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Several econometric studies, some undertaken for industrialised countries and some for emerging economies, have found that export participation by industrial enterprises tends to lower their energy intensity and CO2 emissions intensity. Similar studies undertaken for Indian manufacturing firms using firm-level data have also reached the same conclusion. This paper uses plant-level data for 2008–2015 to examine the impact of export intensity on the energy intensity of Indian manufacturing. The use of plant-level data has the advantage of incorporating location-specific differences into the analysis, such as the contribution of renewable energy sources (solar, wind, etc.) to the power supply in the state in which the plant is located. The paper finds a significant negative effect of export intensity on energy intensity, confirming earlier findings. Also, on a relative scale, the energy-efficiency-enhancing effect of exporting is larger for relatively more energy-intensive industries. Further, increases in the share of renewable energy in the power supply make industries more energy efficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green Panchayat means powering the rural Indian households by harnessing the renewable sources of energy. India has set target of achieving Net-Zero emission by 2070 and the set target cannot be achieved without the inclusion of the rural households as more than half of our country population lives in rural areas. Rural electrification is considered the backbone of the rural economy but it has come up with many challenges such as availability of 24x7 power supply, power wastages due to subsidized electricity and losses to State Discoms. The paper illustrates the case study of energy consumption pattern of villages Amro, Kochwa and Budgada and it proposes a solution to provide reliable power using PV-micro-grid and solar roof top installation on public buildings.Further, detail sizing (battery, inverter, panels) of the proposed PV system to meet the energy demand (1196.91 kWh/day) of the considered villages is also determined. The economic analysis is also shown in terms of payback period to reflect the project feasibility. The paper also illustrates the energy conservation measures to be taken up in the rural households to achieve the energy savings by use of energy-efficient appliances. In a nutshell, this paper will be helpful to the power system planners and decision makers for possible implementation of Rural Electrification project which has a vital role in achieving Net-Zero emissions and sustainable development [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India is a dynamically developing country in which 60% to 65% of the industry consumes electricity. Many Indian firms are improving their technology, so the demand and supply of electricity is growing. With the help of energy audits, it can reduce the gap between energy demand and supply as much as possible, which is good for all sectors and it can manage the maximum demand for energy in companies and improve the power factor by reducing energy losses and improving energy efficiency. This paper is a preliminary investigation by Vandana Global Limited, Raipur. Comprehensive load study of industries with 7000 KVA monthly contract demand, new loads have been introduced in this industry, highlighting the need for significant energy conservation measures. To evaluate the savings, a full energy audit must be carried out. After energy analysis of the monthly electricity bill, the four-month average power factor is 0.92, therefore the grid power factor can be increased as inductive loads are fewer. It can use the automatic reactive control panel to improving to the grid power factor by adjusting the required reactive power from the grid connected alternator. The system is effective due to cost savings, return on investment and profit. Time of Day (TOD) and conserve energy meter readings were used to measure demand control. Energy Audit energy efficiency solutions reduce energy waste and energy costs. In general, special attention was paid to reduce demand losses and energy costs. This paper recommends using genuine energy in the right place and organizing the use of energy through an energy audit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this paper is to select the optimal model of a hybrid renewable-energy microgrid (MG) system for a village in India. The MG comprises solar photovoltaic (PV) modules, a wind turbine generator, a biomass generator, a battery bank, a diesel generator and an electric vehicle. The optimal model selection is based on technical, economic, environmental, social and reliability parameters. A novel spoonbill swarm optimization algorithm is proposed to select the best hybrid MG system. The optimization results are compared with particle swarm optimization, the genetic algorithm and the grasshopper optimization algorithm. The number or size of components of the optimized MG system is 215 PV modules, 92 kW of wind turbine generation, 25 kW of biomass generation, 267 batteries, 22 kW of electric vehicles and 30 kW of diesel generation. The optimized system was selected based on technical factors such as renewable dispersion (93.5%), the duty factor (5.85) and excess energy (15 975 kWh/year) as well as economic considerations including the net present cost (Rs. 34 686 622) and the cost of energy (9.3 Rs./kWh). Furthermore, environmental factors such as carbon emissions (396 348 kg/year) and atmospheric particulate matter (22.686 kg/year); social factors such as the human progress index (0.68411), the employment generation factor (0.0389) and local employment generation (15.64643); and reliability parameters including loss of power supply probability (0.01%) and availability index (99.99%) were considered during the selection process. The spoonbill swarm optimization algorithm has reduced the convergence time by 1.2 times and decreased the number of iterations by 0.83 times compared with other algorithms. The performance of the MG system is validated in the MATLAB® environment. The results show that the MG system is the optimal system considering technical, economic, environmental, social and reliability parameters. Additionally, the spoonbill swarm optimization algorithm is found to be more efficient than the other algorithms in terms of iteration time and convergence time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the developing countries, homes experience power outages, especially in rural areas when there are voltage fluctuations in the distribution network, as the home installation is mostly off-grid. To solve this problem, the authors tried to install solar PV system with on-grid installation. This will eliminate electricity outrages during voltage fluctuation supply in the supply lines. Currently in India, most houses have one way power supply from distribution lines, while this paper proposes multiple power sources through solar panels and wind power. The proposal includes a microgrid which will store and distribute electricity from main, solar and wind energy. This proposed solution is intended to harvest unused natural energy and utilize the conventional energy economically and rationally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent times, the virtual power plant (VPP) is gaining more attention in power system engineering due to its tremendous potential in enhancing sustainable urbanism, in which, it supplies clean energy from distributed generators. Electricity is deemed a basic requirement for future automotive and ultra-modern technologies. The deficiency of traditional energy resources and their complex generation process make the production cost of electricity increase dramatically. Moreover, traditional power distribution systems are encountering issues in distributing electrical energy to fulfill customer demands. Therefore, this paper proposes a novel power management system named 'the hybrid genetic local binary knowledge (HGLBK) algorithm' to manage power distribution in the transmission lines and to optimize the total operation cost of the network. The hybrid optimization algorithm effectively controls the load by supplying the surplus