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Introduction: Gender-transformative approaches (GTAs) have been successfully carried out to address harmful gender norms and power imbalances to promote more gender equitability. However, to improve the health and wellbeing of young people, it is necessary to involve household heads by positively transforming their beliefs on gender equity and norms. Methods: This study was cross-sectional quantitative research undertaken in six local government areas in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. The study population consisted of household heads in households with young people aged 15-24 years. Data were collected for 15 days using paper and electronic copies of the questionnaire. Descriptive, bivariate, and logistic regression analyses were performed using Stata. Results: The results showed that 46.32% of male and 62.81% of female heads of households disagreed with the statement "a good woman never questions her husband's opinions, even if she is not sure she agrees with them." Female heads of households aged 50years and below with an odds ratio of 0.47 (p-value= 0.02) suggest they were 0.47 times more likely to have a positive attitude toward the rights and privileges of young girls. Male heads of households aged 50years and below with an odds ratio of 1.05 (p-value= 0.84) suggest that they were 1.05 times more likely to have a positive attitude toward the rights and privileges of young girls. Conclusion: This paper provides new knowledge on the gender norm attitude of male and female heads of households on the rights, privileges, and equity promotion of young boys and young girls, as well as its associated factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Households on the Mimbres Horizon: Excavations at La Gila Encantada, Southwestern New Mexico" by Barbara J. Roth is a significant publication for Mimbres Mogollon research, providing insights into the development of households and their spatial and artifactual patterns at early Mimbres Mogollon habitation sites. The author's research at the La Gila Encantada site, uncluttered by overlying pueblo remains, allows for a clearer understanding of site layout, habitation, and contextual relationships of features and artifacts. The volume includes seven chapters, with contributions from specialists, covering topics such as excavation methods, ceramic data, stone artifacts, jewelry, and plant and animal remains. This book is valuable for researchers studying Mogollon archaeology and early village and household developments in the region. [Extracted from the article]

Background: Indoor residual spraying (IRS) of insecticides is a key method to reduce vector transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi, causing Chagas disease in a large part of South America. However, the successes of IRS in the Gran Chaco region straddling Bolivia, Argentina, and Paraguay, have not equalled those in other Southern Cone countries. Aims: This study evaluated routine IRS practices and insecticide quality control in a typical endemic community in the Bolivian Chaco. Methods: Alpha-cypermethrin active ingredient (a.i.) captured onto filter papers fitted to sprayed wall surfaces, and in prepared spray tank solutions, were measured using an adapted Insecticide Quantification Kit (IQK™) validated against HPLC quantification methods. The data were analysed by mixed-effects negative binomial regression models to examine the delivered insecticide a.i. concentrations on filter papers in relation to the sprayed wall heights, spray coverage rates (surface area / spray time [m2/min]), and observed/expected spray rate ratios. Variations between health workers and householders' compliance to empty houses for IRS delivery were also evaluated. Sedimentation rates of alpha-cypermethrin a.i. post-mixing of prepared spray tanks were quantified in the laboratory. Results: Substantial variations were observed in the alpha-cypermethrin a.i. concentrations delivered; only 10.4% (50/480) of filter papers and 8.8% (5/57) of houses received the target concentration of 50 mg ± 20% a.i./m2. The delivered concentrations were not related to those in the matched spray tank solutions. The sedimentation of alpha-cypermethrin a.i. in the surface solution of prepared spray tanks was rapid post-mixing, resulting in a linear 3.3% loss of a.i. content per minute and 49% loss after 15 min. Only 7.5% (6/80) of houses were sprayed at the WHO recommended rate of 19 m2/min (± 10%), whereas 77.5% (62/80) were sprayed at a lower than expected rate. The median a.i. concentration delivered to houses was not significantly associated with the observed spray coverage rate. Householder compliance did not significantly influence either the spray coverage rates or the median alpha-cypermethrin a.i. concentrations delivered to houses. Conclusions: Suboptimal delivery of IRS is partially attributable to the insecticide physical characteristics and the need for revision of insecticide delivery methods, which includes training of IRS teams and community education to encourage compliance. The IQK™ is a necessary field-friendly tool to improve IRS quality and to facilitate health worker training and decision-making by Chagas disease vector control managers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With concepts like the consumer revolution or the industrious revolution, the changing behaviour of private households in the 18th and early 19th centuries has become of great interest. The article suggests a new way to observe intentions and decisions, by utilizing a database of 850,000 classified ads from the Basel Avisblatt over a span of 116 years. Changes in food prices constantly altered the discretionary income of households, which forced budget-related decisions. By cross-correlating indicators of discretionary income with the changing number of different types of