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The interrelated model provides a useful framework for a time series econometric study of household behavior. This paper summarizes the discussion in a longer paper scheduled for publication. In addition, a suggested extension and some preliminary results are presented. The interrelated model is a generalization of the familiar partial adjustment model. That model suggests that net investment in any period closes some fixed proportion of the gap between desired and actual stock holdings. In the multi-asset generalization, net investment in each asset is determined by the disequilibrium in all other asset holdings, as well as its own disequilibrium. Therefore, the model explains the allocation of wealth among assets, and also the allocation of income to wealth holding as determined by the desired level of asset holding. The extension of the model discussed below restricts the model to the portfolio allocation problem for a given level of total wealth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a discussion on microanalytic model of the household sector in the U.S. By now the Social Systems Research Institute at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, is well known, and the microanalytic model that is being developed there. This paper presents information about the project's progress. It Is only fair to say that the first big report on the project, Microanalysis of Socioeconomic Systems, contained almost all of what Professor Guy H. Orcutt has had to say. Therefore, in this paper, the author focuses his attention on the section in which he makes an appeal for substantial financial support. Orcutt presents a persuasive case for the usefulness of a fully implemented model of the sort he has described. It would be hard to disagree with his contention that having such a model would be worth a great deal. However, the author feels that there is room for a reasonable doubt about the prospect of achieving a full-scale operating model in anything like the near-term future, even under the favorable budgetary conditions.

This paper has developed and discussed a general model of the demand for money by household units. It resulted in demand functions for each short term asset that were functions of rates of return and transactions costs of the asset in question and its adjacent assets only. All other returns and costs are irrelevant in the determination of asset holdings. The model also integrated the existence of the two media of exchange into money demand theory. It is demonstrated that an important determinant of the fraction of money holdings held in demand deposits or currency is the fraction of transactions made using that form, the relative transactions costs using both forms, and their rates of return. Finally, commodity inventories have been integrated into a choice theoretic model of optimal behavior so as to consider this asset as a viable alternative form of short term holdings. It is demonstrated that the existence of commodities results in a reduction in the transactions demand for money at all interest rates and consumption levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents commentary on the report "Affluence and High Household Liquidity: Problems and Opportunities," by Preston Martin, included within the issue. Criticism is offered regarding the scope of the subject matter in comparison to the lack of specified experimental modeling and analysis. The topic is cited as one with important consequences but needing more precise empirical research.

The paper focuses on household and economy finding a new theory of population and economic growth. In recent years, the recognition, crucial to the understanding of long- term growth, that much investment which occurs in the economy is made in human beings rather than in physical capital and that fertility itself is shaped in important ways by economic considerations has led to renewed interest in the economics of the household decisions. In that type of unit, not only decisions about fertility, but also those related to investments in human capital, consumption and savings, migration, labor-force participation, and, in a sense, marriage itself are made. It briefly and critically describes the fundamental elements of the largely static theory of household production and choice. The paper concludes with some speculations on how the "new home economics" may be integrated in a theory of economic growth and development through an understanding of the way in which investment in human capital increases the value of human time and thus changes over time the resource constraints and the relative costs and prices which "households" face in their decisions on the number and quality of children they attempt to produce.

The article comments on economist Marc Nerlove's paper on household and economy. The author divides his comments into two parts, corresponding to Nerlove's discussion of the "new home economics" and the stylized "facts" that appear to be building blocks for a future growth model. The main shortcoming of the "new home economics" for the analysis of fertility decisions is that it assumes too little. The basic postulates are that children are goods, that all goods are subject to two constraints, time and money and that children are relatively time-intensive goods. But this does not distinguish children from high fidelity sets. Adding the observation that children tend to use mother's time more than father's does not get us much further. Moreover, given the aims of the theory, this should probably come out as a conclusion, rather than be assumed from the beginning. In any case, the theory focuses on children as a good whose costs have a relatively high time component. Thus, any changes that have occurred have to be explained in terms of changes in total marginal cost of this good relative to the cost of all other consumption goods. the author does not think that this is enough.

The author comments on his perception that the U.S. Federal government has tried to keep small household savers from benefiting from high interest rates from 1965-70. He states that the Federal Reserve limited the maximum rate member banks could pay on passbook savings at 4 per cent until January 21, 1970, when it was raised to 4.5 per cent. He mentions that federal authorities sanctioned discriminatory relaxation of ceilings on the depository-savings rates of deposits in excess of $10,000 at savings institutions and $100,000 at commercial banks in order to forestall a shift of funds from depositary institutions into open-market paper.

