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In this paper, the d-dimensional quantum harmonic oscillator with a pseudo-differential time quasi-periodic perturbation i ψ ̇ = (− Δ + V (x) + ϵ W (ω t , x , − i ∇)) ψ , x ∈ R d is considered, where ω ∈ (0,2π)n, V (x) ≔ ∑ j = 1 d v j 2 x j 2 , v j ≥ v 0 > 0 , and W(θ, x, ξ) is a real polynomial in (x, ξ) of degree at most two, with coefficients belonging to Cℓ in θ ∈ T n for the order ℓ satisfying ℓ ≥ 2n + β, 0 < β < 1. Using the techniques developed by Bambusi et al. [Anal. PDE 11(3), 775–799 (2018)] and Rüssmann ["On optimal estimates for the solutions of linear partial differential equations of first order with constant coefficients on the torus," in Dynamical Systems, Theory and Applications, Lecture Notes in Physics Vol. 38 (Rencontres, Battelle Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 1975), pp. 598–624], this paper shows that for any ϵ small enough, there is a set D ϵ ⊂ (0 , 2 π) n with a big Lebesgue measure such that for any ω ∈ D ϵ , the system is reducible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Studies of recorded ground motions and simulations have shown that deep sedimentary basins can greatly increase the intensity of earthquake ground motions within a period range of approximately 1–4 s, but the economic impacts of basin effects are uncertain. This paper estimates key economic indicators of seismic performance, expressed in terms of earthquake‐induced repair costs, using empirical and simulated seismic hazard characterizations that account for the effects of basins. The methodology used is general, but the estimates are made for a series of eight‐ to 24‐story residential reinforced concrete shear wall archetype buildings in Seattle, WA, whose design neglects basin effects. All buildings are designed to comply with code‐minimum requirements (i.e., reference archetypes), as well as a series of design enhancements, which include (a) increasing design forces, (b) decreasing drift limits, and (c) a combination of these strategies. As an additional reference point, a performance‐based design is also assessed. The performance of the archetype buildings is evaluated for the seismic hazard level in Seattle according to the 2018 National Seismic Hazard Model (2018 NSHM), which explicitly considers basin effects. Inclusion of basin effects results in an average threefold increase in annualized losses for all archetypes. Incorporating physics‐based ground motion simulations to represent the large‐magnitude Cascadia subduction interface earthquake contribution to the hazard results in a further increase of 22% relative to the 2018 NSHM. The most effective of the design strategies considered combines a 25% increase in strength with a reduction in drift limits to 1.5%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper evaluated the accuracy of two different methods for transferring working length (WL) between manual endodontic instruments and nickel–titanium (NiTi) shaping files. Thirty root canals of extracted permanent teeth were used. Root canals were divided according to canal length (CL) and canal curvature (CC). The reference cusp and the root end were flattened to provide reproducible and accurate measurements. During shaping, the WL measurements were obtained with manual k-files (KF) and transferred to WaveOne (W1) NiTi reciprocating files using the traditional method with the endodontic ruler (method I) and an alternative clinical procedure based on the comparison of the instruments side by side from tip to shank (method II). For each file and each tested method, two measures were taken by two examiners using Rhino (ver. 4.0, McNeel, Seattle, WA, USA) software for a total of 360 (30 × 3 × 2 × 2) measures. Analysis of variance was performed by taking the difference in length (Delta WL, DWL) between files used for the same canal. The difference between methods I and II for WL transfer was found to be statistically significant (df = 1; F = 71.52; p < 0.001). The DWL absolute values obtained with method II were found to be closer to 0 mm (i.e., same length as corresponding KF) than those obtained with method I. Both CL (df = 2; F = 1.27; p = 0.300) and CC (df = 1; F = 2.22; p = 0.149) did not significantly influence WL measurements. With respect to WL transfer, method II seemed to better preserve the correct WL transfer between instruments during the clinical endodontic procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Street View Images (SVI) are a common source of valuable data for researchers. Researchers have used SVI data for estimating pedestrian volumes, demographic surveillance, and to better understand built and natural environments in cityscapes. However, the most common source of publicly available SVI data is Google Street View. Google Street View images are collected infrequently, making temporal analysis challenging, especially in low population density areas. Our main contribution is the development of an open-source data pipeline for processing 360-degree video recorded from a car-mounted camera. The video data is used to generate SVIs, which then can be used as an input for longitudinal analysis. We demonstrate the use of the pipeline by collecting an SVI dataset over a 38-month longitudinal survey of Seattle, WA, USA during the COVID-19 pandemic. The output of our pipeline is validated through statistical analyses of pedestrian traffic in the images. We confirm known results in the literature and provide new insights into outdoor pedestrian traffic patterns. This study demonstrates the feasibility and value of collecting and using SVI for research purposes beyond what is possible with currently available SVI data. Our methods and dataset