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Twelve papers written by fifteen authors from nine countries comprise this collection which embraces many of the crucial problems facing modern information science and scientific information activities, ranging from information needs of scientists and specialists to the specific aspects of computerization of various information processes. The papers are: Studies of Information Needs; Informal Communication in Science; Some Sociological Aspects of Formal Systems for the Communication of Knowledge; The Aging of Scientific Literature; Conflicting Phenomena in IR Systems; Problems of Data Retrieval And Dependent Techniques; A Condensed Heuristic Documentation System; Proposal and Wishes for an Open Structure in the Communication of Information; The Future of Access (Abstracting and Indexing) Services; Integrated Information Systems; The Activities of Excerpta Medica; and, The Use of Computers in Scientific, Technical and Economic Information in Poland. (Author/SJ)

IN A PILOT STUDY CONDUCTED TO PROVIDE BETTER INFORMATION FOR CAMPUS PLANNING, COMPUTER PROGRAMS WERE DEVELOPED TO ANALYZE DATA COLLECTED FROM STUDENT DIARIES. AREAS OF CONCERN INCLUDED--(1) TIME SPENT IN A SPECIFIC ACTIVITY, (2) TRAFFIC ACTIVITIES AND RELATED VARIABLES (COSTS, ETC.), AND (5) PROJECTION OF FUTURE CAMPUS ACTIVITY-SPACE RELATIONSHIPS AND THE RESULTING IMPLICATIONS OF VARIOUS ACTIONS PROPOSED BY THE PLANNERS. THE GOAL WAS TO MAXIMIZE THE BENEFITS FOR THE LEAST COST. THIS PAPER IS THE FINAL COPY OF A PAPER PRESENTED AT THE AIA ARCHITECT-RESEARCHERS' CONFERENCE, GATLINBURG, TENNESSEE, OCTOBER 24-25, 1967. (JT)

The four papers included in this document are: (1) "Preparing Management for MIS" presented at the GUIDE-32 Meeting, May, 1971; (2) "Training Management for MIS" presented on March 17, 1970, to the Central New York Chapter of the Association for Systems Management; (3) "How to Unlock the Computer's Profit Potential" presented at the 1969 Spring Seminar of the Steel Valley Chapter of the Association for Systems Management; and (4) "The Process of Effective Data Systems Development" presented at the 1968 Data Processing Management Association Convention. (MM)

Papers presented at the seminar include an introduction to information processing which describes some techniques for use of the computer; the analysis of information systems and its role in the development of information systems; the effect on systems performance of building design and environmental standards; the concept of traditional printing as a computer peripheral; and performance standards for determination of balance between cost, performance and quality to achieve technical feasibility. (AB)

A management information system (MIS) is a systems approach to data processing. It provides relevant, timely, and accurage data to decisionmakers, as well as information storage, retrieval, and transfer functions through the use of computers. Educational administrators have been slow to implement computerized data processing either because they fail to understand information systems or because systems planning has been neglected. Population growth and the changing role of education necessitate implementation of computerized data handling. Data processing personnel are in the best position to give educators guidance in data processing and should be given greater roles in decisionmaking. Only with a good information management system can current administrative and educational confusion be ended. (RA)

Reported on is a study to develop a model for computer-assisted branched testing, measurement in which items are selected on the basis of previous responses and are thus tailored to the competencies of the examinee. The model was developed, implemented and evaluated in the context of an experimental school in Individually Prescribed Instruction (IPI). The sample consisted of seventy-five students in grades one through six at the Oakleaf Elementary School. On two separate occasions each student was given the branched computer test using a teletypewriter. After completing the branched test, students were required to take a paper and pencil test on all remaining objectives not included on the branched test. Thus, a measure of proficiency of every objective in the unit was recorded. Individual test profiles resulting from the study were used to ascertain the validity of the unit's structure. The results showed that criterion-referenced branched testing can be used effectively for all students in an IPI setting. Further, the measures yielded by such a procedure can be at least as valid and reliable as those for a conventional test. (RP)

A special document, published separately from the complete proceedings of the eleventh meeting of the Panel on Science and Technology, is justified because the papers presented discuss the impact of the rapid development of the computer and the revolution in communication technology upon our society. This impact is critically examined by 10 eminent educators, sociologists, and scientists from the United States and from foreign countries, as well as by the distinguished keynote speakers and the panel moderator. The content of these proceedings are of interest to the Congress, the American public, and scientific and academic communities worldwide. (NH)