ads, patterns of utilizing the Avisblatt can be identified, and strategies to stabilize discretionary income deduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pressure Sensitive Labels (PSLs) can be found on the wide range of products, from food items and beverages to perfumes and other household products. Given their prevalence, there is a clear initiative to reduce the proportion of synthetic polymer facestock in favor of biodegradable materials. The design of PSL is becoming more and more attractive, so it is necessary to examine the quality of the printed line on biodegradable facestock materials, and to investigate whether an equal amount of applied ink gives a satisfactory result as on synthetic polymers which are commonly used. Yellow ink lines of various widths and orientations were printed on seven different commercially available PSLs, three of which are fiber based with high content of recycled paper and agro-industrial by products. Study showed that the lines printed on environmentally friendly PSLs can compete in quality (width, raggedness, blurriness, contrast, fill and darkness) with those printed on polyethylene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Eradicating poverty is the primary objective of the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. While China has achieved great success in achieving poverty reduction targets, reducing the poverty vulnerability of rural households is crucial for ensuring the sustainability of poverty reduction gains. The purpose of land transfer is to ensure the continuous increase of farmers' income through efficient land use; it has become an important initiative for poverty alleviation in rural areas. Existing studies have confirmed the positive effect of land transfer on poverty alleviation, but few have explored the difference in the impact of land transfer on poverty vulnerability of households with different income structures. Methods: Using data from the China Family Panel Survey (CFPS) from 2010 to 2020, this paper empirically examines the impact of land transfer on poverty vulnerability. Results and discussion: The results show that land transfer has a significant positive impact on poverty vulnerability alleviation among rural households. Further comparing households with different livelihood structures, we find that land transfer is more effective in reducing poverty for non-farm employment-oriented household. Therefore, we suggest that the government should improve the land transfer system, increase agricultural subsidies, and consider the occupational differentiation among farmers to improve the poverty reduction effect of land transfer. These suggestions also provide a reference for promoting sustainable agricultural development and consolidating the achievements of poverty alleviation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A drawing is an image made with the help of special drawing tools in accordance with certain laws and regulations, which gives us complete information about the object, that is, its internal and external structures, dimensions. Drawing has a special place in modern production. Because every day our factories produce a variety of machines and mechanisms, household items and much more. And they can't be made without drawings. Depending on the drawings, individual parts of machines and tools are made, and complex mechanisms are assembled from ready-made parts. This article gives you a brief overview on drawing materials, tools and equipment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The minimum wage policy should take into account production costs of enterprises and welfare benefits of families. This paper describes the pass-through process of the minimum wage costs in the enterprise sector and the household sector by building a theoretical model, investigates the impact of the minimum wage adjustment on urban household consumption utility and its price pass-through mechanism from the perspective of living costs based on several sets of databases, such as household survey, supermarket prices and industrial enterprises for the first time, and further estimates the net welfare changes including income compensation and consumption utility loss. The findings of the study are as below: (1) The price transfer behavior of enterprises is the main cause of the loss of household consumption utility. The average wage level and labor costs of enterprises rise with the increase of minimum wages. Both the cost-price pass-through elasticity estimated based on the theoretical model and the minimum wage price elasticity coefficient obtained by empirical estimation show that the price transfer behavior of enterprises leads to the rise of final consumer prices; (2) With a 10% increase in minimum wages, the overall household living costs increase by 2.47%–6.76%, and the economic living costs increase by about 122–334 yuan per quarter, among which the living costs are most affected in terms of food, shoes and clothing; (3) Under the combined effect of income compensation and consumption utility loss, the bottom 20% of households and middle 60% of households will get 658 yuan and 469–556 yuan per quarter, respectively. The findings of this paper are conducive to improving the supporting minimum wage policy by taking a number of measures simultaneously, so as to provide a path reference for promoting the realization of Chinese modernization and expanding domestic demand for common prosperity for all. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the discussion on methodological approaches range from portfolio analysis and simulation, benefit incidence analysis. Topics include define a pricing strategy that accomplishes specific objectives for either low- or high-income households without putting the financial stability of the water company at risk; and increase private but also public benefits in the form of cost savings.