represent a first of its kind longitudinal collection and application of SVI data for research purposes. Limitations and future improvements to the data pipeline and case study are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identifying the influential factors in incident duration is important for traffic management agency to mitigate the impact of traffic incidents on freeway operation. Previous studies have proposed a variety of approaches to determine the significant factors for traffic incident clearance time. These methods commonly select a single "true" model among a majority of alternative models based on some model selection criteria. However, the conventional methods generally neglect the uncertainty related to the choice of models. This paper proposes a Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA) model to account for model uncertainty by averaging all plausible models using posterior probability as the weight. The BMA model is used to analyze the 2,584 freeway incident records obtained from I-5 corridor in Seattle, WA, USA. The results show that the BMA approach has the capability of interpreting the causal relationship between explanatory variables and clearance time. In addition, the BMA approach can provide better prediction performance than the Cox proportional hazards model and the accelerated failure time models. Overall, the findings in this study can be useful for traffic emergency management agency to apply an alternative methodology for predicting traffic incident clearance time when model uncertainty is considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this interview with Alessandro Bruni, we intend to retrace a part of the history of the Pollaiolo di Roma (CRG), discussing Bruni's encounter with W. R. Bion and collaboration with Francesco Corrao and Claudio Neri. The interview will delve into the generative role of Francesco Corrao, who had the merit of promoting research activity into Bion's thought in Italy, giving rise, through modeling groups, to a fruitful study and multiple theorizing on the small group with an analytic function. Alessandro Bruni is a biologist, psychotherapist, and psychoanalyst, a founding member and training and supervising analyst at the Istituto Italiano di Psicoanalisi di Gruppo, and a full member and training and supervising analyst at the Società Psicoanalitica Italiana, a component society of the International Psychoanalytical Association. He is a Community Member of the Northwestern Psychoanalytic Society and Institute in Seattle, WA, USA, and a founding member of Synaptica, an Italian mind–body research group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study used multicriteria decision analysis to quantitatively compare two prototype buildings, both designed using equivalent mass timber and steel structural systems across four decision criteria of seismic resiliency, global warming potential, superstructure cost, and durability. The 5-story and 12-story prototype buildings were both located at an arbitrary site in Seattle, WA. The first three decision criteria were quantitatively measured for each prototype building and durability was assumed to be equivalent between the alternatives. Seismic resiliency was measured using the median expected annual loss calculated using as a percentage of predicted building replacement cost using a procedure in line with FEMA P-58. The global warming potential was measured over the production, construction, and end-of-life stages using the life-cycle analysis program Athena Impact Estimator for Buildings (IE4B). The superstructure cost was calculated as the average cost per square meter using 10 estimating variations that attempt to account for uncertainty in market rates of material, labor, and mass timber design efficiency. Five decision-maker scenarios were analyzed that span the practical range of decision-maker priorities, as informed by discussions with architects and engineers active in the Pacific Northwest. Results from this study showed that for decision-maker cases where the global warming priority was low, steel buildings were the preferred choice. For cases with moderate to high global warming priority and low priority on cost, mass timber buildings were the preferred choice. However, for decision-maker scenarios with moderate priority on both global warming potential and cost, the steel and mass timber buildings were approximately equivalent. Finally, a hybrid steel–timber alternative was presented as a possible sweet-spot solution that merged the benefits of each building material and minimized their drawbacks, making it the most-preferred solution for the case of moderate priority on both cost and global warming potential. The hybrid case was also close second in ranked choice for all other scenarios examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

First Person is a series of interviews with the first authors of a selection of papers published in Journal of Cell Science, helping early-career researchers promote themselves alongside their papers. Westley Heydeck is first author on ‘Tetrahymena Poc5 is a transient basal body component that is important for basal body maturation’, published in JCS. Westley conducted the research described in this article while a PhD student and scientific consultant in Professor Mark Winey's lab at the University of Colorado, Boulder, CO. He is now a Technical Application scientist at NanoString Technologies, Seattle, WA, where he is studying complex diseases using animal models and new technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the structural response of prescriptively designed buckling restrained braced frame buildings to four ground motion sets with different