The institute, "Innovations in School Librarianship," was conducted by The Florida State University in cooperation with the Florida Department of Education. Participants in the workshop were persons employed as school district level media personnel in Florida public school systems. The purpose was to increase their competence in planning, developing and evaluating effective system-wide media programs. The need for such competence has been sharply accentuated by recent state legislative actions and subsequent policy changes by the Department of Education which mandated an appraisal of all programs as to effectiveness, efficiency, and utilization of resources. The seminar approach was used, enabling participants to exchange views and reinforce principles. Emphasis was placed on the development of evaluative instruments, implementation of standards, procedures to assure accountability, and on the design of needs assessment as they relate to school media programs. Presentations to the entire group was made by staff members and visiting lecturers in order to impart information needed by all of the participants. This document is a record of those presentations. (Author)

In spite of the lack of specific and properly defined goals and plans about the use of computers for their development, some non-industrialized countries have made substantial advances in this computer usage. In these countries, the number of computers installed ranges from zero to roughly 1 per 200,000 inhabitants. The distribution of these systems among areas of application (business and commercial engineering and scientific, education and training, military and defense), is fairly similar to that observed in advanced countries. The majority of the developing countries have installed computers of varying capacities in some of their higher learning institutions, which is acting as a triggering factor for more and better computer installations. The upper bracket of the industrial, commercial and services enterprises of a substantial part of these countries have installed computer systems. The use of automatic data processing systems has initiated a revolution in management attitudes and techniques. There is, in almost all of the developing countries a strong tendency to increase the use of computers in government operations. (Author)

To define the domain of interactive uses of computers for instruction and to characterize the variety of current activities is the purpose of this guide. Divided into seven sections, the guide provides an introduction and a definition of computer terms as used with instruction. One section deals with a variety of uses, another with a variety of lessons, systems and languages, and another with literature surveys, reviews and bibliographies. The last two sections deal with single meetings, conferences and symposia; professional organizations, publishers and commercial information services. It concludes with two appendices and a bibliography. (GO)

OPERATIONS RESEARCH CONCEPTS ARE POTENTIALLY USEFUL FOR STUDY OF SUCH LARGE URBAN SCHOOL DISTRICT PROBLEMS AS INFORMATION FLOW, PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF THE DISTRICT, ADMINISTRATIVE DECISION MAKING BOARD POLICY FUNCTIONS, AND THE BUDGET STRUCTURE. OPERATIONAL ANALYSIS REQUIRES (1) IDENTIFICATION OF THE SYSTEM UNDER STUDY, (2) IDENTIFICATION OF SUBSYSTEMS, PROCESSES, FLOWS, AND DECISIONS, (3) DEVELOPMENT OF A SIMULATION MODEL INCLUDING BEHAVIORAL AND PERFORMANCE SUBSYSTEMS, (4) VALIDATION OF THE MODEL, AND (5) USE OF THE MODEL TO EXPLORE SUCH SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS AS MANAGEMENT CONTROL, ALLOCATION OF RESOURCES, AND DECISION FLOW. (HM)

Extra-library information services are helping libraries find solutions to the problems created by the changes in the information environment, the demand for current information, and the media by which the knowledge is distributed. There are three types of these services: (1) document handling systems, (2) data handling systems, and (3) information analysis centers. Extra-library information services have one major characteristic in common; they place greater emphasis than libraries on the organization of information for current and specialized uses rather than stressing long term future utility of the information. Recommendations made to the National Advisory Commission on Librari"s are: (1) lib"aries and extra-library information services be considered as integral parts of the total information transfer process; (2) the professional library association develop an easy and efficient method to keep librarians informed of existing and new extra-library information sources; (3) professional library associations investigate the possibilities of acquiring terminal equipment connected to one or more of the extra-library information sources; and (4) a study be conducted to determine the feasibility of applying in libraries the indexing and file searching methods now used in extra-library systems. Detailed descriptions of twelve of these extra-library services are included. (CM)

Papers and presentations at the 1971 symposium of the Digital Equipment Computer Users Society (DECUS) are presented. The papers deal with medical and physiological applications, computer graphics, simulation education, small computer executive systems, management information tools, data acquisition systems, and high level languages. Although many of the papers are highly technical, a sizeable number are discussions of educational applications which are intelligible to the informed layman. (JY)

The papers given at this symposium were selected for their description of how specific problems were tackled, and with what success, as opposed to proposals unsupported by experience. The goal was to permit the audience to profit from the trials (and errors) of others. The eighteen papers presented are: "Business and the University Computer Science Department: The Left-Hand Side of a Dialogue,""Undergraduate Computer Science Education,""Visiting Industrial Professors and Sabbaticals in Industry,""A Student-Designed Undergraduate Program,""A Large-Scale Undergraduate Programme in Computer Science,""Network Computing for Computer Science Departments,""The Computer Science Teaching Laboratory at the University of Washington,""A Course on the Relationship of Formal Language Theory to Automata,""The Emergence of Computational Arithmetic as a Component of the Computer Science Curriculum,""Principles of Computer System Organization,""Teaching Systems Programming and Software Design: Problems and Solutions,""The Challenge of Computer Science in New Zealand,""Computer Science in Israel's Institutions of Higher Learning,""Computer Education for Secondary School Mathematics Teachers,""Liberal Arts Education in Computers,""Experience with a 'Universal' Introductory Course in Computer Science,""Introducing the Computer at a Small Liberal Arts College," and "A Complete Package for Introducing Computer Science." (Author/NH)

