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Digital twin technology provides a reliable paradigm to address the high trial-and-error costs and limited perception capabilities in satellite networking. However, the dynamic constellation topology and real-time twin applications remain significant challenges in satellite network design. This paper proposes a network topology simulation approach that dynamically analyzes the inter-satellite topology based on pre-calculated ephemeris and orbital information. Furthermore, the paper introduces a digital twin algorithm based on network virtualization, cloud platform management, and software-defined networking to validate and analyze the twin requirements at different stages. Finally, a low Earth orbit (LEO) constellation twin validation environment is constructed to verify the networking protocols at various stages. The experimental results demonstrate the performance of the proposed twin systems at different stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the discussion on meaning or semantics of the data. Topics include advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) providing a powerful tool for solving fundamental problems in semantic communications; and semantic communications in emerging wireless networks such as virtual reality and autonomous driving.

User interfaces to control networked household appliances are often inadequate. Either they are too simplistic or they are too complex and complicated relying on a PC-based interface. Therefore, a user interface that supports complex functionalities and is easy to use is required. In this article digital pen and paper are presented as a suitable interface. Digital pens are only marginally larger than their traditional counterparts, and digital paper is ordinary paper with an almost invisible unique pattern printed on it. Pen and paper are well known to users and thus an important barrier to the acceptance of networked appliances is removed. The approach is integrated with an Open Services Gateway Initiative (OSGi) gateway, thus allowing for flexibility with respect to the protocol used to communicate with the appliance. It is also shown how the approach can be applied to other appliances in and beyond the home. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The steady improvements in the networking infrastructure and ever increasing broadband penetration has fueled the resurgence of voice-over-IP (VoIP). One of the important contributors to this growth has also been the development and wide acceptance of the session initiation protocol (SIP). However, the current usage of SIP requires a per-application deployment (each application using its own SIP stack). In addition to shared port number problems, this leads to a narrow development of SIP based services, even though SIP, as a protocol, offers incredible opportunities for enabling various applications simultaneously. In this paper, we propose SPLAT—a unified SIP platform, consisting of a client-side SIP service and supporting network infrastructure blocks, that provide unified mechanisms to execute generic SIP functions through an exported higher level API. Applications can leverage the API and ready-made building blocks for creating richer interfaces without significant and often repeated development effort, e.g. a conferencing server coupled with a gaming server can provide context-aware audio conferencing between occupants of a particular game room. Importantly, the SPLAT framework is available to all applications including the ones not inherently based on SIP and thus presents a great opportunity for enhancing such applications. The SIP service API is designed to be extensible and provides novel higher level functional primitives like ad hoc conferencing and seamless transition of sessions. In addition, it also exports a low level interface for specialized applications that need direct access to SIP call flows. Another feature of the service is that it allows a user to plug-in an end device (softphone, IP phone, PSTN phone) of his/her choice on a per-session basis. We demonstrate the richness of the API by describing prototypes for enhancing various applications as well as new converged applications. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transmission control protocol (TCP) is one of the most important Internet protocols. It provides reliable transport services between two end-hosts. Since TCP performance affects overall network performance, many studies have been done to model TCP performance in the steady state. However, recent researches have shown that most TCP flows are short-lived. Therefore, it is more meaningful to model TCP performance in relation to the initial stage of short-lived flows. In addition, the next-generation Internet will be an unified all-IP network that includes both wireless and wired networks integrated together. In short, modelling short-lived TCP flows in wireless networks constitutes an important axis of research. In this paper, we propose simple wireless TCP models for short-lived flows that extend the existing analytical model proposed in [IEEE Commun. Lett. 2002; 6(2):85–88]. In terms of wireless TCP, we categorized wireless TCP schemes into three types: end-to-end scheme, split connection scheme, and local retransmission scheme, which is similar to the classification proposed in [IEEE/ACM Trans. Networking 1997; 756–769]. To validate the proposed models, we performed ns-2 simulations. The average differences between the session completion time calculated using the proposed model and the simulation result for three schemes are less than 9, 16, and 7 ms, respectively. Consequently, the proposed model provides a satisfactory means of modelling the TCP performance of short-lived wireless TCP flows. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports that In contrast to the Shannon paradigm whose underlying principle is to guarantee the correct reception of each single transmitted packet regardless of its meaning, semantic communication is concerned with the problem of how transmitted symbols convey a desired meaning to the destination, as well as how effectively the received meaning affects the action in a desired way.