fault characteristics. The four ground motion sets are characteristic of far field, near field with pulse, near field with no pulse, and subduction zone long duration earthquakes. Two prototype buildings of different heights were used for the analysis and designed for a site in Seattle, WA. The analysis was conducted using three-dimensional numerical models of the prototype buildings developed in OpenSeesPy. The simulated buckling restrained brace response was validated with three experimental tests from the literature. The analysis results were used to investigate the effect of ground motion type on the structural response parameters of inter story drift, peak floor velocity, peak floor acceleration, residual inter story drift, and cumulative ductility demand. Results show that the near field motions increase the inter story drift demand compared to far field and long duration motions. All motion sets were likely to cause some level of structural and non-structural damage to drift, velocity, and acceleration sensitive components at the DE and MCE R hazard levels, but severe damage states may not be highly likely. The median residual inter story drift was less than 0.5% for all motion sets. The cumulative ductility demand of the subduction zone long duration motion set was 5 to 6 times greater than that of the far field or near field motion sets and exceeded the code-minimum cumulative ductility for prequalification for upwards of 60% of the analyses. • Study results confirm that near-field earthquakes result in large story drift than far-field earthquakes. • Code-designed BRBFs are likely to have low levels of nonstructural damage. • Code-designed BRBFs are unlikely to have severe levels of nonstructural damage. • Long-duration earthquakes result in 5–6 times more cumulative ductility demand than near-field or far-field earthquakes. • Long-duration earthquakes have cumulative ductility demand in excess of minimum code requirements for pre-qualified BRBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Persons experiencing homelessness face increased risk of influenza as overcrowding in congregate shelters can facilitate influenza virus spread. Data regarding on‐site influenza testing and antiviral treatment within homeless shelters remain limited. Methods: We conducted a cluster‐randomized stepped‐wedge trial of point‐of‐care molecular influenza testing coupled with antiviral treatment with baloxavir or oseltamivir in residents of 14 homeless shelters in Seattle, WA, USA. Residents ≥3 months with cough or ≥2 acute respiratory illness (ARI) symptoms and onset <7 days were eligible. In control periods, mid‐nasal swabs were tested for influenza by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). The intervention period included on‐site rapid molecular influenza testing and antiviral treatment for influenza‐positives if symptom onset was <48 h. The primary endpoint was monthly influenza virus infections in the control versus intervention periods. Influenza whole genome sequencing was performed to assess transmission and antiviral resistance. Results: During 11/15/2019–4/30/2020 and 11/2/2020–4/30/2021, 1283 ARI encounters from 668 participants were observed. Influenza virus was detected in 51 (4%) specimens using RT‐PCR (A = 14; B = 37); 21 influenza virus infections were detected from 269 (8%) intervention‐eligible encounters by rapid molecular testing and received antiviral treatment. Thirty‐seven percent of ARI‐participant encounters reported symptom onset < 48 h. The intervention had no effect on influenza virus transmission (adjusted relative risk 1.73, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.50–6.00). Of 23 influenza genomes, 86% of A(H1N1)pdm09 and 81% of B/Victoria sequences were closely related. Conclusion: Our findings suggest feasibility of influenza test‐and‐treat strategies in shelters. Additional studies would help discern an intervention effect during periods of increased influenza activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Research on stakeholder perspectives of HIV cure research has involved people with HIV (PWH), who generally cite the importance of HIV clinician advice in making decisions about trial participation. However, there has been little exploration of non-researcher community HIV clinician perspectives, which are clearly critical to the success of HIV cure-related research. Objective: We aimed to learn how community HIV clinicians perceive HIV cure research and identify factors that would lead them to support or discourage HIV cure trial participation by their patients. Methods: We recruited a purposive sample of 12 community HIV clinicians in metro-Seattle, WA to participate in structured interviews. We completed 11 interviews via teleconference and received one written response. We used conventional content analysis to analyze the data. Results: Overall, community HIV clinicians were supportive of patient participation in HIV cure trials. Factors affecting support included knowledge of local trials, ease of referral, patient immune function and health stability, study risks and benefits, burden of study requirements, patient characteristics, patient life stability, potential impact on engagement in care, study communication plans, and beliefs that patients should have the autonomy to decide to participate. Participants had concerns about trials requiring treatment delays or interruptions and HIV transmission risk. While their knowledge of the field was limited, they were interested in learning more about open HIV cure trials. Conclusions: It would benefit the HIV cure research community if those leading HIV cure trials make stronger efforts to engage community clinicians who care for PWH, but are