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The document is designed to help map readers comprehend the uses and limitations of maps. Intended predominantly for college students of geography, graphic arts, and public communication, the resource paper should also be of general interest to informed citizens and map enthusiasts. The document is presented in six chapters. Chapter I discusses and defines major elements common to all maps--projection, scale and generalization, and symbolization. Chapter II addresses the process of cartographic communication and identifies factors which influence the successful transfer of a map's message from author to reader. Factors include the cartographer's data, intent, design, and reproduction process, and the reader's understanding, intelligence, biases, and perceptions. Chapter III explores the relationship between map projections and effective communication and describes methods for constructing three nontraditional projections. Chapter IV examines methods for reducing complexity of mapped patterns. Topics discussed include choroplethic maps, classification errors, pattern and perception, cartographic correlation, and information overkill. Chapter V shows how map distortion can serve a variety of goals, such as route planning, data processing, advertising, advocacy, and research. The final chapter presents concluding remarks. A major conclusion is that both map reader and map author should strive to understand the process of cartographic communication. (Author/DB)

This document assembles conference papers which focus on how electronic technologies are creating new ways of meeting user needs for spatial and cartographic information. Contents include: (1) "Mapping Technology in Transition" (Mark Monmonier); (2) "Cataloging Planetospatial Data in Digital Form: Old Wine, New Bottles--New Wine, Old Bottles" (Mary Lynette Larsgaard); (3) "Finding and Accessing Spatial Data in the National Spatial Data Infrastructure" (Michael Domaratz); (4) "The Government Information Locator Service: Discovering, Identifying, and Accessing Spatial Data" (William E. Moen); (5) "Geographic Information Systems and Digital Libraries: Issues of Size and Scalability" (Barbara P. Buttenfield); (6) "Geographic Information Retrieval and Spatial Browsing" (Ray R. Larson); (7) "Spatial Access to, and Display of, Global Change Data: Avenues for Libraries" (Linda L. Hill); (8) "Geospatial Information Needs of the General Public: Texts, Maps, and Users' Tasks" (Myke Gluck); (9) "Emergency Preparedness and Response Challenges for Special Libraries" (Robert Lee Chartrand); (10) "Using Geographic Information Systems for Estimating and Profiling Geographic Library Market Areas" (Christie Koontz); (11) "Implementing Geographic Information Systems in the Public Library Arena" (Dean K. Jue); (12) "The St. Louis Public Library's Electronic Atlas: A Successful GIS Application in the Public Library Environment" (Anne Watts); and (13) "Digital Spatial Data of Illinois on CD-ROM, Department of Energy and Natural Resources" (Mark Joselyn & Sheryl G. Oliver). (BEW)

The theory of computer cartography is emphasized in an attempt to bring some related ideas together within a single framework. The paper is part of a series designed to fill the gap between significant research in geography and accessible materials. Part I introduces information theory and cartography, the features of numeric cartography and their structures, points, lines, and surfaces and hardware, and one mapping system. Next, some theory of the surface is presented concerning the information content of a surface-point, surface behavior, and surface features and information hierarchies. Prediction, spectral analysis, and picture processing are discussed in relation to surface processing. The representation of surfaces, lines, and points are discussed in terms of three-dimensional information elements, the picture plane, visibility, block diagrams, planimetrically correct surface representations, isarithms, data grids and functions, and points and lines. Part VI on data structures deals with coding, line-storage and data-organization. Finally, high-accuracy systems and small interactive systems and their applications are examined. Further reading, a glossary, and a list of major programs used for the production of the figures in the paper are included. (Author/KSM)

Projects are in-depth studies of a topic undertaken by a class, a group, or an individual child. Projects are intended to strengthen children's dispositions to be interested, absorbed, and involved in in-depth observation, investigation, and representation of worthwhile phenomena in their own environments. This Catalog on the Project Approach, the third of its kind, describes and illustrates projects done by children in early childhood and elementary classrooms on topics such as dogs, musical instruments, hens, bicycles, birds, grocery stores, restaurants, and books. Section 1 of the Catalog provides a brief overview of what a project is and offers some suggestions about how to get started. This section also discusses how young children's emerging mapping skills can be strengthened through project work. Section 2 describes some of the strategies used to help teachers and student teachers learn to use the Project Approach. A variety of course structures and support group arrangements are described, and the important role of administrators in supporting teachers' efforts is discussed. The findings of a survey of teachers using the Project Approach are also summarized. Section 3 offers examples of Project Approach efforts that can be accessed on the World Wide Web. Section 4 consists of the summaries of 17 projects, and the Catalog's final section, "Resources for Implementing the Project Approach," includes ERIC Digests, a glossary, recommended book titles, an ERIC bibliography on the Project Approach, information on a Project Approach summer institute and the Projects-L electronic discussion list, and a list of contributors to the Catalog. (LPP)