This paper presents an inquiry into the consumption patterns of a commune. The unit studied is the Israeli kibbutz, which integrates a cooperative enterprise and an egalitarian commune--a "communal household"--comprised of 100-200 families or more. In spite of its unusual size the kibbutz resembles the conventional single-family household as it acts as one indivisible unit in determining the level of its consumption expenditures and outlining the composition of the bill of goods and services to be allocated, mostly in kind, among that household's members. In this paper an attempt is made to take advantage of the "continuous" nature of the communal household in the pursuit of a test of time series and cross-sectional estimates of the consumption-income relationship. The article focuses on the formulation of a proposition concerning the consumption-income relationship. It also considers alternative ways to estimate the consumption-income coefficients. The replacement of the regular annual cross section by a cross section of averages is intended to reduce the effect of an error in the income variable. A somewhat more sophisticated approach would be to resort to instrumental variables in the estimation of the annual cross-section equation.

The article comments on economists Jacob Mincer and Solomon Polache's paper related to family investments in human capital. To their initial rationalization of the division of labor within the family in terms of "complementarity and substitution relations in the household production process" and "absolute and comparative advantages due to differential skills and earning powers," the authors quickly add the disclaimers that sex linkage of intrafamily role differentiation is "subject to technological and cultural changes" and that such changes along with "discriminatory attitudes in the labor market" are outside the scope of the study. Indeed, in the remarks appended to the calculations on the wage gap, Mincer and Polachek come perilously close to a premature closure of their conceptual scheme. Having attributed half the gap to sex differences in work experience they go on to observe that the lower coefficient for that experience among women may also be attributable to lower work attachment on the women's part. Hence, the paper seems to be saying that women get about what they deserve in the job market.

This paper considers the hypothesis that commodities purchased on the market by consumers are inputs into the production of goods within the household. Its implications for the family of consumer demand functions whose arguments are real income and relative prices are drawn and compared with those of the hypothesis of additive separability. The paper closes with some examples of differences in commodity demand elasticities which are qualitatively consistent with the household production hypothesis and some comments upon how the latter might be utilized in empirical work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the relationships between life insurance premium expenditures and various economic and demographic characteristics of households are examined in the context of cross-sectional data. Income, net worth holdings, and stage in the life cycle of the household and education and occupation of the household head are generally determined to be significantly related to premium expenditures. Estimates of the variable coefficients in a linear model and estimates of the income elasticity of premium expenditures are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Durkheim popularized the term anomie and stimulated a great deal of theoretical discussion and research. Subsequently, Srole constructed interview schedule items to measure Personal anomia, and his items have been used by a large number of investigators. Many of these researchers implicitly assumed unidimensionality while others explicitly tested for it by Gutttman scaling and factor analysis techniques. However, none of these researchers repeated Srole's latent class analysis. In this paper, representative samples of households in the Los Angeles SMSA and in a "suburban type" city responded to the anomia items as part of larger investigations. The responses were subjected to factor analysis and Guttman scaling for a test of unidimensionality, and latent class analysis as a test of scalability and typological construction. For both samples, the responses did not meet the generally accepted criterion of a "pure" Guttman scale. As a result of a principal axis factor analysis only one common factor was extracted in both samples. The Green solution was used for latent class analysis and the result was the minimum one would expect from a unidimensional set of items, or two classes--the anomic and eunomic. Major conclusions are that it cannot be assumed an item, or universe of items, will foster the same results in different universes or at different times, even under somewhat similar modes of analysis. If no tests for unidimensionality and scalability are made, gradations of the Guttman scale type appear to be contra-indicated and polarization appears to be more appropriate for the Srole items. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research paper is to call attention to the Current Population Survey (CPS) of the U.S. Bureau of the Census as a source of recurring sociological data for the United States as a whole and as a vehicle by which some of the data the sociologist needs to answer his questions can be collected. One of the basic problems faced by sociologists is how to obtain the empirical data necessary for describing the phenomena they are studying or for a reliable test of theoretical hypotheses. The sample now used for the current population survey is an area probability sample, constructed in such a way as to represent proportionately all types of areas in the nation--large cities, small towns, rural areas and farms and all major segments of the population. In the survey procedures, each month, during the calendar week containing the 19th day, the CPS interviewers contact some responsible person, usually a housewife, in each of the sample households. At the time of the first enumeration of a household, the interviewer prepares a roster or control card of the household members and records their personal characteristics.