power load to the adjacent feeders thereby optimally selecting and placing the distributed energy resource (DER). The proposed concept is implemented at Kayathar, Tamil Nadu in India, and their real-time data are utilized for modeling the VPP. The proposed VPP concept is implemented in the IEEE-9 bus system and the performance of VPP is simulated using the MATLAB software. The performance of the proposed HGLBK algorithm is assessed by comparing its effectiveness with the existing approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Telecom sites get the power normally from the grid. At the occurrence of power outages power need to be supplied for telecom sites. The battery bank is a good option for telecom sites to fulfil power demand. This paper discusses a smooth battery bank charging and discharging system with solar power as the input supply source. The system requires a large capital investment, but it provides uninterrupted emergency power when needed. Maintaining battery banks is essential for getting optimum performance. This paper also discusses the power requirements for telecom sites backup and various parameter impacts on battery life. Methods are derived to optimize charging management of batteries in order to get maximum lifespan in addition to better battery performance throughout its useful life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water is an essential resource for agriculture and the majority of land is irrigated through borewells or wells. The power requirement for an irrigation pump motor is fed by the on-grid power supply but the availability of electricity in rural areas is still questionable. With rising concerns about global warming and the rise in carbon footprints, it is necessary to choose clean and green energy, thereby attaining self-sustainable life. India receives yearly a mean solar irradiation of 6.5 kWh/m2day. Hence, a solar photovoltaic–water-pumping system (SPV–WPS) is a suitable alternative to grid energy; thereby, the farmers would generate electricity through the solar photovoltaic system and become self-sufficient in their energy needs. In this paper, two different agricultural fields in Tamil Nadu, India that deploy flood irrigation and drip irrigation are taken as a case study. The paper discusses the concerns on the use of grid power and their carbon footprint, design and simulation of 4- and 5.5-kW SPV–WPSs using PVsyst 7.1.1, and the advantages of using SPV–WPSs and life-cycle cost analysis on different use cases. The Government of India has introduced a special scheme to promote the installation of SPV–WPSs by offering attractive incentives through PM-Kisan Urja Suraksha evam Utthaan Mahabhiyan (KUSUM) yojana. The results of the case study show that with the use of SPV–WPSs, either with or without subsidy, the farmer could gain a minimum of 250% on the investment with a project lifetime of 25 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper an islanded microgrid fed through the wind and solar energy resources is presented. The power flow within the microgrid is controlled using a Neutral Point Clamped Dual Active Bridge (NPC-DAB) converter. In the proposed dc microgrid, the solar energy source is associated at the low voltage (LV) bus and the wind energy source is connected at the high voltage (HV) bus. A permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) machine is used in wind energy conversion system. The real time solar radiation and wind speed data of Rupangarh, Rajasthan, India is used as an input for renewable energy resource. The NPC-DAB will work as a power electronics juncture for expediting the energy exchange in the islanded DC Microgrid. The proposed closed loop controller based on the capacitor voltage and load voltage will expedite a complete automatic operation of the islanded DC-microgrid considering various load changes. The system is studied without storage element as the automatic control of energy generation and load feeding is carried out by the NPC-DAB, also this makes the scheme cost effective. The optimum duty ratios for NPC-DAB operation are obtained and thus the increased load demand is met. The modeling of PMSG, NPC-DAB and wind energy system is discussed in details in this work. The proposed system is studied in MATLAB/Simulink environment and results are obtained for different load variations. All the wind control parameters, NPC-DAB waveforms, load waveforms are also plotted using MATLAB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the exhaust rate of the conventional sources has geared up already, this is compelling the power industries to install the power plants based on the non-conventional sources so that future demand of the energy supply can be fulfilled. Among the various sources of renewable energy like wind, hydro, tidal etc., solar energy is the most easily accessible and available renewable energy source. Ensuring the feasibility of any energy source not only technical but also the economical perspective is the most important criteria. This paper has incorporated both the perspective and has done the techno-economic analysis to determine the optimum combination of the PV array size and battery size to minimize the overall electricity generation per unit. In this paper, a standalone solar PV system has been analyzed for the location of Jamshedpur, where an effort has been done to choose the optimum combination of the solar array and battery size within the desired range of LLP so that the electricity generation cost per unit can be minimized. The overall duration of the analysis has been done for a year and the outcome of the research has been verified with the help of MATLAB software. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Micro wind turbine is a technology that is used to generate electricity in urban areas. The purpose of this review paper is an analysis of micro wind turbines on high-rise buildings. High-rise buildings are used as towers for micro wind turbines. Here is an analysis of the wind map of India for installing wind turbines. With the help of wind maps, the behavior of wind at different heights has been studied. The result of this study is to analyze how much wind power is generated in different states of India. At present nine states of India, wind energy is produced for commercial use and connected to the grid. Tamil Nadu is the largest wind power producer state. The wind flow in nine states is very good for wind power generation. Micro wind turbines have also been installed in these states and wind power generation for domestic use yields good results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the BBIN (Bangladesh-Bhutan-India-Nepal) sub-region shares identical socio-economic characteristics and secures considerable benefits from energy co-operation and power grid connectivity, it is still far behind to grasp its full potential. This paper reviews existing publications and papers from a viewpoint of resource distribution, energy supply, prospects, and policies related to power sector development and cross-border power trading with a detailed consideration of the spatial variation of the largest country, India. The member countries face similar energy problems and the challenge remains in overcoming growing energy demand by attaining emission reduction targets. Limited production but increasing use of imported fuel have also raised serious environmental and energy security concerns. The wide variation in the energy resource endowments among the countries, particularly with hydropower, coal, and natural gas presents both opportunity and challenge in sub-regional energy collaboration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper mainly dealt with the technical and economic feasibility of an off-grid hybrid power generation system for a remote rural Turtuk village of Ladakh, located in the northern part of India. The study showed that the proposed configured renewable integrated hybrid system, using Hybrid Optimization of Multiple Energy Resources (HOMER) software, efficiently met the energy demand, exhibiting optimum performance with low investment. The proposed PV(115 kW)/Wind(1 kW)/Battery(164 strings of 6 V each)/DG(50 kW) hybrid system was a highly commendable, feasible