Eighteen essays discuss applications of geographic research covering a variety of topics and methodologies. All authors are faculty, graduates, or graduate students of the geography department at Michigan State University. The most frequently discussed themes include economic, political, social, and medical uses of geographic research. Two papers explore research techniques using computers and cartography. An exam*le of the variety of topics is provided by the following titles: "Recreational Geography: Its Evolution and Applications to Problems of Wilderness Management,""Man-Water Relationship Research and the Application of the Geographic Approach,""Some Applications of Geomorphic Research to Societal Needs,""Geographers and Asia's Development Problems," and "The Application of Geography to Public Policy Analysis: A Case Study." Two philosophical papers conclude the booklet with discussion of the necessity of establishing clear communications links between professional geography and the general public so that knowledge generated by the discipline can be widely and effectively applied. (AV)

This paper addresses the issue of designing efficient on-demand maps in services oriented architectures. Some crucial steps of an on-demand map design process are not supported by today΄s architectures and may greatly benefit from knowledge that has been formalised by cartographers, like the definition of styles to draw geographical data on the map. Our proposal aims at integrating part of cartographic expertness, mostly semiologic rules, in Web mapping services oriented architectures. It comprises a set of Web services dedicated to facilitating the definition of accurate legends with respect to user objectives and data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On 3 April 1559, the long intermittent war which had begun in 1521 was finally terminated by the treaty signed at Le Cateau-en-Cambrésis. The significance of this peace has long been understood, somewhat simplistically, as a sort of ‘hinge’ between the Habsburg–Valois Wars and the epoch of the Wars of Religion. The details of the negotiations are well known, though the classic work of de Ruble largely ignores the problems of implementation insofar as they concern the north. On the surface, of course, there was no reason to suppose that the treaty would be any more durable than its predecessors; it had been the exhaustion of the great monarchies that had motivated a substantial effort at settlement and the continuation of that exhaustion, coupled with the descent of France into civil war after 1562, froze the agreements that were reached in 1559. It is also easy to forget that the political imperatives behind war dictated that fighting should be accompanied by frequent, even longlasting, negotiations for the conditions which would be conducive to ‘une bonne paix’, or stable settlement. What this meant for both sides, of course, was distinctly divergent, but both sides faced similar problems: how to achieve a stable relationship. This in turn meant agreement on the conflicting territorial and jurisdictional claims of the Valois and Habsburg monarchies, including Navarre, Savoy-Piedmont, French claims in Italy and, of course, the frontier between France and the Low Countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to present the cartographic activities developed at the end of the nineteenth century and beginning of the twentieth century. In addition to the historical chronology, it will present the technical operations and actions during the first and second decades of the twentieth century. In 1889, the need for detailed mapping of Brazil at appropriate scales was confirmed by the Army Staff. In 1896, the study for the General Map of the Republic project demonstrated the specifications and considerations of the cartographic, topographic and geodetic operations to be developed, its work being initiated in 1904. In 1910, contact with Professor Carl Pulfrich, the development of accurate cartographic procedures and others procedures created a new perspective on the mapping projects. After World War I, in 1920, the Austrian Military Cartographic Mission reached Brazil, with the aims of studying the cartographic projection system suitable for mapping the national territory, the surveying for the Federal District Topographic Map and the Topographic Map of Brazil, at 1:1,000,000 scale, celebrating the 100th Anniversary of the Independence of Brazil. From 1922, there were successive internal convulsions in the country. Problems of continuity in mapping grew larger until 1930. In 1932, the Military Geographical Service was renamed the Army Geographical Service and the General Map Commission was abolished. This date marked the beginning for mapmaking and the accurate knowledge of the vast territory of Brazil, with the systematization of mapmaking at several scales, as well as the complete creation of an accurate geodetic network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes new methods used for mapping news events gathered from around the world. Web based graphical map displays are used to monitor both the real time situation, and longer term historical trends. The results are derived from a synthesis of world events based on 