Andrew Billingsley in Black Families in White America has criticized much of the previous research on the black family, saying that social scientists have ignored the structural variation among families and have focused on a very limited number of family functions. To correct what he believes to be a distorted picture of the black family, he has suggested a typology of family structures and a large number of family functions which should be taken into consideration. This paper, based upon data collected from 321 black households, uses Billingsley's typology to examine the association between family structures and functions. It is concluded that a few modifications of the typology would expand its utility, that more detailed information about family structure does reduce the chances of distortion and contribute to greater understanding, and that Billingsley may have overemphasized the capacity of many black families to deal with their functional problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The history of the official U. S. projections of population and house- holds in recent decades is briefly reviewed, with particular attention to methodology and the relation of the methodology to the accuracy of the projections. The introduction of the cohort-component procedure in the 1930's opened the way for separate analysis of the trend of the components of births, deaths, and net immigration in connection with making population projections. As a further development, the period-fertility method of projecting births gave way in the 1960's to the cohort-fertility method. Consideration is now being given to various methods involving parity-progression procedures. Some alternative methods and problems of measuring the accuracy of population projections are then considered. The percent "error" in the projected population growth, by components and age, and the range from high to low expressed as a percent should also be examined in addition to the percent "error" in the total population. However accuracy is measured, the projections made in the 1930 s and 1940 s were often wide of the mark, and those made in the 1950's and 1960's failed to anticipate the sharp changes which occurred, even though the actual figures usually fell within the range projected. Elaboration of projection methodology has not resulted in any great increase in the precision of the projections, largely because birth rates have fluctuated widely, and the fluctuations have proven difficult, if not impossible, to predict. The projections of households have had a roughly similar history, and the methods and problems of evaluation are somewhat similar. Their development has been characterized by the introduction of alternative and changing "headship" rates and increasing disaggregation of the data and procedures. The paper concludes with some generalizations based on U. S. experience. Although refinement of methods may contribute little to accuracy, accuracy is only one aspect of the usefulness of projections. The need for conditional projections and their analytical usefulness are such that there is no question that we should confidently continue to make them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper arises out of the fact that place utility, a basic factor in behavioral conceptualizations of migration processes, has not been specified in operational terms. This is done here through a model that assigns intra-urban migrants to destination areal units within the city, using a normative linear programming framework based on behavioral considerations. Measures of place utilities for each areal unit and of comparative place utilities for each pair-wise permutation of areal units are provided by the shadow prices of the dual of the linear programming model. The primal of the model allocates migrants so as to maximize the household's gain from migration. This is measured by the increase in its realized aspirations with respect to a residence site, tempered by the search effort involved in acquiring the site. Implementation of the model utilizes both questionnaire and published data from Cedar Rapids, Iowa for the year 1966 to 1967. Conformity between predictions of the model and real-world characteristics is such that it is concluded that the basic form of the model is sound. It is also concluded that the posited relationships between place utility and behavior in searching for and selecting a new residential site are reasonable and can lead to valuable insights into place utility and its functioning in the intra-urban system. Due to some misallocation of migrant flows, however, we further conclude that the model should be revised into a recursive format for future use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Descriptions of non-nuclear family systems in terms of rules of residence imply large and complex households, yet such households are not encountered as modal or average for large populations. Demographic factors, in particular high mortality, have been suggested as possible exe planations for the apparent discrepancy. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the influence of demographic variables (viz., mortality, fertility, age at marriage) on average household size under different family systems-nuclear, extended and stem. The approach used has been applied by Coale to stationary populations. It has here been modified to apply to stable populations. The results indicate that under all family systems, average household size is positively correlated with fertility, life expectancy, and average age at marriage. Households under nuclear and stem family systems never exceed 10 persons on average. By contrast, under extended family systems, when mortality is low and fertility is high, average household size reaches levels seldom if ever observed in reality, e.g., 25 persons per household. Large households under the extended family system also tend to be fairly complex, often containing 5 or more adults. A number of modifications in the model would make for greater fit between model and real family systems. A more fruitful approach would involve the simulation of household formation and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Demography (Springer Nature) is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Demography (Springer Nature) is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A negative correlation across households between parent's education and completed fertility is one of the most widely and frequently observed relationships in the empirical literature on human fertility behavior. In this paper I utilize the emerging economic theory of household behavior, which is also employed in other papers in this Supplement, to formulate an explanation for this observed negative correlation. In particular, the paper has two objectives: (1) to consider the mechanisms through which a couple's level of education might affect their fertility and (2) to document the effects of education on one of these mechanisms that is an aspect of fertility control--the choice of a contraceptive technique. The following section briefly outlines the theoretical framework, and in Section III I discuss the mechanisms through which education's influence may operate. Throughout, the discussion is restricted to channels of influence from education to fertility; that is, the reverse causation is ruled out by assumption. The specific focus of this discussion should not be interpreted as an assertion of the exclusiveness or the primacy of education's influence on fertility. Section IV considers the fertility-control decision in greater detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This section presents abstracts of research and articles on economics, published in the December 1966 issue of the Journal of Economic Abstracts. The article Household Savings in Israel by R. Ablin examines the common supposition that the Israeli household or personal saving propensity is particularly low by American, British or Western European standards. Meanwhile, K. Ahooja describes the main features of the investment codes in African countries and analyses the describes the main features of the investment codes in African countries and analyses the relationships between economic planning and investment legislation during the recent period of transition in Africa in the paper Development legislation in Africa. Author K. D., in the article Law to Further Economic Stability, discusses certain implications and results of price controls in underdeveloped countries, chiefly in conditions where controls are more effective at one stage of distribution than at others. In the paper International Comparisons of Income Levels: A Suggested New Measure, authors Beckerman and Bacon survey some of the main uses to which international comparisons of real income can be put and difficulties of obtaining such comparisons for a large number of countries.