solution preferred from a total of 133,156 available solutions resulting from HOMER simulations. The net present cost and energy cost of the proposed configuration were $278,176 and $0.29/kWh, respectively. The proposed hybrid configuration fulfilled local load, with 95.97% reduced dominant harmful carbon dioxide emission, as compared to the sole us of a diesel generator power supply system. The technical performance of the hybrid system was ensured, with advantages including the highest renewable penetration and least unmet load. Furthermore, the analysis exclusively evaluated the impact of the system's economic parameters (namely, its expected inflation rate, nominal discount rate, and project lifetime) on the net present cost and cost of energy of the system using a noble single fix duo vary approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To foster sustainable, low-emission development, renewable energy is the best solution for electricity supply, however solar and wind energy are more variable and uncertain than conventional sources. The demand of electricity can be compensated by involving these into power system planning and operations. Grid integration is the efficient ways to deliver variable renewable energy to the grid. Renewable energy is increasing in popularity worldwide. Since renewable energy is intermittent, the integration of renewable energy resources into the power grid infrastructure is a challenging task because the requirements for a power-electronic interface are not just the renewable energy source itself but also its effect on the operation of the power structure, particularly if an intermittent power source is used. This paper discusses the definition, challenges and possible solutions of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) based network incorporation into the energy system. The history of RES with its environmental implications and implementation is also being addressed with a study for primary use of RES and of non-RES in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses the new 24‐hr power supply to agricultural sector scheme of Telangana state in India. The first of its kind scheme that is fully funded by the state government set a new example for agrarian states in India. The paper explains the energy demand and supply management, fiscal and infrastructural preparedness of the scheme along with environmental concerns. The primary survey report from two villages testifies people's aspirations about the new scheme. Rational power consumption by farmers is identified as key factor of this scheme that will enable government to overcome challenges on sustainability of the scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Smart Lighting Systems go far project demonstrates an interoperable smart lighting solution that incorporates heterogeneous lighting technologies to allow intelligent functions. In developing nations, the amount of produced electrical power is insufficient to meet demand, and natural resources for generating electricity are scarce. In India, street lighting accounts for one-fifth of total energy consumption. The street lights are also built to meet old reliability requirements. As a result, a significant amount of energy is lost, putting a strain on the energy resources used to generate electricity. Alternative sources of energy are currently being investigated in order to plan for the future of conventional energy sources. A welldesigned street lighting system should enable traffic and pedestrians to drive safely and comfortably at night, while decreasing energy usage and costs. Green energy conservation aims to supply electricity to grid-connected electric and electronic networks, while thermoelectric electricity generation is primarily dependent on the thermoelectric generator's activity (TEG). In this paper, electrical energy is generated by consuming non-biodegradable waste, as well as energy from piezoelectric sensors. The electricity is produced using waste products and a piezoelectric generator, and then stored in a battery to power the streetlight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By 2040, India hopes to have completed its energy supply to fulfill the country's rising energy demands. Renewable and conventional sources must be used in an environmentally acceptable manner to achieve sustainable growth. India must enhance its use of renewable and clean energy sources, including geothermal, wind, and solar, to satisfy its growing demand. While solar and wind energy output has increased significantly, geothermal energy has yet to be fully harnessed. Among the many forms of geothermal energy found on the surface are volcanoes, fumaroles, erupting geysers, steaming fields, and hot springs. A total of about 340 geothermal springs may be found in India, spread throughout both orogenic (in the Himalayas) and non-orogenic (in the Peninsula). There were 31 places extensively evaluated, and deep drilling was performed in sixteen of them. Average temperatures range from 35.0°C to the boiling point of water in these springs. Medium (100.0–200.0°C) and low (100°C) enthalpy geothermal energy resources/systems are found in India, with the latter being the most abundant. The essential component of a geothermal system is understanding the heat source and harnessing it. Studies so far have indicated that some geothermal areas have sufficient geothermal potential for direct heat usage and power generation. If the Puga (J&K) field is explored to a depth of at least 500 m, reservoir simulation studies have shown that it might produce more than 3 MW of power. India's diverse geothermal sites and the current status of exploration for future research are discussed in the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The work done in this paper provides the solutions for power access to rural and remote areas in developing nations. • The proposed affordable solution offers many advantages over the traditional central inverters. It provides more output power as compared to traditional central inverters under shading and dusting conditions. The results are validated through experimental investigation with regard to Indian weather conditions. • The proposed solution presents an optimal sizing strategy for Economically Weaker Section (EWS) for the low power rural household application. In literature, this kind of solution is yet not reported which makes this work novel. • This work presents the customized design of solar microinverter based PV System for different power provisioning levels for rural EWS houses. The proposed solution has an added advantage of addition of load in future without change in existing infrastructure. Reliable power supply is the key requirement for developing nations. Most of these nations are trying to modernize the rural lives by electrification in remote areas. Access to electricity is a bare requirement in future ages. This paper discusses the challenges faced by the utility companies in ensuring sustained electricity access to the new consumers followed by the various solutions. The techno – economic aspects of the proposed solution is validated by the experimental study. Based on the results, an optimal low-cost design is proposed in order for everyone to fulfil the minimum power needs. The paper presents an optimal size strategy for Economically Weaker Section (EWS) for the low power rural household application. The solar microinverter based PV System has been designed based on the daily load needs for one of the proposed layout plans of the (Gramin) Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojna adopted by Government of India. The proposed designs are also applicable for other developing nations. The proposed micro-inverter has been tested under different operating conditions and experimental validation proves its superiority over other inverter types, particularly for a low power application, as is the case for a typical low-income rural household. Economic considerations such as payback period has also been evaluated in this study. In addition, the proposed microinverter technology has also been tested in terms of power quality parameters under various operating conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rising