20,000 news reports collected from the Internet each day by the Europe Media Monitor (EMM) (http://emm.jrc.org). EMM has invented a powerful method of rapidly classifying multilingual articles by matching weighted combinations of phrase and word patterns. The articles are cross-classified according to the countries mentioned and to general themes like “Conflict” “FoodSecurity” “Natural Disaster” “Ecology” and so on. The Alert system runs 24 hours per day keeping continuous hourly statistics on article populations. This then allows to generate real-time graphical presentations of “news maps”, time series of Indicators, and animations of crisis developments. In a second step, a more detailed geolocation of news articles based on town names identification in text and a reference gazetteer is performed. This has been coupled with a daily “Top News” clustering algorithm and results in 24 hourly News distributions for each EMM alert topic. This technique can also link clusters through different language versions and track stories in time. Geospatial representation of news developments enables decision makers to better assess a complex situation in a fast and objective fashion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Topographic maps represent in a symbolised way the main features of the Earth΄s surface shape as well as the major, mostly visible objects covering the topography. The clear and readable depiction of the relief is one of the main challenges in topographic cartography. The Swiss cartographer Eduard Imhof had a significant influence on the development of modern topographic cartography. He published his trend-setting findings 40 years ago in his textbook ˵Cartographic Relief Presentation″. This overview paper reviews his major contributions to topographic cartography and presents today΄s state of cartographic relief depiction, illustrated by current map examples and projects elaborated at Imhof΄s Alma Mater, the Institute of Cartography of ETH Zurich. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Cosmography, in the context of this portrayal of a historically neglected area of eighteenth-century science, is another name for the ‘Idée Générate de la Géographie’ drawn up in 1752 by Philippe Buache, son-in-law of the famous French cartographer Guillaume De L'Isle and his successor as first geographer to Louis XV. This scheme was then presented to the Paris Academy of Sciences in the form of three charts containing detailed classifications of historical, physical, and mathematical geography respectively; these were duly approved nine years later, and published in 1762. Significantly, the third chart ‘Géographie Mathématique ou Astronomique’ is identical, down to the last detail, with another entitled ‘Mathematische Astronomie’ in Johann Gabriel Doppelmaier's Atlas coelestis (Nuremberg, 1752). The two titles reflect what may at first appear to be ambiguity in the conceptions of geography and astronomy, but arise from the fact that ‘astronomy’ was then regarded as possessing a terrestrial as well as a celestial component. The eighteenth-century meaning may, however, be captured by substituting the word ‘cosmography’ to encompass both components of that broader definition. The major sub-divisions of this classificatory system may therefore be represented as shown in Fig. 1. According to Doppelmaier, Buache, and the Paris academicians, the category ‘earth’ includes: the knowledge of the shape of our planet; its climate in the torrid, temperate, and polar regions; the specification of great circles such as the equator, horizon, and meridian, and small circles such as the tropics, arctic circles, and latitude circles generally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The globe as subject With few exceptions, historians of science have paid little attention to a major branch of natural philosophy in the eighteenth century: the science of the system of the earth and its products. Distinguished general surveys, such as those of Dampier, Singer, Hall, Gillispie and Taton, have no connected analysis of the sciences of the terraqueous globe. The volume Natural Philosophy through the Eighteenth Century barely mentions the physical environment. Most historians of science are still writing (sometimes Whiggish) ‘tunnel histories’, tracing the progress of modern scientific disciplines, rather than exploring the cognitive landscapes of the past. And much scholarship in this field remains stubbornly biographical rather than problem-oriented. Why has there been this neglect of the sciences of the physical environment, of the earth as such? It is partly a reflection of the focusing down of science itself, where formerly dominant all-embracing frameworks, like the Great Chain of Being, have splintered into specialties like palaeobotany and seismology. It is partly also a response to persuasive philosophies of science. Ever since the influential classifications of natural knowledge by Comte, J. S. Mill and Jevons, leading philosophers have argued that the ideal science is one of universal categories, amenable to abstraction and quantification. Thus physics rather than the ‘extensive’ environmental sciences becomes their model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]