The purpose of this paper is to explore the cost relationships within the typical large credit union. The larger credit unions, those with assets in excess of $1 000 000, were selected because of their unique situation. As the credit union grows, the behavior of its unit costs are critical, not only to its financial success, but also its social success as a cooperative offering mutual help to its members. Unlike the ordinary firm, a credit union is a cooperative venture which implies a slightly different set of motivational characteristics. As a cooperative, the credit union possesses no independent profit goals, but seeks to maximize the returns to the households which comprise its membership. It is a pure form of cooperative since the members are the depositors (shareholders) and also the users of the credit extended by it.
This paper attempts to develop a model of credit union costs, and to confront this model with empirical data, with the result that the hypothesis of decreasing costs (economies of scale) cannot be rejected.
In the following Section, a model of credit union costs will be developed. Section III deals with the empirical evidence, and some conclusions are discussed in Section IV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is concerned with the relationship between activity rates and unemployment in the United Kingdom, in the period 1951-66. An activity rate is usually defined as the percentage of a particular population who are in the labor force. These rates are used in the context of utilization of labor resources, often being cited as evidence of the under-utilization of scarce manpower. Contemporary interest in the facts about British activity rates has grown as the economy enters what is apparently a period of chronic labor shortage. Recent forecasts indicate that only very small increases in the working population are likely in the next decade because of the low birth-rate in the early fifties combined with the possibility of a rise in the school leaving age and the reduction in the rate of immigration. The object of this paper is to see whether the changing pattern of activity rates observed in the U.K. over the period 1951-66 is connected with the fluctuating pattern of unemployment, and to attempt some tentative estimates of disguised unemployment. There are, of course, many other aspects of activity rates which one could examine. Any change in the economic alternatives available to the household as a decision making unit, for example, the prices of durable goods, pension facilities or other social security payments, are likely to affect the three-fold choice amongst leisure, unpaid work and paid work, and so change the propensity of the population to take up paid work in the labor force. It is these sorts of influences that we would expect to correlate with the secular trace of activity rates-if (and here it is a matter of empirical evidence)-economic variables do have such an effect.

The article compares the consumption level of urban households in Japan and China during the mid-1950's. Tables are presented on the composition of consumption expenditures by major groups and on the per capita consumption in quantities for some commodities. Food expenditures are higher in China than in Japan. The clothing consumption in China is mainly composed of clothes for which Japanese prices are relatively low compared with prices of suits and other clothing. Finally, the rates with Chinese expenditure weights are higher than the official exchange rage while the rate with Japanese expenditure weights is nearly equal to the official exchange rates.