A staff paper submitted to the President's Task Force on Communications Policy surveys the range of present and future innovations in communications techniques, assesses their feasibility and costs, and projects the rate and manner in which they will be deployed in the future. In general, the many technological possibilities--including person-to-person video circuits and computer access for small businesses and households--must await the emergence of more low-cost forms. While economies of scale, especially for long-haul transmission, are expected to grow larger, the outlook is less favorable for cost reductions in the local communications area which is assuming an increasing part of the system's capacity. Terrestrial microwave and coaxial cable, now the predominant long-haul media, may be replaced by communications satellites by 1980. Implications for the common-carrier network, with all its facets, are discussed in detail, and additional technological information is included in the appendices. (BB)

Brief communications on learning and instructional technology from various persons in the fields of education, communications, and government are brought together in the report by the Commission on Instructional Technology. Following these contributions, the Committee makes six recommendations. Two of these are that two new institutions be established: the National Institutes of Education (NIE) and the National Institute of Instructional Technology (NIIT). The function of the NIIT would be to encourage the use of instructional technology and to help bring about an improvement in its quality. Appendices have contributions from educators, media representatives, and others gathered under headings concerned with technology's lack of impact on education, its cost and costing, and its use with the poor and the handicapped. Appendix F contains a history of the Commission on Instructional Technology. Part Two of this volume is composed of 22 selected working papers dealing with the state of the art in instructional television, computer-assisted instruction, simulation and games, films, programed instruction, radio, dial access information retrieval systems, adaptive machine aids, videotapes, and the interface of education and information science. A subject index is appended. (MF)

As an introduction, this paper presents a statement of the objectives of the university computing center (UCC) from the viewpoint of the university, the government, the typical user, and the UCC itself. The operating and financial structure of a UCC are described. Three main types of budgeting schemes are discussed: time allocation, pseudo-dollar, and real dollar. The main types of pricing schemes considered are based on: single price for central processing unit (CPU) time, variable prices for CPU time, multiple input queues, perfect market, stochastic scheduling, and rate of access. A set of criteria is offered against which various budgeting-pricing systems may be evaluated. A table is developed which compares various budgeting-pricing systems with the criteria. Appendices contain considerations of ways in which a UCC can be made adequate relative to the university's programs, suggestions for further study, and a bibliography. (JY)

THE TEXTS OF TEN PAPERS ARE INCLUDED--(1) REFLECTIONS FROM OUTSIDE, (2) DIVERSITY AND DIVISIVENESS IN HIGHER EDUCATION, (3) EDUCATION FOR THE NEXT GENERATION, (4) THE COMMUNITY CAMPUS, (5) THE JUNIOR COLLEGE AND INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION, (6) THE FLORIDA-COLOMBIA ALLIANCE PROGRAM, (7) THE JUNIOR COLLEGE TRUSTEE, (8) BOARD RELATIONSHIPS TO ADMINISTRATION AND FACULTY, (9) BOARD RESPONSIBILITY FOR A CLIMATE OF CREATIVITY, AND (10) TRENDS IN EDUCATING HEALTH SERVICE WORKERS. ALSO INCLUDED ARE MATERIALS FROM FORUMS--(1) EVALUATING TEACHER EFFECTIVENESS, (2) FEDERAL LEGISLATION, (3) COMPUTERS AND COLLEGES, (4) STRENGTHENING STUDENT PERSONNEL SERVICES, (5) THE NEW CURRICULUMS, (6) FROM JUNIOR TO SENIOR COLLEGE, AND (7) REPAIRING STUDENT DEFICIENCES IN ENGLISH. THIS DOCUMENT IS ALSO AVAILABLE FOR $2.00 FROM THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF JUNIOR COLLEGES, 1315 SIXTEENTH STREET, N.W., WASHINGTON, D.C. 20036. (WO)

The report reflects the state of the topic as of December 1, 1970. The report identifies and assesses some of the many issues which have emerged from the conference of previously separate participants in the industry, against the background of whatever discernible national communications policy may be traced. Not treated are issues surrounding questions of privacy and due process concerning the use of and access to data. (Author/MM)

Punched paper tape readers, frequently used for machine control and computer input, are readily adaptable for the purposes of presenting extremely complex signal sequences such as those used in psychophysiology. A description of basic operating principles is given together with an explanation of the minor modifications necessary to adapt this instrument to signal control. Complete schematics are presented of an instrument with seven channel control capacity.