not active researchers, early in the trial design process. Such engagement prior to launching HIV cure trials will improve trial designs, leading to better enrollment and retention within these important studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted everyone in urban areas. Some of these impacts in the United States have negatively affected People of Color more than their White counterparts. Using Seattle, Washington as a case study, we investigated whether inequitable effects appear in residents' interactions with urban nature (such as urban green space). Using a 48-question instrument, 300 residents were surveyed, equally divided across four racial/ethnic groups: Asian, Black and African American, Latino/a/x, and White. Results showed that during the span of about 6 months after the onset of the pandemic, Black and Latino residents experienced a significant loss of time in urban nature, while Asian and White residents did not. The implications of these findings, including inequities in the potential buffering effects of urban nature against COVID-19 and the future of urban nature conservation, are discussed. Multiple variables were tested for association with the changes to time spent in urban nature, including themes of exclusion from urban nature spaces found throughout the existing literature. Findings show that decreases in time spent in urban nature among Black and Latino residents may be associated with their feeling as though they did not belong in urban nature. We provide recommendations based on these findings for how government agencies can promote more equitable access to urban nature during the pandemic and beyond. The results of this study have implications that extend beyond the US and are relevant to the international scholarly literature of inequities and urban nature interaction during the COVID-19 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Detailed characterization of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV- 2) transmission across different settings can help design less disruptive interventions. We used real-time, privacy-enhanced mobility data in the New York City, NY and Seattle, WA metropolitan areas to build a detailed agent-based model of SARS-CoV-2 infection to estimate the where, when, and magnitude of transmission events during the pandemic's first wave. We estimate that only 18% of individuals produce most infections (80%), with about 10% of events that can be considered superspreading events (SSEs). Although mass gatherings present an important risk for SSEs, we estimate that the bulk of transmission occurred in smaller events in settings like workplaces, grocery stores, or food venues. The places most important for transmission change during the pandemic and are different across cities, signaling the large underlying behavioral component underneath them. Our modeling complements case studies and epidemiological data and indicates that real-time tracking of transmission events could help evaluate and define targeted mitigation policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extrapolation of quantiles beyond or below the largest or smallest observation plays an important role in hydrological practice, design of hydraulic structures, water resources management, or risk assessment. Traditionally, extreme quantiles are obtained using parametric methods that require to make an a priori assumption about the distribution that generated the data. This approach has several limitations mainly when applied to the tails of the distribution. Semiparametric or nonparametric methods, on the other hand, allow more flexibility and they may overcome the problems of the parametric approach. Therefore, we present here a comparison between three selected semi/nonparametric methods, namely the methods of Hutson (Stat and Comput, 12(4):331–338, 2002) and Scholz (Nonparametric tail extrapolation. Tech. Rep. ISSTECH-95-014, Boeing Information and Support Services, Seattle, WA, United States of America, 1995) and kernel density estimation. While the first and third methods have already applications in hydrology, Scholz (Nonparametric tail extrapolation. Tech. Rep. ISSTECH-95-014, Boeing Information and Support Services, Seattle, WA, United States of America, 1995) is proposed in this context for the first time. After describing the methods and their applications in hydrology, we compare their performance for different sample lengths and return periods. We use synthetic samples extracted from four distributions whose maxima belong to the Gumbel, Weibull, and Fréchet domain of attraction. Then, the same methods are applied to a real precipitation dataset and compared with a parametric approach. Eventually, a detailed discussion of the results is presented to guide researchers in the choice of the most suitable method. None of the three methods, in fact, outperforms the others; performances, instead, vary greatly with distribution type, return period, and sample size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tidal flat is long and narrow area along rivers and coasts with high sediment content, so there is little feature difference between the waterbody and the background, and the boundary of the waterbody is blurry. The existing waterbody extraction methods are mostly used for the extraction of large water bodies like rivers and lakes, whereas less attention has been paid to tidal flat waterbody extraction. Extracting tidal flat waterbody accurately from high-resolution remote sensing imagery is a great challenge. In order to solve the low accuracy problem of tidal flat waterbody extraction, we propose a fine-grained tidal flat waterbody extraction method, named FYOLOv3, which can extract tidal