The article reports that During the last two years of COVID-19 pandemic the importance of e-work and remote collaboration systems as key contributors to the technological and economic progress of many industries has become more and more clear. Countries and companies that were able to rapidly adapt to the changes in work settings and dynamics brought about by the pandemic were able to significantly limit the economic impact of the pandemic in those fields that don't require physical presence.

Wireless IP networks will provide voice and data services using IP protocols over the wireless channel. But current IP is unsuitable to provide delay or loss bounds and insufficient to support diverse quality of service, both required by real-time applications. In order to support real-time applications in wireless IP networks, in this paper a measurement-based admission control (MBAC) with priority criteria and service classes is considered. First we have shown the suitability of MBAC in wireless IP networks by comparing its performance with a parameter-based scheme. Next, we have investigated the performance of strictly policy-based MBAC and policy plus traffic characteristic-based MBAC schemes in terms of (1) increasing the user mobility, (2) changing traffic parameters and (3) the presence of greedy users. The efficiency and fairness of each scheme are measured in terms of lower class new and handoff traffic performance. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The wireless sensor network is one of the promising technologies in the agriculture field. Its actual usage in real agriculture fields is limited by its dependence on the small batteries which cannot make the network survive for long. Various protocols are being designed at the network and MAC layer to increase the lifetime of the nodes, but up to a certain extent only. Hence the energy harvesting to power up the WSN nodes is a promising technology to fulfill this ever energy demand, but the protocols need to be redesigned for this scenario. Solar energy harvesting based MAC protocol which is adaptive to the changing weather conditions is designed in this paper for the smart agriculture applications. It is based on the multilayer and receiver-initiated process to improve network quality. It has shown the remarkable performance over the other energy harvesting based protocols in terms of ENO ratio, energy consumption and collision rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research work focuses on overcoming cybersecurity problems in the Smart Grid. Smart Grids must have feasible data capture and communications infrastructure to be able to manage the huge amounts of data coming from sensors. To ensure the proper operation of next-generation electricity grids, the captured data must be reliable and protected against vulnerabilities and possible attacks. The contribution of this paper to the state of the art lies in the identification of cyberattacks that produce anomalous behaviour in network management protocols. A novel neural projectionist technique (Beta Hebbian Learning, BHL) has been employed to get a general visual representation of the traffic of a network, making it possible to identify any abnormal behaviours and patterns, indicative of a cyberattack. This novel approach has been validated on 3 different datasets, demonstrating the ability of BHL to detect different types of attacks, more effectively than other state-of-the-art methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper [[8]] "Dynamic Power and Bandwidth Allocation for DVB-based LEO Satellite Systems" proposes an efficient power and bandwidth allocation method employing two linear machine learning algorithms with inputs of channel conditions and TD. The fifth-generation (5G) technology has recently been consolidating its function as an infrastructure for new services, such as ultrareliable low-latency communications (URLLC) and massive machine-type communications, by further expanding the high-speed data service of the mobile communication system. In their paper titled [[1]] "Reliability-guaranteed Multi-path Allocation Algorithm in Mobile Network", Lee and Ko investigated the method of selecting higher reliable network paths for further enhancing URLLC services. [Extracted from the article]

Establishing a strong link between the paper medium and the data represented on it is an interesting alternative to defeat unauthorised copy and content modification attempts. Many applications would benefit from it, such as show tickets, contracts, banknotes or medical prescripts. In this study, the authors present a low-cost solution that establishes such a link by combining digital signatures, physically unclonable functions and fuzzy extractors. The proposed protocol provides two levels of security that can be used according to the time available for verifying the signature and the trust in the paper holder. In practice, this solution uses ultra-violet fibres that are poured into the paper mixture. Fuzzy extractors are then used to build identifiers for each sheet of paper and a digital signature is applied to the combination of these identifiers and the data to be protected from copy and modification. The authors additionally provide a careful statistical analysis of the robustness and amount of randomness reached by the extractors. The authors conclude that identifiers of 72 bits can be derived, which is assumed to be sufficient for the proposed application. However, more randomness, robustness and unclonability could be obtained at the cost of a more expensive process, keeping exactly the same methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many applications need to read an entire database in a consistent way. This global-reading of an entire database formulated as a global-read transaction (GRT) is not a trivial issue since it will cause a high degree of interference to other concurrent transactions. Conventional concurrency control protocols are obviously inadequate in handling the long-lived GRT. Previous studies [1], [3], [4] proposed additional tests, namely, the Color Test and the Shade Test, to handle conflicts between the GRT and update transactions. However, we discovered that both algorithms can bring