The earlier results of Hahn and Negishi and Arrow and Hahn on non-tâtonnement in pure exchange are extended to the production case. However, just as in pure exchange, consumption does not take place until equilibrium is reached; in the present paper production is also delayed until that date. The result that the sum of target utilities of households can be taken to be a Lyapounov function is preserved; reduction in target utilities comes about partly as a consequence of reduction in target profits expected by firms out of equilibrium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT This paper explores changes in the quality of life as reflected in household density, and the possible association of household density with rates of pathological behavior. Data were drawn from the 1940-70 Housing Censuses to analyze changes at the national level, and by region, race, and setting (central city, standard metropolitan area, and farm) in median number of persons per room and percent of households with more than one person per room. Results indicated that crowding is, for the nation as a whole, on the decline; that households in central cities and SMSAs are no more crowded than the national average; that serious overcrowding is greater on farms than in other locations; that regional differences in household densities are diminishing; and that a majority of black households, though they have higher densities than whites, are gaining ground relative to whites, although a minority of black households are falling behind the density declines of both groups. The fact that household densities in central cities are not especially high compared to other locations combined with the marked improvements in household densities since 1940, suggests that this form of density does not account for increases in pathological behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses household production theory, quality, and the "hedonic technique." It states that a feature of many empirical papers which use the "hedonic technique" of correcting prices for quality change is their reference to work on household production by economists Kelvin Lancaster and Richard Muth and sometimes Gary Becker, as providing a theoretical foundation. However, the exact nature of this theoretical support has never been adequately spelled out. Roughly speaking, exponents of the hedonic technique take the view that the quality of a good is related to measurable specification variables or characteristics such as size and performance. All empirical applications regress prices or logs of prices of different varieties or models of a type of good on these characteristics. However, there are two main variants of the empirical forms, which have been used. They are single year cross-section regressions and pooled time-series/cross-section regressions. The first variant claims to estimate "shadow prices" of "characteristics" of goods for a given year.

It has become almost a cliché that measured growth in the U.S. is being overstated. The classic on the subject is by Mishan, who argues persuasively that the (uncounted) externalities from production in industrialized economies are overtaking the production which these economies are counting. But externalities are not the only problems in measuring economic activity and economic growth. Two other problems of equal importance, but more amenable to measurement, are the distinction between final and intermediate production, and the quantification of nonmarket productive behavior. In this paper, we concentrate on one aspect of the measurement of nonmarket behavior—the value of production at home by housewives. Specifically, we will present estimates of the value of home based nonmarket production by housewives. These estimates will then be used to supplement various national product aggregates in order to calculate more accurate growth rates for the U.S. economy. We find that the value of nonmarket production by married women during the 1960's has averaged approximately thirty percent of the GNP and close to 40 percent of the national income. The inclusion of the nonmarket work of housewives in GNP would reduce the measured rate of growth of real GNP per potential worker by about ten percent, the exact amount depending on how the value of nonmarket work is estimated. Our estimates indicate a reduction in the absolute rate of growth of almost 0.25 percent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept that joint family households will prove a barrier to the emergence of conjugal role patterns was tested for a sample in Dharwar, India. It was found that living with close kin was not highly correlated with a major increase in husband and wife avoiding one another. Urbanization and education, however, resulted in a significant increase in conjugal role patterns. Education and urbanization do not lead to a decline in joint family households. Rather, both seem to lead to changes in the content of roles within all types of household. Goode's concept that education will lead to conjugal family patterns before industrialization is supported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper will attempt to apply the covariance measure to estimating asset substitution among households as an application to the financial assets. Part I considers the theoretical underpinnings of the covariance measure and its theoretical relation to the asset demand-asset yield measure of substitutability. In Part II an empirical formulation of the covariance measure is developed and applied to cross-section asset data for households and the results analyzed. The results are then compared to two earlier, and more limited, asset studies which used essentially a covariance type measure to assess substitutability. The results of the discourse are also compared to those of household studies which have used the traditional method for estimating substitution among assets. Findings and suggestions for further study are summed up in the conclusion of the article. In the course of the discussion the theoretical background of the topic is presented along with asset yield and price measures of substitution.