flat water with high accuracy. The FYOLOv3 mainly includes three parts: an improved object detection network based on YOLOv3 (Seattle, WA, USA), a fully convolutional network (FCN) without pooling layers, and a similarity algorithm for water extraction. The improved object detection network uses 13 convolutional layers instead of Darknet-53 as the model backbone network, which guarantees the water detection accuracy while reducing the time cost and alleviating the overfitting phenomenon; secondly, the FCN without pooling layers is proposed to obtain the accurate pixel value of the tidal flat waterbody by learning the semantic information; finally, a similarity algorithm for water extraction is proposed to distinguish the waterbody from non-water pixel by pixel to improve the extraction accuracy of tidal flat water bodies. Compared to the other convolutional neural network (CNN) models, the experiments show that our method has higher accuracy on the waterbody extraction of tidal flats from remote sensing images, and the I o U of our method is 2.43% higher than YOLOv3 and 3.7% higher than U-Net (Freiburg, Germany). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Transfers to the ICU from acute care are common, and it is essential to understand how family members of critically ill patients experience these transitions of care.Research Question: Can we enhance our understanding of family members' experiences during hospital stays complicated by a patient's unplanned admission to the ICU?Study Design and Methods: Qualitative interviews were conducted with family members of patients were transferred from acute care to the ICU at a level I trauma center in Seattle, WA (n = 17). To organize data, we used thematic analysis, coupled with a validated conceptual model of clinician-surrogate communication.Results: Drawing from a validated conceptual model, we used two domains to frame our coding: "information processing" and "relationship building." Within information processing, we coded information disclosure, sensemaking, and expectations; within relationship building, we coded emotional support, trust, and consensus and conflict. Family members wanted timely, accurate information about the patient's condition both during and after transfer. An unplanned ICU admission was a stressful event for family members, who looked to clinicians for emotional support. Developing trust was challenging, because family members struggled to feel like integrated members of the medical team when patients transitioned from one setting to another.Interpretation: Family of patients who experience an unplanned ICU admission want high-quality communication both during and after a patient's transfer to the ICU. This communication should help family members make sense of the situation, address unmet expectations, and provide emotional support. In addition, interventions that foster family-clinician trust can help family members feel like integrated members of the care team as they face the challenge of navigating multiple different environments within the hospital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unmanned aerial systems (UAS) for collecting multispectral imagery of agricultural fields are becoming more affordable and accessible. However, there is need to validate calibration of sensors on these systems when using them for quantitative analyses such as evapotranspiration, and other modeling for agricultural applications. The results of laboratory testing of a MicaSense (Seattle, WA, USA) RedEdge™ 3 multispectral camera and MicaSense Downwelling Light Sensor (irradiance sensor) system using a calibrated integrating sphere were presented. Responses of the camera and irradiance sensor were linear over many light levels and became non-linear at light levels below expected real-world, field conditions. Simple linear corrections should suffice for most light conditions encountered during the growing season. Using an irradiance sensor or similar system may not properly account for light variability in cloudy or partly cloudy conditions as also identified by others. A simple stand for aiding in reference panel imaging was also described, which may facilitate repetitive, consistent reference panel imaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined associations of neighborhood structural factors (census-based measures, socioeconomic disadvantage, and residential stability); self-reported measures of general and substance use-specific risk factors across neighborhood, school, peer, and family domains; and sociodemographic factors with substance use among 9th grade students. Data drawn from the Seattle Social Development Project, a theory-driven longitudinal study originating in Seattle, WA, were used to estimate associations between risk factors and past month cigarette smoking, binge drinking, marijuana use, and polysubstance use among students (N = 766). Results of logistic regression models adjusting for neighborhood clustering and including all domains of risk factors simultaneously indicated that neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage was associated with a significantly higher likelihood of cigarette smoking, binge drinking, and polysubstance use, but not marijuana use. In fully controlled models, substance use-specific risk factors across neighborhood, school, peer, and family domains were also associated with increased likelihood of substance use and results differed by the outcome considered. Results highlight substance-specific risk factors as an intervention target for reducing youth substance use and suggest that further research is needed examining mechanisms linking neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage and youth