about nonserializable schedules of transactions. We propose an enhanced algorithm directly built on the two algorithms to guarantee the serializability of transactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The significance of detecting network traffic anomalies in cybersecurity cannot be overstated, especially given the increasing frequency and complexity of computer network attacks. As new Internet-related technologies emerge, so do more intricate attacks. One particularly daunting challenge is represented by dictionary-based bruteforce attacks, which require effective real- time detection and mitigation methods. In this paper, we investigate Secure Shell or Secure Socket Shell, is a network protocol that gives users, particularly system administrators, a secure way to access a computer over an unsecured network(SSH)and File Transfer Protocol is a standard network protocol used for the transfer of files from one host to another over a TCP-based network, such as the Internet (FTP) brute-force attack detection by using Our research focuses on using the machine learning approach to detect SSH and FTP brute-force attacks. A reasonably thorough investigation of machine learners' efficacy in identifying brute force assaults on SSH and FTP is made possible by employing several classifiers. Bruteforce assaults are a popular and risky method of obtaining usernames and passwords. Applying ethical hacking is an excellent technique to examine the effects of a brute-force assault. This article discusses many defense strategies and approaches to using bruteforce assaults. The pros and cons of several defense strategies are enumerated, along with information on which kind of assault is easiest to identify. we made use of machine learning classifiers: Naive Bayes, Random Forest, Logistic Regression, we determined that the Random Forest algorithm achieved the highest level with an accuracy the contribution lies in demonstrating the feasibility of training and evaluating basic Random Forest models with two independent variables to classify CSE-CIC-IDS2018 dataset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a pioneering approach to bolstering network security and privacy by implementing chaotic optical communication with a hybrid optical feedback system (HOFS). The current baseline methods in network security are often less feasible for hybrid feedback systems, including limited robustness, compromised security, and synchronization challenges. Therefore, this paper proposes a hybrid approach to address these shortcomings by integrating the HOFS into chaotic optical communication systems (HOFS-COCS) to overcome the baseline challenges. This paper aims to improve network security while significantly maintaining efficient communication channels. Moreover, We designed two algorithms, one for chaotic maps generation and another for text encryption and decryption, to improve security in the hybrid feedback system. Our findings demonstrate through rigorous experimentation and analysis that the proposed (HOFS-COCS) method significantly improves network security by enabling reliable chaos generation, synchronization, and secure message transmission in chaotic optical communication systems. This research represents a significant advancement towards enhanced secrecy and synchronization in chaotic optical communication systems, promising a paradigm shift in network security protocols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Internet of Things (IoT) usually refers to a world-wide network of interconnected heterogeneous objects such as sensors, actuators, smart-devices or objects or components or products, RFID, embedded computers, etc. uniquely addressable, based on standard communication protocols. The explosive research growth of the IoT is changing our world and allowing people to innovate concept. The present study aims to analysis at mapping the global research efforts related to Internet of Things using scientometric techniques. Scientometric is a series of analyses used for evaluating or quantifying literature and information. It is a scientific method widely used in many fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

wireless sensor network enables the regular monitoring of military, civil and other application. This paper proposes a new improved cluster algorithm of LEACH protocol which is intended to balance the energy consumption of the entire network and extend the lifetime of the network . In this paper we propose a leach protocol that works on network layer in OSI model. Leach protocol stands for Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy, a clustering-based protocol that utilizes randomized rotation of local cluster base stations (cluster-heads) to evenly distribute the energy load among the sensors in the network . LEACH is able to distribute energy dissipation evenly throughout the sensors, doubling the useful system lifetime for the networks we simulated.. It proides a better results than conventional protocols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is an editorial published in the journal Frontiers in Physics. It discusses the theory and applications of long-range dependent (LRD) processes, which are of interest to researchers in various fields, including physics and computer science. LRD processes differ from conventional random processes in terms of their autocorrelation function, power spectrum density, and probability density function. The editorial highlights two models of LRD processes: fractional Gaussian noise (fGn) and the generalized Cauchy process. It also mentions several papers included in the research topic, which explore the use of LRD processes in precision time protocol, dynamic routing algorithms, identification of cryptomining behavior, and modeling global sea surface chlorophyll concentration. [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses various papers published within this issue including one by Mark Schaefer, Walter Vogler, Dominic Wist and Ralf Woolowski on complete state coding (CSC) conflicts in signal transition graphs (STG) and another by navid Toosizadeh and Safwat Zaky on the synthesis of circuits involving write-after-read operations nd ise of four-phase handshake protocol.