price and demand for energy are significant issues for the food sector, which consumes a substantial amount of energy throughout the supply chain. Hence, improving energy efficiency has become an essential priority for the food sector. However, most food businesses have limited awareness of the recent technological advancements in real‐time energy monitoring. Thus, the concept of "Internet of Things" (IoT) has been investigated to increase the visibility, transparency, and awareness of various energy usage levels. This paper presents a case study of a beverage factory where the implementation of an IoT‐enabled sensing technology based on the embodied product energy (EPE) model helped to reduce the energy consumption. This arrangement made provision for the collection of real‐time energy data within a food production system to support informed and energy‐aware operational decisions, which lead to optimized energy consumption and significant savings of approximately 163,000 kWh in the year 2017. Practical applications: Given the importance of energy efficiency and Internet of Things (IoT), especially in the food manufacturing industry, this research reports a baseline application at a beverage company in India. The results allowed the company to use energy more efficiently to have an advantage over its competitors and better market positioning. More data could be incorporated into the energy management system with the use of IoT. The availability and accuracy of such valuable data would help managers to make better energy‐efficient decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While much of the literature is preoccupied with China's leading role in reshaping the rules of global economic governance through various mechanisms such as the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) and New Development Bank (NDB) among others, the significance of India in these efforts is considered secondary to China. In comparison to China, India not only provides a democratic aperture but also facelifts institutional values and make the institutions more multilateral to be approached by developing countries which are otherwise skeptical of China's rise. In addition, India's membership also reinforces the foundations of these institutions where sustained economic growth is the key principle. The paper attempts to examine how India and China contribute to the success of these mechanisms in terms of monetary funding and the role of public financial entities from respective countries and negotiations. With slowing down of economies of major developing countries like Brazil, South Africa and Russia, China and India are left with major responsibility to keep the pace of multilateral economic cooperation undeterred. It is interesting to see how stable, participative and transparent this transformed economic governance would emerge in the coming decades. The paper also looks at possible setbacks it may face in terms of competitive trends between India and China's economy for resources such as energy in the countries involved in these negotiations. The institutions like AIIB and NDB need to overcome the biases deep rooted in bilateral relations, and seek wider cooperation needed to outperform the sense of competitiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In rural areas with higher agricultural energy consumption, ensuring low-carbon transformation and rapid penetration is crucial; therefore, the importance of rural energy system in energy transformation is even more prominent. In order to better understand the research progress of rural integrated energy system, the existing structure of rural energy system and design method are briefly introduced, and the bibliometric method is applied to analyze publications from 2013 to 2023. Based on the Scopus database, 915 publications have been retrieved. These publications are analyzed from the perspective of citation, author, address, and published journal. It is concluded that existing researches mostly use conventional energy technologies to achieve power supply in rural areas, lacking analysis of the potential application of emerging energy technologies and research on multi-energy demand. Furthermore, the review reveals the economy of grid-connected rural energy system is mainly related to geographical location, system configuration, and resource endowment. The bibliometric analysis indicated that these publications are mainly from India and China; the average citation is 24.98, and each article is co-published by 3.66 authors, 2.26 institutes, and 1.46 countries. This work is helpful for scholars to understand the research status on the rural integrated energy system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The need for electricity all over the world is enhancing significantly. A major portion of this demand is met by fossil fuels leading to substantial mining, environmental pollution, and increment in global warming. The escalating rate of extraction is declining their reserves at an alarming rate and enhancing their price as well. Thus, it has become essential to shift to alternative resources for power generation. Northeast India has a superfluous reserve of renewable energy which can competently fulfill the electricity requirement in the region. The surplus can significantly contribute to supplying the demand of other states in the country. In addition, the use of clean energy can conserve fossil fuels and expenditure and at the same time can slow down environmental pollution. This paper comprehensively analyzes the potential of perennial assets in this area; projects their economic and ecological benefits; and also makes a brief comparison of the conventional systems with the probable green alternatives. Renewable capacity in this regime is found 66,682 MW out of which 99.51% is yet to be explored and Rs. 5.66 × 1012 will be required to extract them. Utilization of these boons can save 187.39 Mt of combustibles and 648.61 Mt of greenhouse gasses from emission. Capital, energy, and carbon that will be invested during the installation and operation of the systems will be paid back in 3.6, 2.3, and 2.25 years, respectively. The average levelized cost of this unremitting energy will be Rs. 4.80/kWh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Power system operation has become more complex with larger use of renewable energy sources, strict requirements of environmental controls, and need to maintain adequate security and stability norms. To meet the environmental norms now, Flue-Gas Desulphurization (FGD) plants have to be installed in old thermal power plants. With larger share of wind and solar energy resources, flexible operation of conventional thermal and hydro power plants is needed. The paper reviews various recent issues pertaining to power system operation in India and the challenges posed to ensure efficient grid operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid growth of electric vehicles in India necessitates more power to energize such vehicles. Furthermore, the transport industry emits greenhouse gases, particularly SO2, CO2. The national grid has to supply an enormous amount of power on a daily basis due to the surplus power required to charge these electric vehicles. This paper presents the various hybrid energy system configurations to meet the power requirements of the electric vehicle charging station (EVCS) situated in the northwest region of Delhi, India. The three configurations are: (a) solar photovoltaic/diesel generator/battery-based EVCS, (b) solar photovoltaic/battery-based EVCS, and (c) grid-and-solar photovoltaic-based EVCS. The meta-heuristic techniques are implemented to analyze the technological, financial, and environmental feasibility of the three possible configurations. The optimization algorithm intends to reduce the total net present cost and levelized cost of energy while keeping the value of lack of power supply probability within limits. To confirm the solution quality obtained using modified salp swarm algorithm (MSSA), the popularly used HOMER software, salp swarm algorithm (SSA), and the gray wolf optimization are applied to the same problem, and their outcomes are equated to those attained by the MSSA. MSSA exhibits