Sustainability issues such as food insecurity, climate change, land degradation, economic development and food waste are the actual most important challenges at the global level. Among them, the food waste (FW) challenge has a great magnitude, emphasizing the importance of examining this issue. Specifically, there is a need to focus on the household level. Thus, this study aims to investigate and identify the main factors influencing FW household behaviors on which policymakers and stakeholders could outline specific and sustainable strategies. Starting from a large number of published studies on this subject with a similar aim but focusing on specific Countries or contexts, the goal of our study is achieved through the implementation of a systematic literature review followed by a bibliometric review using the VOSviewer software. The selected query generated a total of 235 matching papers from which only 111 papers were collected for the bibliometric review because of the inclusion criteria. The analysis showed the existence of four major research strands: the largest one analyses the antecedents of behavior during food management, including the implementation of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). Other detected topics are the economic impact of FW, the effects generated by the Covid-19 pandemic on consumer behaviors, and finally, the environmental and social effects of FW. The objective of this study is to investigate and identify the main factors influencing FW household behaviors. The obtained output represents useful information for policymakers and stakeholders to outline specific and sustainable strategies to reduce FW. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a theoretical model with two types of households to explore the distributional effects of inflation, assess the non-neutrality of money; and in return, to provide a guideline for policymakers in setting inflation rate. An impatient borrower who faces a borrowing constraint holds a positive amount of debt in equilibrium while a patient lender engages in consumption smoothing. Hence, inflation affects net worth of borrowers via nominal debt by redistributing resources away from lender, rendering welfare gains for the borrower and losses for the lender; and the structure of borrowing constraint gives rise to non-neutrality of anticipated inflation. The utilitarian welfare gain from generating inflation in a cashless economy is amplified when heterogeneous productivity levels are assumed. Yet, incorporating money demand in the form of money-inutility model suggests that an inflation tax as an additional distortion reverses the overall positive effect of generating inflation in the cashless economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper was to examine the types of needs that the households of the selected village could fulfil and could expect to fulfil. The objectives of the paper were to examine the means of livelihood of the households, what private and public needs they could fulfil, the culture and caste questions in the village that helped or hindered their access to utilities. The households lived to fulfil subsistence needs that were mainly food-based. It is the responsibility of the Government of Uttar Pradesh to provide them with public utilities. The households ensure their need-based private utilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taking into consideration the rising level of waste, and the improper management of the scarce resources in the economy, there is a need for a system that will maximize the usage of these resources and minimize waste. The so-called circular economy tends to repair, reuse, recycle and repurpose products to achieve economic development and to increase the efficiency of products used. North Macedonia is actively involved in the process of implementing a circular economy, so that using resources will be as efficient as possible. Although several initiatives and programs are being used nationally, it is considered that the most important contribution comes from the smallest units such as the consumers and households, therefore a large contribution is expected through small daily choices of consumers to achieve the best results. There is also a gap in literature regarding the behavior of households for implementing circular economy. Considering that the purchasing decisions, the lifespan of the usage of products and their transfer into wasted resources come primarily from households, this paper focuses on gathering information from a questionnaire delivered to households located in North Macedonia to give a conclusion on how informed they are and what is their contribution for moving towards a circular economy. According to the results there are still changes necessary to be made in the daily practices of households, mostly in the possibility of using solar panels, and the practice of purchasing second-hand clothing and appliances to reduce waste. Therefore, this paper gives contribution to a more comprehensive approach to circular economy and to serve as a way of informing households and policymakers regarding the focus points that need to be addressed more to achieve the implementation of circular economy and the benefits that come with it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A decade after the publication of seminal papers on personal carbon trading (PCT), few empirical studies on its implementation exist. Investigating how to design, set up and implement a PCT scheme for a community or country raises several difficulties. For instance, it is unclear how to introduce a reduction rate of CO2 allowances to ensure