The comprehensive concept of SDN (Software Defined Networking) has introduced the extensive change to the traditional networks with the integration of the network by decoupling the forwarding hardware (data plane) from the control logic of the network (control plane).Software Defined Networking (SDN) is a new way of technology that is helping to overcome the limitations of traditional networks. With the help of this emerging technology paradigm has created a great future, an expectation to overcome the need for reliable, secure, flexible and well management of next generation networks. The basic idea behind it is the separation of control plane from data plane. SDN has made the Networks more programmable. SDN is a three layered architecture. OpenFlow Protocol is the most common protocol used for providing the interface called as Southbound APIs between control layer and physical layer. On the other hand interface provided in between application layer and control layer is called as Northbound APIs. All the intelligence is lying in control layer. Controller acts as a brain of the network which is configuring and managing the flow of network through network devices present in physical layer. This paper illustrates the introduction about Traditional networks, Software Defined Networking its architecture, interfaces popular controllers, mininet emulation tool used in SDN, its topologies and security threats in SDN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multipath wireless access aims to seamlessly aggregate multiple access networks to increase data rates and decrease latency. It is currently being standardized through the ATSSS architectural framework as part of the fifth-generation (5G) cellular networks. However, facilitating efficient multi-access communication in next-generation wireless networks poses several challenges due to the complex interplay between congestion control (CC) and packet scheduling. Given that enhanced ATSSS steering functions for traffic splitting advocate the utilization of multi-access tunnels using congestion-controlled multipath network protocols between user equipment and a proxy, addressing the issue of nested CC becomes imperative. In this paper, we evaluate the impact of such nested congestion control loops on throughput over multi-access tunnels using the recently introduced Multipath DCCP (MP-DCCP) tunneling framework. We evaluate different combinations of endpoint and tunnel CC algorithms, including BBR, BBRv2, CUBIC, and NewReno. Using the Cheapest Path First scheduler, we quantify and analyze the impact of the following on the performance of tunnel-based multipath: (1) the location of the multi-access proxy relative to the user; (2) the bottleneck buffer size, and (3) the choice of the congestion control algorithms. Furthermore, our findings demonstrate the superior performance of BBRv2 as a tunnel CC algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intersection of cybersecurity and opportunistic networks has ushered in a new era of innovation in the realm of wireless communications. In an increasingly interconnected world, where seamless data exchange is pivotal for both individual users and organizations, the need for efficient, reliable, and sustainable networking solutions has never been more pressing. Opportunistic networks, characterized by intermittent connectivity and dynamic network conditions, present unique challenges that necessitate innovative approaches for optimal performance and sustainability. This paper introduces a groundbreaking paradigm that integrates the principles of cybersecurity with opportunistic networks. At its core, this study presents a novel routing protocol meticulously designed to significantly outperform existing solutions concerning key metrics such as delivery probability, overhead ratio, and communication delay. Leveraging cybersecurity's inherent strengths, our protocol not only fortifies the network's security posture but also provides a foundation for enhancing efficiency and sustainability in opportunistic networks. The overarching goal of this paper is to address the inherent limitations of conventional opportunistic network protocols. By proposing an innovative routing protocol, we aim to optimize data delivery, minimize overhead, and reduce communication latency. These objectives are crucial for ensuring seamless and timely information exchange, especially in scenarios where traditional networking infrastructures fall short. By large-scale simulations, the new model proves its effectiveness in the different scenarios, especially in terms of message delivery probability, while ensuring reasonable overhead and latency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Software Maintenance & Evolution: Research & Practice is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Blockchain is increasingly gaining interest in both the academic and professional worlds. The implementation of this decentralised and distributed network has started taking place, firstly in the financial world and in recent years reaching to other industries. Nevertheless, not all blockchain networks are the same, and choosing the right consensus algorithm is important for companies willing to invest in this technology. Companies eager to implement blockchain should understand the underlying architecture when selecting a particular network. Through an in-depth analysis, this paper aims to explore and compare from a technical perspective the three biggest permissionless blockchain networks by market capitalisation: Bitcoin, Ethereum and Ripple. Our research shows that Bitcoin gains a competitive advantage as a widely adopted means of payment, Ethereum excels in adopting a robust and flexible smart contract functionality whilst Ripple is most suitable for cross-border payments due to its scalability and fast processing speed. Based on the comprehensive analysis of the networks and their consensus protocols, this paper is