substance use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate how the effectiveness of green infrastructure (GI) to mitigate the frequency and magnitude of significant discharge events and combined sewer overflows (CSOs) depend on both climate and sewershed characteristics and propose a theoretical framework for a holistic assessment of GI's efficacy. The framework is based on the comparison of three characteristic timescales that control the production of peak discharge: rainfall duration (tr), travel time in the sewer network (tn), and the duration of rain that would be required to fill the GI's storage (tGI). Storm events can then be characterized by two ratios of these timescales: Tn = tn/tGI and Tr = tr/tGI. A third dimensionless number characterizes critical storms during which adverse events (such as CSOs) occur and allows us to identify the combinations of Tn and Tr for which GI may substantially mitigate those events. The results of numerical experiments with the model demonstrate that the storms for which GI can substantially reduce peak discharge and CSO volume typically occur in a narrow band of Tn and Tr. Within that band, the efficacy of GI may depend on the location of GI within the sewershed if network routing substantially affects the timing and magnitude of flood peaks. The proposed framework is applied to examine the efficacy of GI using historical precipitation data from two major U.S. cities: Philadelphia, PA, and Seattle, WA, and the results of this comparative analysis suggest that GI location is an important control on catchment‐scale GI efficacy in Philadelphia, but less so in Seattle. Plain Language Summary: Combined sewer overflows (CSO) occur when storm rainfall exceeds the capacity of the sewer system to drain it. Green infrastructure (GI) is intended to mitigate the occurrence and severity of CSOs. But how effective will it be in helping to manage CSOs? Here we present a theoretical framework to address this question, by focusing on the major physical controls on the efficacy of GI for managing CSOs, including the relative roles of climate, the size of the sewershed, and the location of the GI within it. The framework is based on three characteristic timescales: storm duration, travel time to the overflow location, and time required to fill GI storage. We use the framework to explore how GI might work differently in different places. The results show that GI is most effective under certain combinations of climate and sewershed conditions, and that the location of GI within the sewershed can be very critical. The latter effect was found to be more evident, for example, in Philadelphia, PA, than in Seattle, WA, due to differences in storm duration and intensity between these two places. In these ways, the proposed framework can support green infrastructure planning by providing insights on location‐effectiveness tradeoffs. Key Points: The ability of GI to mitigate peak discharge depends on the climate and sewershed characteristics, as well as its designWe propose a simple framework for capturing these controls in terms of timescales and three dimensionless numbersGI efficacy in treating CSO volume and frequency may depend on the precipitation pattern and the location of GI within a sewershed [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Street lighting is a fundamental aspect of security systems in homes, industrial facilities, and public places. To detect parking lot occupancy in outdoor environments, street light control plays a crucial role in smart surveillance applications that can perform robustly in extreme surveillance environments. However, traditional parking occupancy systems are mostly implemented for outdoor environments using costly sensor-based techniques. This study uses the Jetson TX2 to develop a method that can accurately identify street parking occupancy and control streetlights to assist occupancy detection, thereby reducing costs, and can adapt to various weather conditions. The proposed method adopts You Only Look Once version 3 (YOLO v3, Seattle, WA, USA) based on MobileNet version 2 (MobileNet v2, Salt Lake City, UT, USA), which is area-based and uses voting to stably recognize occupancy status. This solution was verified using the CNRPark + EXT dataset, a simulated model, and real scenes photographed with a camera. Our experiments revealed that the proposed framework can achieve stable parking occupancy detection in streets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: We investigated the correlation between pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma patient prognosis and the presence of tumour infiltrating lymphocytes and expression of 521 immune system genes. Methods: Intratumoural CD3+, CD8+, and CD20+ lymphocytes were examined by immunohistochemistry in 12 PDAC patients with different outcomes who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy. The results were correlated with gene expression profile using the digital multiplexed NanoString nCounter analysis system (NanoString Technologies, Seattle, WA, USA). Results: Twenty immune system genes were significantly differentially expressed in patients with a good prognosis relative to patients with a worse prognosis: TLR2 and TLR7 (Toll-like receptor superfamily); CD4, CD37, FOXP3, PTPRC (B cell and T cell signalling); IRF5, IRF8, STAT1, TFE3 (transcription factors); ANP32B, CCND3 (cell cycle); BTK (B cell development); TNF, TNFRF1A (TNF superfamily); HCK (leukocyte function); C1QA (complement system); BAX, PNMA1 (apoptosis); IKBKE (NFκB pathway). Differential expression was more than twice log 2 for TLR7, TNF, C1QA, FOXP3, and CD37. Discussion: Tumour infiltrating lymphocytes were present at higher levels