The earliest empirical studies of the income elasticity of housing demand supported the popular notion that this demand was inelastic. However, later work which tried to use permanent income, or proxies for it, rather than measured income, found much higher elasticities. This paper offers new evidence based on better data than has been available to earlier researchers. Using a four-year panel study which followed up movers, permanent income was defined and calculated in two ways. Then regressions were run on house value and rent on permanent income, price, age, race and sex of head. The results obtained are robust with respect to the definition of permanent income, and considerably lower than results from time series analysis or from cross-section studies that relied on grouped rather than individual data. Using measured income instead of permanent or normal income results in underestimates of demand elasticities. Estimates of price elasticities varied from close to zero to -0.8. However, as emphasized above, the price data were not very reliable. Other results are that, other things equal, blacks demand less housing than whites, and female-headed households demand more than male-headed ones.

This article investigates the nature of peasant patriarchal families in Yugoslavia. It covers about three hundred villages selected from all parts of the country. The material was collected with the help of detailed questionnaires, from teachers, most of whom had lived in the villages for may years, and from students whose homes were in villages. The village was treated as a unit, individual families were not investigated. The paper emphasizes the psychological factors in relation to social, economic and traditional features. Main attention was given to the following relationships, husband and wife, parents and children, mother-in-law and daughter-in-law, younger married persons and their parents, men and women in extra matrimonial relations. The changing position of the young wife in the family was studied as a symptom of disintegration. Opposing historic and cultural influences have met in Yugoslavia which affect the nature of peasant patriarchal households, which constitute 80 percent of the country's population as of 1940. The patriarchal family type is characteristic for those villages that are almost entirely independent of world economics and world trade, that consume almost nothing that is not produced on the spot and sell very little.

The article focuses on the development cycle of the Philippine household in an urban setting. The major thesis of this paper is that the household undergoes regular developmental changes in composition during the span of its existence. As noted by one anthropologist who has done research on the subject, the process is cyclic in nature and is similar to the growth cycle of a living organism. An attempt has been made here to describe the process in relation to some problems of urbanization. The data upon which the analysis is based were derived from the results of a survey on family and kinship patterns which the Ateneo Department of Sociology and Anthropology conducted in Malate, Manila in 1963. The interview schedule was specifically de- signed for a female respondent. Accordingly, the universe included only those house- holds which had a female household head or in which there was a woman who was assigned this particular role by other members of the domestic unit. At the time of the survey, there were a total of 1,869 households in the district that satisfied the requirement. All these households were listed systematically and numbered consecutively for purposes of sampling.

This article presents a study on public attitudes toward the city police in Hartford, Connecticut during June-July 1966. In recent years the police in the U.S. have attained a certain prominence in the eyes of their public. It appears that the public image of the policeman is assailed by bad publicity and increased conflict with the nominally non-criminal segment of society. The purpose of the study reported in this paper was to determine by interview survey the extent to which hostile attitudes toward police exist in a medium-sized Northern city, namely Hartford, Connecticut. The data for this study were collected as a part of a multi-purpose sample survey. The sample is a self-weighting two-stage stratified area probability sample of households. The first stage was a sample of all square block areas in the city. At the second stage, every dwelling unit in each of the 100 selected primary units was listed and the lists of dwelling units were subsampled. Despite the proliferation of criticism directed toward policemen, the citizens of Hartford on the whole appear to be satisfied with their performance. Differences in satisfaction with the police's job by occupational levels are not statistically significant at the .05 level. Despite some evidence of varying degrees of satisfaction by occupational level, there does not appear to be a linear relationship between occupational level and satisfaction with police performance. Asking subjects to simply evaluate the job which the local police are doing has obvious limitations. The criticism receiving the largest percentage of agreement concerned the policeman's contact with citizens over relatively minor considerations.