superior accuracy and robustness based on simulation outcomes. The MSSA performs much better in terms of computation time followed by the SSA and gray wolf optimization. MSSA results in reduced levelized cost of energy values in all three configurations, i.e., USD 0.482/kWh, USD 0.684/kWh, and USD 0.119/kWh in configurations 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Our findings will be useful for researchers in determining the best method for the sizing of energy system components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: In the last years, India has taken a number of initiatives to boost small hydropower development based on the assumption of being a green energy source with only limited disturbances on the social and natural environments. However, its real environmental performances have not been examined. The intention of this paper is to evaluate the potential environmental impacts of Small Hydropower Plants (SHPs) in India in light of their exemption from any Environmental Clearance procedures.Methods: A cradle-to-use analysis of a SHP planned on the Kavery River in India was carried out using the GaBi Software and the ISO 14040 guidelines. The CML 2001, LANCA, and the methods developed by Chaudhary et al. (2015) were applied to characterize the impacts. This paper goes beyond conventional LCA and the sustainability paradigm of GHG emissions, by including a comprehensive evaluation of the impacts from land use and land use change in terms of their effects on terrestrial and aquatic biodiversity, on ecosystem services and in terms of biogenic GHG emissions. Sensitivity analyses of how predefined parameters affect the performances of the dam were also carried out. Further, a distance-to-target weighting factor based on the concept of Carrying Capacity was applied.Results and discussion: For the case study, depending on the impact category selected, the primary impacts are associated to the preconstruction, the construction, and the operation stages. These are the main contributors, in terms of impacts to ecosystem services, to biodiversity, and to global warming and eutrophication. As per material and energy inputs, concrete, steel, and electricity are the three dominating sources of impacts. The results of the sensitivity analysis suggest that the amount of organic matter washed into the reservoir as well as the plant output influence significantly the environmental performance of the dam. Based on the weighted results, Global Warming appears to be the most relevant impact with a relative contribution of 1.76E−14% to the Global Carrying Capacity threshold.Conclusion: The study shows the need to account for a broader spectrum of environmental categories when assessing SHPs, underpinned by the significant impacts to biodiversity and ecosystem services as evidenced by the application of land use indicators. This can have long lasting consequences on the stability of a functioning ecosystem and its ability to provide valuable services. It also shows the need to reconsider the exemption of SHPs from any environmental impact assessment procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India is crucial to the future of the global energy system, and hence to efforts to mitigate climate change. However, projecting India's energy future is challenging because of a number of structural uncertainties related to its still emergent development process – there are multiple 'future Indias'. This is particularly so given India's unusual historical development pattern and economic structure. This paper reviews more than 40 energy system scenarios for India to 2050 including scenarios of different policy stringency. This analysis suggests that the task of drawing policy insights is hampered by widely divergent, often non-transparent and insufficiently discussed, assumptions about GDP and its structural attributes as implied by sectoral energy consumption, industrial intensity of GDP, and sectoral demand patterns. It is these assumptions that crucially drive the divergence in scenario results, even more than assumptions about energy and climate policy per se. While divergent results are important for exploring the range of possible future pathways, policy insights can only be generated if scenario producers adequately convey a sense of causality, probability and desirability underpinning their scenarios. This requires linking more detailed socio-economic scenario storylines with the input assumptions and output results of energy system scenarios. To improve modelling for policy insight, the paper proposes that more attention be devoted to developing overarching socio-economic development scenarios, linking these to sector dynamics, and unpacking and interpreting model results. Key policy insights India's development pathway is characterized by a relatively low level of industrialization, precocious growth of services, and low and slow urbanization compared to similar countries. The unusual features of India's development pathway have a material impact on its energy system. There is a wide range of uncertainty pertaining both to India's future rate of GDP growth, but also to the persistence or reversal of the aforementioned structural characteristics. Existing modelling studies do not adequately detail and contextualize assumptions about India's macro-scale development pathway, and its links to micro-scale patterns of sectoral energy demand and supply, leading to a wide divergence of results and uncertainty over how to interpret them. Addressing these lacunae requires enhanced transparency and discussion of overarching socio-economic development scenarios for development, linking these to sector dynamics, and unpacking and interpreting model results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rural and remote regions of developing economies face a serious scarcity of reliable energy supply. Focus on providing electricity through renewable and off grid energy resources is becoming increasingly popular. Off the grid or decentralized renewable energy typically considers either solar or small hydro power to fill the supply deficit and increase in demand with time is generally ignored. This paper proposes a hybrid technology mix of various renewable energy options for two remote villages located in Darma valley of Uttarakhand state in the Indian Himalayan Region. Since the villages are at an average height of 3500 m amsl, they are inaccessible during winters due to heavy snowfall. Therefore, decentralized energy could be the most cost effective solution to provide electricity. This paper estimates the energy demand of these villages and identifies the most optimum off the grid solutions, and compares it with grid connected electricity supply using hybrid optimization model for electric renewables. Micro hydro energy generation was found to be the most cost effective and techno-economically viable solution. This paper also evaluates the barriers faced by remote Himalayan villages so as to achieve reliable application of the results of this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Government now-a-days are looking forward to achieve "Energy for All" standards. Countries are committing themselves to reduce carbon emissions. Recently, every IT industry giants, who typically own and operate huge Data Centers (DC) are looking forward to achieve "100% usage of green energy to power their datacenters, contribute to the utility grid in equivalence to their electrical power consumptions". Electrification and gradual decarbonisation still continue as significant, global concern. Hence it is pretty clear that need for MicroGrid (MG) based facilities is actually a mandatory. But intermittent-characteristic (unreliability/unavailability) of Renewable-Energy (RE) generating sources (like Solar Panels, Wind Turbines) regularly hinder both the stake holders-Government and IT industry from accomplishing such social and economic initiatives. Hence SmartMicroGrid (SMG) connected with utility grid are envisioned to support powering industries inorder to avoid future power outages. Interconnected industry4.0 factories where, actually the smart-management interms of two-way power supply and two-way communication network is foreseen. They are highly dependent on modern, integrated, Information and Communication technologies (IoT sensors, Fog and Cloud computing etc.). In this paper we have focussed on two objectives. Firstly our objective is to identify, optimum renewable-generation-capacities inorder to minimise investment cost of a microgrid. Secondly our objective is to maximize usage of more clean energy for applications running on FogMicroDataCenter (fogMDC), powered by microgrids and controlled by Sofware Defined Networking (SDN). We have used realistic meteorological data of Tamil nadu, India for our proposed work. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work proposed for two different scenarios, performance modelling and economic modelling aiding MG powered FogMDCs. Proposed economic modelling work is related to finding, the optimum sizing of distributed energy resources and financial cost. Proposed performance modelling is about, the clean energy usages in micro grid powered fogMDC for operations, supported by SDN for efficient distributed Virtual Machine (VM) based resource utilization to guarantee QoS in time sensitive IoT applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Hybrid renewable energy systems (HRES) are proving a promising solution for rural electrification in India, where grid power availability is limited. This paper aims to identify the optimal design and pre‐feasibility techno‐economic analysis of the hybrid grid‐independent renewable system for rural electrification. The proposed hybrid system integrates the various renewable energy system configurations to provide continuous power for the electric load demands of Kanakadri palle village, Andhra Pradesh, India. HOMER software is utilized to design the proposed hybrid system, perform optimization, techno‐economic analysis, and simulation. Here, six different hybrid system configurations were taken into account to perform a comparative economic analysis. The results obtained shows that one of the hybrid systems, PV/DG/converter/battery system (120 kW‐PV modules, 54 kW‐DG, 200 number of batteries with 260 Ah ratings, and 50 kW‐power converters), is the least economical optimal system based on least net present cost and Levelized cost of energy (COE), highest renewable fraction, and zero unmet electric loads percentage (NPC: $341 280, COE: $0.217, highest renewable fraction: 96.6% and unmet electric loads: 0%). For the site considered, this optimal hybrid system can provide a reliable power supply to the total energy requirements of 332.97 kWh/d and achieve 75.68% carbon emission reduction compared to a diesel generator. Moreover, the comparison of different system configurations was carried out based on economic analysis. This analysis shows that proposed hybrid system can be an appropriate model to provide reliable power at a low generation cost for the village considered in this study and can be recommended for future electrification projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Distributed energy resources (DERs) are a better option for fulfillment of load demand near the load centers. Optimal location and rating of DERs plays a vital role in the enhancement of distribution system performance in terms of power loss reduction, voltage profile enhancement, environmental friendliness, increasing reliability, and postponement of system upgrading. This paper addresses the Gbest‐guided artificial bee colony (GABC) optimization technique for the optimal integration of renewable energy sources (RESs) and electric vehicles (EVs) in distribution feeder to improve the power loss reduction, voltage level, cost reduction, and emissions reduction under load demand uncertainty. In this work, mathematical models of RESs, that is, wind turbine generation system (WTGS) and photovoltaic generation system (PVGS), are employed to determine the generated output power. The foremost aim of this research work is simultaneous abatement of total active power loss, entire cost, and emissions generation; therefore a multiobjective‐based fitness function is formed. Moreover, the impact of charging/discharging behavior of EVs on the distribution grid has also been considered in this study. The proposed methodology is applied on two test systems: (a) 28‐bus practical rural distribution network located at Kakdwip zone in the province of West Bengal, India, and (b) standard 69‐bus distribution feeders. Finally, from the achieved numerical outcomes, it is analyzed that, GABC algorithm generates better outcomes as compared to other optimization techniques. This indicates the viability and effectiveness of the proposed methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper thoroughly analyses energy, economic and environmental (3E) performance of using different battery (BAT) energy storage system like lead acid battery (LAB), lithium-ion battery (LIB), vanadium redox flow (VRF) battery and mechanical energy storage (MES) like flywheel and pumped hydro storage (PHS) using three different dispatch strategies (DS) such as cycle charging (CC), load following (LF) and generator order (GO), respectively. Andaman and Nicobar(A&N) Island of India have no main grid. Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewable (HOMER) Pro software is used to study feasibility of power generation using various sources. Study incorporating tidal plant with wind turbine and Bio-DG in micro grid is considered first time for an Indian scenario as per authors' knowledge with application of various DS and energy storage technologies. The superiority of LIB over LAB and MES is proved in this study. Wind/Bio-DG /tidal/LIB have relatively least net present cost(NPC), cost of energy (COE) of $1.30M and $0.263, respectively among five energy storage devices using CC dispatch strategy compared to other two strategies. It is investigated that LIB uses only 250 units of batteries, which is 46% less than total utilized LAB units for catering same load. In terms of expected lifespan, energy losses, energy production and state of charge (SOC), performance of LIB are superior to LAB. SWOT and sensitivity analysis have been performed considering fuel price and wind speed. Different techno economic indicators like cost summary, cash flow, fuel summary, economics, electrical parameters, renewable fraction (RF), return of investment (ROI), lowest simple payback period, internal rate of return (IRR), pollutant emission are considered and compared with each other for LAB and LIB combinations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In India, effective use of hydrocarbon fuels are essential for achieving energy security, economic growth, climate goals and to bridge the implementation delays in the renewable energy sector. Based on the published data, the paper reviews the role of hydrocarbon resources in the Indian energy sector and the need for an innovation-centered ecosystem in the areas of clean-coal usage, natural gas, sequestration and utilizing unconventional hydrocarbon resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the first comprehensive hourly-resolution scenario study of the Indian electricity system with a view to investigate the transition from fossil to renewable energy-based power generation. Currently, India is 76% dependent on coal for power generation, however ambitious goals exist. Energy organisations including International Renewable Energy Agency and The Energy and Resources Institute, have presented scenarios but neither with support of dynamic simulation nor with assessment of optimal renewable energy contributions. In this paper, the optimal electricity system is analyzed in comparison with these. Results show that an optimal scenario could supply the hourly electricity by (i) increasing production capacity to about 615 GW, which is a 98.3% increase compared to the 310 GW in 2016, (ii) improving capacity factor of wind power and photovoltaic to 27% and 21% respectively, (iii) increasing wind power production to 433 TWh/yr (from 46 GWh/yr in 2016), solar photovoltaic to 290 TWh/yr (12 GWh/yr in 2016), river hydro to 42 TWh/yr (7.7 GWh/yr in 2016), biomass and nuclear power of 15 GW each. The costs of the identified optimal scenario are lower than of the previous scenarios. Finally, simulations show that