designed to set the ground for further studies on the emerging applications of blockchain in numerous sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of communication technology, the optimization of communication protocol, as a new generation of intelligent traffic system technology, has attracted more and more attention, in particular, the communication technology in traffic. In the authentication protocol of this paper, the symmetric cipher algorithm ZUC and the asymmetric cryptographic algorithm RSA are used as the cryptographic algorithms of the protocol. RSA is used to decrypt digital signatures for messages. In the current communication scheme, node communication does not have scalability and communication requirements in different scenarios, and a population key negotiation communication protocol was proposed in this paper. Employing the kana and random key parameters of the nodes in the roadside cell group, 3 communication protocols for group broadcasting, group to vehicle communication, and RSU communication between groups were designed. The results show that the protocol can meet the security requirements of network communication. The results show that the communication protocol in this paper is safe and reliable. At last, the communication efficiency of communication protocol is analyzed using communication overhead and average delay. The proposed protocol is an efficient communication protocol and the scheme is superior to other schemes in terms of communication overhead and average delay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internet of things (IoT) applications from home applications to military applications have been expanding day by day. Energy efficient routing schemes are vital for resource constraint wireless sensor networks (WSNs) and IoT. Clustering based routing scheme is one of the basic methods to extend the lifetime of WSN-based IoT. On the other hand, clustering is NP-hard problem and metaheuristic algorithms are suitable for clustering. In this paper, a new energy-efficient routing scheme is presented for IoT using two metaheuristic algorithms Harris hawk's optimization (HHO) and whale optimization algorithm (WOA). The selection of the cluster header (CH) is based on the WOA using various parameters such as residual energy of nodes, distance to neighbors, distance to sink. After clustering phase, an energy efficient routing scheme was proposed using the HHO algorithm. The simulation results in MATLAB environment justifies that the proposed protocol improves network life by 10%, average energy consumption by 15%, packet delivery rate (PDR) by 12%, throughput by 11% and number of alive nodes by 15%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents NN_ILEACH, a novel neural network-based routing protocol designed to enhance the energy efficiency and longevity of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). By integrating the Energy Hole Removing Mechanism (EHORM) with a sophisticated neural network for cluster head selection, NN_ILEACH effectively addresses the energy depletion challenges associated with traditional protocols like LEACH and ILEACH. Our extensive simulations demonstrate that NN_ILEACH significantly outperforms these classical protocols. Specifically, NN_ILEACH extends the network lifetime to an impressive 11,361 rounds, compared to only 505 rounds achieved by LEACH under identical conditions—representing a more than 20-fold improvement. Additionally, NN_ILEACH achieves a 30% increase in throughput and a 25% enhancement in packet delivery ratio, while reducing overall energy consumption by 40%. These results underscore the protocol's potential to optimize energy usage and maintain network stability, paving the way for more resilient IoT systems in dynamic environments. Future work will explore further integration of machine learning techniques to enhance adaptability and performance in WSNs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the network environment of power systems, payload generation is used to construct data packets, which are used to obtain data for the security management of network assets. Payloads generated by existing methods cannot satisfy the specifications of the protocols in power systems, resulting in low efficiency and information errors. In this paper, a payload generation model, LoadGAN, is proposed by using generative adversarial networks (GANs). Firstly, we find segmentation points to cut payloads into different segment sequences using sliding window schema based on Bayesian optimization. Then, we use different payload segments to train several child generators to generate corresponding parts of a whole payload. Segment sequences generated by these generators are assembled to form a whole new payload that is compliant with the specifications of the original network protocol. Experiments on the Mozi botnet dataset show that LoadGAN achieves precise payload segmentation while maintaining a high payload effectiveness of 85.5%, which is a 40% improvement compared to existing methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mutation-based grey-box protocol fuzzing methods are convenient and highly scalable. However, they lack the message format information of the protocol under test, resulting in most of the messages in test cases being rejected by the target protocol implementation, severely affecting the testing efficiency. To address this issue, this paper proposed a greybox fuzzing method for text protocol based on field perception. This method incorporated the concept of template learning into mutation-based protocol fuzzing. It used delimiters to segment message fields and utilized a field dictionary to obtain valid values for each field. Subsequently, this paper designed multiple field-level mutation strategies for the segmented messages and calculated the corresponding field mutation energy based on the number of valid values and coverage feedback. Moreover, this