in samples from patients with better prognosis. Our findings indicate that tumour infiltrating lymphocyte levels and expression level of the immune system genes listed above influence pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma prognosis. This information could be used to improve selection of best responders to immune inhibitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The National Land Cover Database (NLCD) provides time-series data characterizing the land surface for the United States, including land cover and tree canopy cover (NLCD-TC). NLCD-TC was first published for 2001, followed by versions for 2011 (released in 2016) and 2011 and 2016 (released in 2019). As the only nationwide tree canopy layer, there is value in assessing NLCD-TC accuracy, given the need for cross-city comparisons of urban forest characteristics. Accuracy assessments have only been conducted for the 2001 data and suggest substantial inaccuracies for that dataset in cities. For the most recent NLCD-TC version, we used various datasets that characterize the built environment, weather, and climate to assess their accuracy in different contexts within 27 cities. Overall, NLCD underestimates tree canopy in urban areas by 9.9% when compared to estimates derived from those high-resolution datasets. Underestimation is greater in higher-density urban areas (13.9%) than in suburban areas (11.0%) and undeveloped areas (6.4%). To evaluate how NLCD-TC error in cities could be reduced, we developed a decision tree model that uses various remotely sensed and built-environment datasets such as building footprints, urban morphology types, NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), and surface temperature as explanatory variables. This predictive model removes bias and improves the accuracy of NLCD-TC by about 3%. Finally, we show the potential applications of improved urban tree cover data through the examples of ecosystem accounting in Seattle, WA, and Denver, CO. The outputs of rainfall interception and urban heat mitigation models were highly sensitive to the choice of tree cover input data. Corrected data brought results closer to those from high-resolution model runs in all cases, with some variation by city, model, and ecosystem type. This suggests paths forward for improving the quality of urban environmental models that require tree canopy data as a key model input. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An obvious decline in runoff of the Weihe River has been detected during the last half-century. Climate change and human activity acted as two major factors inducing the reduction. However, little knowledge is acquired on how and to what extent the decadal climate change and human activity induced runoff variations, which is essential for regional water resources planning and management. In this study, the observed data of 3 hydrological stations and 31 meteorological stations were used to analyze the runoff variability, and Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model (Xu Liang, Seattle, WA, United States of America) coupled with scenario simulation was employed to attribute runoff variation of each period. The results showed that runoff decreased significantly at a rate of −1.01 × 108 m3·year−1 with obvious stage characteristic during 1961–2016. The water yield was highest in the 1960s and varying degrees of decline were detected in the following periods, resulting in a decrease of available freshwater by 20.54%–58.24%. Human activity had a dominant contribution to induce an increasing runoff decline from 2.068 to 5.776 km3, while the effect of climate was relatively small and lead to runoff reduction, except in the 1970s. This study gave a comprehensive understanding of time-varying runoff variability and highlighted the importance of appropriate human intervention with respect to climate change to ensure water resources security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Single-failure survival models are commonly used in injury research. We aimed to demonstrate the application of multiple failure survival models in injury research by measuring the association between arrest and IPV recidivism. Methods: We used data from a population-based cohort of 5466 male-female couples with a police-reported, male-perpetrated incident of IPV against their female partners that occurred in Seattle, WA during 1999–2001. We estimated the risk of physical and psychological IPV recidivism (separately) for the 12 months following the index event, according to perpetrator arrest or non-arrest for the index event. We used time-dependent extended Cox regression analyses for time-to-first IPV event and Prentice, Williams and Peterson model-based analyses for time-to-multiple IPV events. Results: Arrest was associated with a reduction in time-to-first physical IPV recurrence but was not associated with time-to-first psychological IPV recurrence during the 12-month follow-up. Arrest was associated with a significantly decreased risk of physical and psychological IPV during the 12-month follow-up in the multiple failure models. The association between arrest and lower risk of physical IPV recidivism increased with increasing number of follow-up IPV events. Conclusions: We found arrest to be a plausible deterrent for recurrent IPV reduction. Our study also illustrates the use of multiple failure survival analyses in injury research. Such techniques facilitate inference about estimands that may have greater public health relevance and properly account for injury recurrence. By using multiple failure models, we were able to more deeply understand the relationship between arrest and IPV over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]