to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the founding of the then Department of Anthropology by the late Ronald Berndt and his wife, Catherine, whose contributions to anthropology were a major focus of the symposium. Symposium participants also documented contributions made by UWA staff and students from Anthropology and Sociology within and beyond Australian social science. A notable theoretical focus on kastom in the work of Robert Tonkinson, who in 1984 succeeded Professor Berndt in the Departmental Chair, was the topic of Lamont Lindstrom's paper, published here in a fuller, revised and fully refereed version. We intend to publish further papers from the symposium in later issues of Anthropological Forum. If Ronald and Catherine Berndt are ancestral spirits haunting Anthropology and Sociology at The University of Western Australia some 50 years after the founding of the Department of Anthropology, their student, Bob Tonkinson, still happily with us, is their intellectual descendant and institutional heir. As in the case of the Berndts, issues relating to social change, religion and values, and, in particular, the politics of tradition have loomed large in Tonkinson's career. I trace, in this retrospective essay, the rise to prominence of an anthropology of Melanesian tradition and, more specifically, Tonkinson's contribution, notably his analyses of tradition's 'symbiotic' relations with Christianity, its identity functions, its local versus its national significance, and its relations with evolving anthropological theories of culture in a shrinking world. Tonkinson's Vanuatu research, which began among Ambrym Island emigrants, has spanned, over the past forty years or so, many notable transformations: from New Hebrides to Vanuatu; from modernisation theory to world systems and globalisation; and from tradition to kastom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]