inclusion of optimal proportion of biomass and nuclear could avoid any import dependency. • Design and analysis of renewable energy scenarios for India. • Evaluation of the cost structure of renewable energy scenarios. • Comparison with official Indian scenarios. • Proposes the Renewable Nuclear Dependency Index (RNDI) for evaluating scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybrid renewable based power generation has emerged as a major breakthrough in electrical power system due to their capability of providing competitive and carbon free electricity to the consumer. This paper presents techno-economic analysis of a grid connected solar photovoltaic-fuel cell based hybrid energy system to supply the electrical load demands of a small shopping complex located at the University campus in India. The proposed system has been designed by considering the cost of energy purchase and sold to the utility grid and further ensuring the smooth power flow management between elements of the system and the utility grid. A simplified mathematical modeling of the proposed hybrid energy system, including power and hydrogen management has been presented to access the potential of hydrogen based energy systems. Component sizing to optimize the net present cost of the proposed system has been performed employing three meta-heuristic algorithms, i.e. , artificial bee colony, particle swarm optimization and a hybrid of both. The experimental results obtained from three algorithms have been compared in terms of cost effectiveness of the system. The hybrid system has been designed to cater the total electricity demand of 135 M W h / y r of a small community center. It has emerged from the simulation results that the total electricity demand could be met with a 106 k W solar photovoltaic, 8 k W fuel cell, 45 k W electrolyzer and a 150 k g of hydrogen tank. The proposed grid connected system has 30 k W grid purchase and 25 k W grid sale capacities, respectively. In this paper, grid sale and purchase capacities have been considered as a decision variable along with other system component sizing. Loss of power supply probability is minimized along with objective function i.e., levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) using the exterior penalty method. It is evident from the results that the proposed system is economically viable with a LCOE of 0.104 $ / k W h. It has emerged from the results that the proposed hybrid energy system may be helpful to promote hydrogen and solar based energy system to reduce the reliance on the overburden grid, particularly, in developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By considering the weight penalty of batteries on payload and total vehicle weight, this paper shows that almost all forms of land-based transport may be served by battery electric vehicles (BEV) with acceptable cost and driving range. Only long-distance road freight is unsuitable for battery electrification. The paper models the future Indian electricity grid supplied entirely by low-carbon forms of generation to quantify the additional solar PV power required to supply energy for transport. Hydrogen produced by water electrolysis for use as a fuel for road freight provides an inter-seasonal energy store that accommodates variations in renewable energy supply. The advantages and disadvantages are considered of midday electric vehicle charging vs. overnight charging considering the temporal variations in supply of renewable energy and demand for transport services. There appears to be little to choose between these two options in terms of total system costs. The result is an energy scenario for decarbonized surface transport in India, based on renewable energy, that is possible, realistically achievable, and affordable in a time frame of year 2050. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India is facing severe energy-related problems, including the deficiency of fossil fuel resources, greenhouse gas emissions, and an increase in power demand and supply gap due to overpopulation and growing industrial needs. In 2018, the average power demand and supply gap was 1617 MW, indicating that there is a deficit of 23 × 109 kWh in the country. In the meantime, a massive increase in electricity prices has made the affordability of electricity very difficult for domestic and industrial users. The development of alternative and renewable energy sources is very crucial to overcome these problems. Wind energy has emerged as a sustainable energy option for India in this respect. At the same time, the wind industry is facing several challenges as well. This paper aims to develop a value chain model of the wind power industry, assess the competitiveness of the Indian wind power industry, and comprehensively analyze the factors that have a significant influence on the industry by using the "Five Forces Model." We employed a hybrid research methodology. First, we developed a novel value chain model for the wind power industry. Second, we conducted semistructured interviews with industry professionals on different aspects of the wind energy sector. Third, we critically analyzed official statistics and the related literature along with the national policy structure and regulations. As a result, the Five Forces Model was developed. Five main stakeholders of the Indian wind industry, i.e., buyers, suppliers, competitors, substitutes, and potential competitors, were examined to assess their effect on the development of the wind power industry. Research findings reveal the present status, challenges, the rivalry environment, industry's situation in this environment, and the future projections of the Indian wind power industry. Although the Indian government announced several policies with an aim to boost the wind industry, little substantial action has been taken for their meaningful implantation. The major government policies which need improvements are Generation-Based Incentives, Wind Bidding Scheme, and Tariff Policy. Our findings also highlight that there exists a gap between the expected and actual performances of the wind power industry value chain. Essential policy recommendations for the development of the industry have been suggested, including institutional coordination and decision-making, feed-in tariffs, reformations in the grid structure, encouragement of differentiated business models, enhancing research and development activities, developing professional base, and the full range of government support. This study will serve as a guide for government and stakeholders by understanding the dynamic relationship among all the factors influencing the competitiveness of the Indian wind power industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India is at the moment the fifth largest economy and sustains the second biggest population in the world. To uphold its phenomenal economic growth, it would need cheap and reliable energy resources in the coming decades like any other nation. Moreover, the central government of India has announced its goal to attain carbon neutrality by 2070 following the pledges of the Paris treaty of 2015. To realize such a great aim, India needs to use its environment-friendly energy generation technologies rapidly and efficiently. Wind energy can help coastal states of India to generate electricity with a minimal carbon footprint and boost their economic progress. This current paper focuses on designing a wind farm in the western part of India using artificial intelligence methodologies. An innovative technique to escalate the efficiency of the genetic algorithm has been proposed to augment the economic output of the wind farm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ensuring reliable and affordable access to modern energy services, especially for the poorer and deprived section of the population, is a basic requisite for sustainable development. Given that a majority of the energy-deprived population lives in rural regions of developing countries, an effective rural electrification is critical for bridging the rural–urban divide. Building on energy access intervention, implementing productive energy services can influence the next stages of development through livelihood activities, microenterprises, lifestyle