approach leveraged the results of message field segmentation to provide a more fine-grained characterization of the protocol implementation state. Experimental results demonstrate that this method can improve the proportion of test cases accepted by the target protocol implementation generated by the classic mutation-based protocol fuzzing framework AFLNET, thereby increasing testing efficiency over five times. It proves that the low acceptance rate of test cases in the commonly used mutation-based protocol fuzzing methods decrease the overall testing efficiency, and increasing the test case acceptance rate can improve the testing efficiency significantly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relevant datasets that depict and/or emulate the smart grid networks (SGN) are key to developing cybersecurity models that can effectively provide security for mission-critical infrastructure. The difficulty in obtaining relevant SGN real-life datasets presents a considerable challenge for researchers in the field and, the existing datasets lack representation of the IEC61850 protocol for modelling substation automation processes for cybersecurity solutions. This paper presents a dataset simulated from a fully virtual testbed, intended to provide researchers with the necessary datasets for research and experiments that require massive amounts of data close to the real-world scenario. Experimentally, the dataset was used to develop an intrusion detection model based on gated recurrent unit (GRU), deep belief network (DBN), long-short term memory (LSTM), and evaluated using accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, detection rate, false alarm rate (FAR), missed alarm rate (MAR), mean squared error (MSE), mean absolute error (MAE), and loss. Results show that the standalone deep learning (DL) algorithms outperformed the hybridized ones and are more suitable for developing models for securing substation automation systems that support generic object-oriented substation events (GOOSE), and manufacturing message specification (MMS) and run on IEC61850, distributed network protocol version 3 (DNP3), and Modbus-transmission control protocol (ModbusTCP). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The underwater sensor network (UWSN) has become the most demandable area because of its numerous advancements in the real world. Water covers over 70% of the earth's surface, and there is more important information below the water's surface. Sensor networks detect information in the water and transmit it to the base station via the sink. UWSN is made up of autonomous and independent sensor nodes. These are placed spatially in the water to gather and transmit pertinent data. However, the communication may suffer due to several challenges like 3D topology, less bandwidth, routing and power constraints. This paper reviews underwater sensor networks based on routing, localization, and fault tolerance. It also reviews and compares the recently proposed algorithms to fulfil drawbacks in existing methods. Each factor's challenges are briefly discussed and compared in this paper. Future directions for underwater sensor networks are analyzed and discussed, along with their emerging applications and challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid expansion of Internet-of-Things (IoT) applications necessitates a thorough understanding of network configurations to address unique challenges across various use cases. This paper presents an in-depth analysis of three IoT network topologies: linear chain, structured tree, and dynamic transition networks, each designed to meet the specific requirements of industrial automation, home automation, and environmental monitoring. Key performance metrics, including round-trip time (RTT), server processing time (SPT), and power consumption, are evaluated through both simulation and hardware experiments. Additionally, this study introduces an enhanced UDP protocol featuring an acknowledgment mechanism and a power consumption evaluation, aiming to improve data transmission reliability over the standard UDP protocol. Packet loss is specifically measured in hardware experiments to compare the performance of standard and enhanced UDP protocols. The findings show that the enhanced UDP significantly reduces packet loss compared to the standard UDP, enhancing data delivery reliability across dynamic and structured networks, though it comes at the cost of slightly higher power consumption due to additional processing. For network topology performance, the linear chain topology provides stable processing but higher RTT, making it suitable for applications such as tunnel monitoring; the structured tree topology offers low energy consumption and fast communication, ideal for home automation; and the dynamic transition network, suited for industrial Automated Guided Vehicles (AGVs), encounters challenges with adaptive routing. These insights guide the optimization of communication protocols and network configurations for more efficient and reliable IoT deployments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The convergence of heterogeneous wireless sensor networks provides many benefits, including increased coverage, flexible load balancing capabilities, more efficient use of network resources, and the provision of additional data by different types of sensors, thus leading to improved customer service based on more complete information. However, despite these advances, the challenge of ensuring reliability and survivability remains due to low-cost sensor requirements and the inherent unreliability of the wireless environment. Integrating different sensor networks and unifying protocols naturally leads to the creation of a network with multiple sinks, necessitating the exploration of new approaches to rational reliability assurance. The failure of some sensors does not necessarily lead to a shutdown of the network, since other sensors can duplicate