a steady decrease in CO2 emissions from households. Computational approaches have been introduced to address these challenges of PCT by providing an opportunity to test counterfactual scenarios. Among the benefits of an agent-based modeling approach (ABM) is the potential to directly address dynamic developments and introduce counterfactual situations. In this paper, we review existing modeling approaches and present an ABM for PCT. With simulations of an artificial population of 1000 and 30,000 agents, we address questions on the price and reduction rate of allowances. A key contribution of our model is the inclusion of an adaptive reduction rate, which reduces the yearly allocated amount of allowances depending on a set CO2 abatement target. The results confirm that increased emissions targets are related to higher allowance prices and a higher proportion of buying households. Our analysis also suggests a significant path dependence in the dynamics of allowance prices and availability, but that adaptive reduction rates have little impact on outcomes other than the price. We discuss data availability and computational challenges to modeling a PCT scheme with an ABM. Ideal data to populate an ABM on PCT are not available due to the lack of real-world implementations of a PCT. Nonetheless, meaningful insights about the dynamics and the focal variables in a PCT scheme can be generated by the exploratory use of an ABM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aimed to test the response of household savings to anticipated income changes. Using a data matching technique between the Socio-economic Survey (SES) of Thai Agricultural Households and Labor drawn from crop years 2006/2007 and 2007/2008 and the 2006 Survey of the Integrated Management Plan on Saline Soil in the North-eastern Region of Thailand, this paper did natural experiments comprising both natural and non-natural factors as instrumental variables. The results showed that there existed to some extent evidence of excess sensitivity in Thailand. The robustness of the results was confirmed by using three estimators as well as using seven instrumental variables, which were in the form of actual and subjective data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current paper presents a mathematical approach for evaluation of the purchased quantities of several types of meat average per household in Bulgaria. The investigated groups of data are stored in a relational database. They include the following eight considered elements - pork meat, lamb meat, minced meat, poultry meat, mutton and goat meat, edible offals and bacon. Certain set of variables have been calculated and analysed during the studied period (2010-2021). The pace of change of the indicated variables has also been discussed for the mentioned years. It significantly supports users in decision making and presenting the obtained conclusions about the examined objects. The share of average purchased quantities per household for poultry meat is higher in comparison with that for the other investigated types of meat for each one year of the period. The pace of change of the examined indicator for the pork meat is comparatively more intensive in 2019-2021. Only, the values of this indicator for edible offals decreased continuously for ten of the considered twelve years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to assess the impact of agricultural investment on agricultural output in the Democratic Republic of Congo using secondary data for the period 1980 to 2019. Using the Johansen and Jusseleus cointegration test, agricultural investment and agricultural output were observed to have a statistically significant long-run relationship. Additionally, the error correction model (ECM) shows that the short-run coefficient of agricultural investment has a statistically significant positive impact on agricultural output, implying that investment (machine, infrastructure etc.) does spur agricultural output in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The results show the presence of unidirectional causality between agricultural output toward agricultural investment. It was also observed that unidirectional causality from labour force to agricultural investment, labour force to education and agricultural investment to land use and a bi-directional causality between land use and labour force exists. The paper concludes that an increase in investment in the agricultural sector will result in agricultural output in the Democratic Republic of Congo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breaking the limitations of the urban perspective, there is an urgent need to study the influence of the village environment on the willingness of rural households to resettle. This paper explored the determinants and the mechanism of village environment factors on resettlement willingness using full-sample survey data (872,414 households) of 1382 administrative villages in Huai'an, a typical agricultural area in Eastern China. The result revealed that environmental factors generally have a greater impact on the spatial heterogeneity of resettlement willingness, in the order of natural environment, economic environment, social environment, and policy environment; among which geographic location, housing conditions, behavioral tendency of farmers and planning guidance are the key factors. In addition, the absolute location of the urban area in the geographic region has a significantly greater effect than that of the county, and the "following behavior" of the farmers affected their resettlement decision. Therefore, differentiated policies should be formulated according to the spatial distribution of the resettlement willingness, building a dual-core village and town system within the county. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reverse mortgage is one of the products (perhaps the main one) that is good to obtain additional income by using the habitual residence as collateral. The main objective of this paper is to analyse the effects that reverse mortgage contracting has on household finances over the lifetime of a family according to the socioeconomic group to which it belongs in Spain. Four indicators are employed to measure the immediate and long-term effects. We use a stochastic model with a double source of randomness, survival and entry into dependency, and apply it to the three socioeconomic groups obtained with cluster methodology from the 2017 Spanish Household Financial Survey data. We conclude that the effects are very different depending on the group: regarding only the effects of hiring a reverse mortgage on the income of the family, widowed women aged between 81 and 85 years, with low income and expenses as well as little net wealth, and a habitual residence that represents half of her net wealth (Cluster 1) are the most benefited; considering that the highest impact indicators are on the probability of illiquidity and on the value of lack of liquidity, the use of reverse mortgages benefits more the families in Cluster 3 (high income and expenses and really high net wealth, head of household aged between 76 and 80 years) and less the families in Cluster 2 (medium income, net wealth and expenses, head of household aged between 65 and 75 years). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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While the status of rural women in the family has undergone changes, rural land transfer has brought about transformations in both rural production and daily life. This paper adopts the perspective of rural land transfer, follows the research track of Marx and Engels's theory of women, and based on the theoretical research of the changes in the status of modern women in the family, constructs a framework for analyzing the status of women in rural families. Drawing on the data from the 2014 China Family Panel Studies (CFPS2014), this article utilizes OLS (Ordinary Least Square) and ordered logit models to explore the impact of rural land transfer on the status of women in rural households. The study reveals the following findings: Initially, rural land transfer-out improves women's household decision-making power and enhances the status of women in rural households. The reliability of these results is further confirmed through robustness tests and endogeneity discussions. Secondly, the heterogeneity analysis indicates that the transfer of agricultural land promotes the status of women in rural households in nonmajor grain-producing areas more than women in major grain-producing areas. The reason is that women in major grain-producing areas lack off-farm employment opportunities compared with women in non-major grain-producing areas and the main grain producing areas may have a strong patriarchal cultural atmosphere. Thirdly, the analysis of mechanisms indicates that rural land transfer-out improves the status of women in rural households by augmenting their independent income. Conversely, rural land transfer-in increases women's private labor and decreases their independent income without promoting their family status. The study sheds light on rural women's empowerment, the improvement of intra-household bargaining power, and the comprehensive development of rural women. The conclusion of this paper provides a new understanding and some recommendations for us to explore the change of rural women's status in the family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Possible solutions to overcome the many challenges of home delivery are collection and delivery points (CDPs). In addition to commercial facilities, the role of CDPs can also be played by users' households, providing a crowd storage service. Key decisions regarding CDPs relate to their location, as well as the allocation of users to selected locations, so that the distance of users from CDPs is minimal. Methods: In this paper, the described problem is defined as a p-median problem and solved for the area of the city of Belgrade, using the heuristic "greedy" and the simulated annealing algorithm. Results: Fifty locations of CDPs were selected and the users allocated to them were distributed in over 950 zones. The individual distances between users and the nearest CDPs and the sum of these distances, multiplied by the number of requests, were obtained. An example of modification of the number of CDPs is presented as a way of obtaining solutions that correspond to different preferences of operators and/or users in terms of their distances from the CDPs. Conclusions: User households can be used as CDPs to achieve various benefits. Locating CDPs, i.e., selecting households, can be solved as a p-median problem, using a combination of heuristic and metaheuristic algorithms. In addition, by modifying the number of medians, the total and average distances between users and CDPs can be better managed. The main contributions of the paper are the establishment of users' households as potential locations of CDPs, the establishment of a framework for analysis of impact of the number of CDPs on the sum and average distances from the customers, as well as the creation of a basis for upgrading and modifying the model for implementation in the business practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]