This study explores inequality of life insurance ownership between black and white families and examines the possible causes of the differences found. Within income groups, black families own much smaller amounts of insurance on the average than whites. The lesser levels of personal life insurance coverage owned by blacks are not attributable to the substitution by blacks of other forms of accumulating money for emergencies in preference to life insurance. Neither does the difference in coverage seem to be attributable to a lesser opportunity among black families to purchase life insurance at present. Part of the difference in levels of life insurance coverage is probably due to the tendency for blacks to own more expensive types of coverage which give them less life insurance protection per dollar of premium expenditure. The differences are also partially due to the disproportionate concentration of blacks in manual occupations, since working class households own less life insurance than white collar households at the same income level, within both racial groups. A third factor is differences in values and family structure related to the need for life insurance to protect the wife and children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper tests several well known theories concerning the relationship between spatial and socioeconomic patterns of settlement in urban areas. Ernest W. Burgess described city growth in terms of concentric rings. He framed his theory in dynamic terms, based on the "invasion-succession" process. Hoover and Vernon also examines the aging of cities and neighborhoods, and propose a sequence of stages through which a residential area may pass. Two centrally located, contiguous census tracts were chosen for 1960 and the street boundries of these tracts were used as the boundries for all three dates. The directory provides only one measure of socioeconomic status, occupation. Other directory information of interest in this analysis is; sex of head of household, type of business or industry at the address, when not a resident and building or land use. In 1921, about 30 percent of household heads were women. Over half were apparently not employed; many were widows. Clerical and sales positions no women in 1848, but employed 17 percent of the women by 1921.

Closer ties between married daughters and their parents than between married sons and their parents, indicated principally by more frequent sharing of households by the former, is attributed to greater compatibility of mothers and daughters than of mothers and daughters-in-law. This is generalized into a cross-cultural hypothesis for predicting avoidance customs involving parents-in-law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the present status of race relations in the South of the U.S. There is fairly widespread agreement that race relations in the South have deteriorated in character since the beginning of the war. This, of course, is popular agreement based upon the assumption that quiescence and absence of racial tensions are a major, if not exclusive, index to the most wholesome race relations. The thesis of this paper is that the emotional disturbances of the present period, involving racial issues, are symptoms of accelerated social changes, and that these changes are wholesome, even if their temporary racial effects are bad. Other examples of recent racial clashes in the South have followed fairly familiar patterns. Of importance to underlying racial sentiment and tensions, although not directly always responsible for overt conflict, is the widespread experience of white middle-class households with their Afro-American domestic servants.

One of the prime needs of the physical planner is to know how many households he must plan for. Population forecasting is itself a complicated process which, in England and Wales, has only been undertaken comprehensively for local authority areas. This article seeks to discuss that population forecasting can usefully be undertaken in spite of the limitations of the basic data. The author stresses that the wide variations in the characteristics of local populations render the exercise vital, even when national household size appears likely to remain unchanged.

The article presents information on household structure and housing needs. It has been recognized that a record of the existing distribution of households by size and type is insufficient for the purpose of formulating a housing programme. It is insufficient, first, because the distribution of households at any one point of time is not a reliable guide for a programme which has to take future as well as present housing needs into account. Secondly, household formation is to a considerable extent dependent upon the existing number and distribution of dwellings. For instance, many potential household units do not, in fact, establish separate households because they are unable to find suitable dwellings of their own. The dwellings which are available in an area largely influence the population and household structure of that area. It is unlikely that biological families and households will ever be identical, as not all unmarried adults or widowed people will be able or willing to live on their own. They will join other families, as relatives, as boarders or as domestic servants, and thus households, as distinct from families, will be formed. Therefore, the previously shown distribution of biological families, together with the survivors of such families, and of single persons over the age of 25, represents the upper limit of household formation.

This paper reports the results of a study conducted in Jefferson County, Alabama (coterminous with the Birmingham SMSA) to determine whether there is justification for the concept of a household travel behavior corridor. Specifically, the research was designed to yield ar least partial answers to the following questions: (1) Is the concept of an inter-area travel behavior corridor for shopping activities justified? (2) What is the general shape of such a corridor? (3) Do gravity models function as satisfactory explanatory devices of consumer household shopping travel behavior? (4) Does shopping travel behavior within corridorized areas depict a rational cost-conscious process in obtaining goods and services? (5) Do demographic and economic variables explain shopping travel behavior within these corridorized areas? Basic findings were as follows: (1) The shopping travel behavior of households depicted a rational, cost-conscious approach to the process of obtaining merchandise; (2) Relationships to retail centers were isotropic in character, and retail functional hierarchies apparently were easily perceived by households; (3) Corridor formulations were realistic and will be useful for additional analysis; (4) Gravity formulations were of only limited usefulness in explaining the origins and destinations of shopping trips originating from the total area of analysis; (5) Demographic and economic variables did not adequately explain shopping travel behavior within the corridorized areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]