information and deliver data to sinks via an increased number of alternative routes. In this paper, the reliability indicator is defined as the probability that sinks can collect data from a given number of sensors. In this context, a dedicated reliability metric is introduced and examined for its effectiveness. This metric is computed using an algorithm rooted in the modified factoring method. Furthermore, we introduce a heuristic algorithm designed for optimal sink placement in wireless sensor networks to achieve the highest level of network reliability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes and formally analyses two communication protocols that manage the secure emission of digital certificates. The formal analysis is carried out by means of a software tool for the automatic verification of cryptographic protocols with finite behaviour. The tool is able to discover, at a conceptual level, attacks against security procedures. The methodology is general enough to be applied to several kinds of cryptographic procedures and protocols. It is the opinion of the authors that this approach contributes towards a better understanding of the structure and aims of a protocol, for developers, analysers and final users. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several papers considered the problem of routing in ad hoc wireless networks using the positions of the mobile hosts. Perimeter routing12 gives an algorithm that guarantees delivery of messages in such networks without the use of flooding of control packets. However, this protocol is likely to fail if the transmission ranges of the mobile hosts vary because of natural or man-made obstacles. It may fail because either some connections are not considered, which effectively results in a disconnection of the network, or because some crossing connections are used, which could misdirect the message. In this paper, we describe a robust routing protocol, a variant of perimeter routing, which tolerates up to 40% of variation in the transmission ranges of the mobile hosts. More precisely, our protocol guarantees message delivery in a connected ad hoc wireless network without the use of message flooding whenever the ratio of the maximum transmission range to the minimum transmission range is at most √2. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy is very important parameter during the creation of a WSN infrastructure, and to support long lifetimes, energyefficient operation is a key technique. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are known to be highly energy-constrained and each network's lifetime has a strong dependence on the node's battery capacity. As such, the network lifetime has been a critical concern in WSN research. While numerous energyefficient protocols have been proposed to prolong the network lifetime. Energy-efficient sensor state planning consists i finding an optimal assignment of states to sensors in order to maximize network lifetime. Network lifetime and energy consumption analysis for cluster-based wireless sensor networks based upon LEACH protocol for periodic monitoring applications induce unbalanced energy consumption among sensor nodes and hence affect the network lifetime when compared with the results obtained from the analytical model of this protocol. This highlights the need for an adaptive clustering protocol that can increase the network lifetime by further balancing the energy consumption among sensor nodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LoRa is a low-power WAN technology designed for the Internet of Things. When large-scale nodes are deployed in a LoRa network channel conflicts increase and packet transmission collisions will lead to a significant reduction in the transmission efficiency of the network. It has been shown that the CSMA protocol based on the CAD mechanism of LoRa devices can be a good solution to such channel conflict problems, but less research has been done on the limitations of CAD itself. In this paper, we analyze in detail the listening range of LoRa network service area and CAD, get the relationship between ED location and the corresponding number of hidden EDs, and establish the communication model of LoRa network based on CSMA. The analysis shows that the CAD listening range of the nodes does not cover the whole LoRa network due to the limitation of the device performance, and the hidden nodes in their blind zones negatively affect the CSMA operation, and this effect is increasing as the number of deployed nodes increases and the network transmission efficiency keeps decreasing to p-ALOHA. To address this problem, this paper proposes a CSMA channel access scheme based on ED location and communication time planning (LT-CSMA), which plans the communication time of EDs at different locations in the LoRa network, aiming at the communication time of Eds within the CAD listening range of each ED to be adjacent to each other, while hidden nodes outside the listening range will be isolated from them in terms of communication time, thus avoiding the channel conflicts caused by hidden nodes. Simulation experiments prove that LT-CSMA can make full use of idle radio channels and has very good results for packet transmission in LoRa networks with small deployment size, and its packet success probability is much higher than that of channel access mechanisms such as CSMA, s-ALOHA, and p-ALOHA. And as the number of EDs deployed increases, LT-CSMA always outperforms CSMA, p-ALOHA in terms of data transmission efficiency, demonstrating good scalability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present era, the extensive and diverse utilization of information technology necessitates a swift and efficient response from computer networks. Consequently, network designers have been compelled to enhance the quality and the effectiveness of the logical central control plane. This is done to prevent router misconfigurations and achieve