energy services, value-added activities, survival irrigation, and so on. Social benefits of access to healthcare, education, and longer productive hours have an equally important impact on sustainable development. In India, for example, 240 million people lack electricity access. While grid extension in India is on the rise through various government programs, specific rural problems of low energy demand, poor rural economy, inaccessible terrain, and low purchasing power can render grid extension expensive and inefficient. Microgrid electricity systems, especially with hybrid renewable energy resources, can be a good alternative for addressing above-mentioned challenges. India enjoys high solar intensity, and the predominantly agrarian rural society has enough biomass resources, abundant cattle dung, forest foliage, and agricultural waste. A solar–biomass hybrid electricity system can solve the problem of intermittency of solar. Such a hybrid electricity system is being implemented in a remote Indian unelectrified village for electricity access, livelihoods, and economic empowerment. In this paper, we report the technoeconomic feasibility and sustainability analysis of this hybrid system. The system consists of 30-kW solar photo voltaic (PV) and 20-kW biomass gasifier modules. Energy demand and resource availability are estimated with inputs from extensive stakeholder discussions and field surveys, and they account for daily and seasonal variations in both supply and end uses and availability and productive hours. The expected temporal electricity demand is estimated for households, community, irrigation, and commercial needs. The technoeconomic feasibility is assessed using hybrid optimization model for electric renewable energy (HOMER). Furthermore, opportunities for the development of productive uses and their expansion through a sustainable business model are explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China and India are two major contributors to the growth of global energy demand. As energy is one central part of the geopolitics, the energy security for both countries get complicated by the political environment. The paper investigates the positions of China and India in the trading relationships with different regions of the world. The paper also examines recent events that affect the energy security of China and India. The conclusion is that during the past decade, China and India have diversified sources of energy, especially from the Middle East, though China demonstrates a higher level of diversification and occupies a less passive position in its trading relationships. Shale revolution, the US energy sanctions on Iran and Venezuela and the US-Chinese trade conflicts, can bring China, India and Russia closer to each other due to the shrinking market influence of Russia in Europe and the needs of India and China to further diversify import sources so that energy supplies will not be disrupted by political chaos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The investigation of wind resource at higher heights is very crucial in planning wind power project. Normally, this involves the installation of a high and costly meteorological mast with a cup anemometer and wind vanes. This investigation uses the new ground-based remote-sensing technique Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) to investigate the wind resource at higher heights. This paper describes the LiDAR technology principle and examines the potential of LiDAR measurement to estimate the wind resource at higher heights by conducting a measurement campaign at Tamil Nadu, India. The wind statistics were determined using the 10 min average time-series wind data monitored by ZephIR LiDAR. These include the Weibull parameters, daily mean wind speed, wind power density, wind energy density, vertical wind speed profile and capacity factor. The investigation reveals that the vertical wind speed profile measured from the LiDAR system has approximate closer values to the standard meteorological measurement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper details the efforts made by Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES) and The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), under their Japan-India collaborative projects, to promote low carbon technologies (LCT) among small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in India. The empirical evidence gathered during the projects show that three key barriers hinder faster adoption of Japanese LCT among the Indian SMEs: (i) information and knowledge gaps; (ii) networking and communication challenges; (iii) higher cost of the LCT. To bring stakeholders from the two countries together, a multi-stakeholder platform called Japan-India Technology Matchmaking Platform (JITMAP) was developed. The paper outlines how JITMAP, through its online information sharing and on the ground activities, is addressing some of the barriers by promoting awareness enhancement, arrangement of business meetings, study on LCT application (feasibility studies), access to financial schemes, and arrangement of policy and regulatory discussions. There is ample scope to scale-up the JITMAP activities and replicate it as a model for LCT cooperation between other developed and developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coal is still a staple energy resource in India meeting over 50% of its energy requirement. Eastern Indian states are particularly blessed with coal with vast availability in Odisha, Jharkhand, West Bengal and Chhattisgarh. It has some major coalfields like Jharia, East and West Bokaro, Raniganj, Barakar, Karnpura, Ib valley, Talcher and Korba coalfields to name a few. Incidentally the land undulations, rivers, forest and geography render a climate range that supports soil fertility with rich promises of agricultural harvest. An additional booty of highly rich ecosystem services and aesthetics are offered due to pristine forest in the region. A balance has always been in the wish list that may bring inclusion and sustainability but so far been lurking. Mining companies must encompass sustainability as its key governing principle in corporate philosophy. Sustainability encompasses harmony in dimensions of society, economy and ecology (SEE) to be incorporated in its entire operating practices (exploration to mine closure) in order to realize sustainable and inclusive growth. The essence of the paper can be summarized by quoting a shloka from Atharva Veda: "What of thee, I dig out Let that quickly grow over Let me not hit, thy vitals, thy heart!". In order to meet ever evolving aspirations of growing population, adaptation to practices of sustainable agriculture appears a must. Meeting the need of food, feed, fiber and fuel for human and live-stocks, maintaining the sustainable balance among its various parameters extending to land, water, soil, biodiversity, agro biodiversity and agro ecosystem appears sine-qua-non. In totality, it constitutes the base of entire gamut of natural resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural gas hydrates are considered as a strategic unconventional clean hydrocarbon resource in the energy sector. This paper analyzes the spatiotemporal effectiveness of the depressurization technique for producing methane gas from an unconfined Class 4 clayey setting in the Krishna Godavari (KG) basin, east coast of India. The production potential of a well by depressurization based on the borehole-based pumping technique is modeled using the newly developed spatiotemporal numerical tool, IndHyd 1.0, built using MATLAB for a constant borehole ΔP. The model is aided by TOUGH+HYDRATE reservoir production simulation software. From the IndHyd 1.0 simulation results, it is identified that a vertical well in the location NGHP-01-10D could have a lateral well reach, longevity, and a cumulative methane gas production potential of 145 m, 1.2 years, and ∼0.6 billion m3, respectively. For the formation with a postdissociation permeability of 200 mD, a possible scenario in the fractured settings, the well reach, longevity, and gas production potential could be 340 m, 3.6 years, and ∼9 billion m3, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]