enhanced flexibility in traffic flows, thereby making network management more challenging to attain superior performance. This research paper presents a comprehensive analytical study that compares the most commonly used routing protocols, namely RIP, OSPF, IGRP, and EIGRP. The aim is to determine the most suitable protocol for the network's specific applications. The comparisons have been conducted across various applications, including databases, emails, and HTTP page response time (both sending and receiving). These applications are widely utilized across all types of networks. Numerous experiments and successful scenarios have been carried out by using a simulation program for a proposed computer network. The simulation results underscore the significance of employing the appropriate routing protocol for each specific application. This, in turn, enhances the network's quality of service and overall performance, particularly at the central control level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the idea of the Internet of Things (IoT) platform, which is demonstrated by creating a device that measures air quality, collects and processes realtime data, and presents it in a web application. The device comprises a microcontroller board called Wemos D1 Mini, which is powered by an ESP8266 microchip. It also consists of two sensors, CCS811, which measures air particle quantity, and BME280, which measures air temperature, pressure, and humidity. The device is wirelessly connected to an MQTT broker using a Wi-Fi network and the MQTT protocol. The paper also provides detailed information on the functioning and usage of the MQTT protocol along with guidelines for programming and configuring the MQTT broker for both Wemos D1 and Raspberry Pi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of society, humans are becoming more and more dependent on the Internet. And there are exploitable vulnerabilities in network sharing protocol vulnerabilities that will cause great risks to individuals and society. Therefore, vulnerability mining technology has developed into an important research problem in the field of information security. To this end, this paper uses fuzzy testing method for vulnerability mining of network protocols. The fuzzy testing technique performs vulnerability mining by sending a large amount of abnormal data to the test target and monitoring whether the software system is working properly. The vulnerability mining approach in this paper prioritizes the need to analyze and model the protocol format and generate a large number of test cases by using fuzzy test values to vary the boundaries of different parts of the protocol. These test cases are then sent to the test target, and the network state and process state of the test target are monitored in real time. Finally, if the test cases trigger a vulnerability, the system automatically records the test case information as well as the vulnerability information. The test cases evaluated by machine learning as easy to trigger vulnerabilities are sent to the test H-target, which can save the time of vulnerability mining for everyone and improve the efficiency of vulnerability mining. The vulnerability mining technology researched in this paper is of great significance to network security, which can prevent problems before they occur, discover vulnerabilities in the network in time, take effective measures to prevent them, and possibly avoid the spread of some major network vulnerability viruses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the dynamic external Home Agent (x-HA) assignment in mobile Virtual Private Networks (VPNs). The proposed architecture is based on the mobile VPN proposed by the IETF, which adopts Mobile IP and IPsec. The IETF solution, however, leads to two questions: where should we put the x-HA and how should we trust the x-HA? We propose to assign the x-HA dynamically so the handoff latency and end-to-end latency could be reduced significantly. By using Diameter Mobile IPv4 application, we also propose a technique such that the x-HA can be associated with the VPN securely. In addition, the registrations with x-HA and internal HA (i-HA) are concurrently accomplished. The proposed technique has been implemented in a mobile VPN testbed. Performance analysis based on empirical experiments is discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a MAC protocol for ad hoc networks using In-band Full-duplex (IBFD) wireless communications, which are named as AdHoc-FDMAC. To utilize IBFD communications in ad hoc networks, this protocol modifies a number of control frames in the IEEE 802.11 Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) MAC standard. Here, the detailed time sequences for all types of IBFD communications are shown for the data transmission and routing. In this paper, the probability and throughput equations for IBFD communications in different situations have been derived. The performance of the proposed AdHoc-FDMAC has been analysed in terms of probability, throughput, and routing time. The Maximum throughput of AdHoc-FDMAC has been found to be 48.34 Mbps, and it is compared with a recently published ad hoc MAC as well as with the conventional HD MAC. The AdHoc-FDMAC outperforms the recently published ad hoc MAC and conventional HD MAC by 16.80% and 66.50% throughput gain, respectively. AdHoc-FDMAC incorporates the existing Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol, but this AODV routing is utilized here using IBFD communications. This paper also compares the routing time of the IBFD-based AODV with the conventional AODV. The result shows that the IBFD-based AODV requires 33.33% less routing time than that of the conventional AODV for 3-hop distance between the transmitter and receiver. This paper suggests that the AdHoc-FDMAC protocol provides much more throughput in ad hoc networks by utilizing IBFD communications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]