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The biodegradation kinetics of paper materials with various chemical additives was studied, focusing on their potential tunability. Paper materials with additives, including retention aid, hydrophobic agent, and wet and dry strength agents, were explored in two forms: disintegrated fiber and paper form. Using the Gompertz equation, biodegradation kinetics were modeled to calculate the lag phase, initial biodegradation rate, and ultimate biodegradation extent. All paper materials showed higher biodegradation extents than microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) due to the highly biodegradable nature of hardwood bleached pulp. Disintegrated paper materials exhibited similar lag phase values and ultimate biodegradation to MCC regardless of treatment, while punched paper materials showed noticeable differences, suggesting that fiber disintegration plays a critical role in initiating biodegradation. Hydrophobic and wet strength treatments, such as alkyl ketone dimer (AKD) and wet-strength agents (PAE), respectively, significantly increased the lag phase, but their ultimate biodegradation extent remained intact. These findings highlight that the biodegradability of paper materials can be preserved even after chemical treatments, underscoring their environmentally friendly potential.

The years 1860 to 1960 witnessed the birth and rapid expansion of the modern pulp and paper industry. Its sine qua non was access to enormous volumes of conifer trees that grew in the northern hemisphere’s temperate and boreal forests. Predictably, countries in northern Europe with large swaths of these woodlands became home to substantial pulp and paper industries. This article explains why Great Britain represented Europe’s glaring exception to this rule. Unique circumstances allowed it to become Europe’s largest newsprint producer even though it suffered from a dearth of conifers. Britain’s newspaper publishers grew their circulations and created the largest newsprint market in Europe for most of the period under examination. To meet their exploding demand for paper, they gained control over their country’s newsprint industry. Like producers in other western European countries, they looked to Scandinavia to address their lack of domestic wood supplies, but they also exploited their imperial connection to access a prodigious supply of fibre and pulps in Canada and Newfoundland. Britain’s competitive advantage in this regard was political and not economic because tapping this distant source of raw materials was costly. Nevertheless, British producers were able to absorb the higher costs because their business was vertically integrated. However, British producers could not outrun their resource deficit forever. Changing global industry conditions after World War II caused them to lose their preponderant standing.

Abstract Flax (Linum usitatissimum) is a bast fiber plant known for its long fibers, making it an excellent source of pulp for paper production. In Ethiopia, flax is primarily cultivated for oil, with the residual straw utilized for papermaking. This study focuses on pulping flax straw using the Kraft process and investigates its chemical composition, proximate analysis, and morphological properties. The proximate analysis revealed an ash content of 4.13% and moisture content of 11%. Chemical composition analysis showed cellulose at 51.34%, hemicellulose at 25.20%, lignin at 14.12%, ash at 4.13%, and extractives at 5.21%. The morphological properties included a fiber length of 1.41 mm, diameter of 16.78 μm, lumen width of 9.45 μm, and cell wall thickness of 3.77 μm. Flax straw exhibited an acceptable Runkel ratio (0.8) and flexibility coefficient (56.32), placing it within the range of non-wood fibers. SEM analysis of the pulp’s morphology was conducted to assess fiber structure, including the presence of cracks. Pulp quality and length are directly linked to paper strength. Various pulping conditions were studied using a full-factorial design, with optimum conditions being 10% alkaline, 131.74°C, and 120 min of cooking time, yielding a pulp with a Kappa number of 10.45 and a yield of 40.56%. The resulting paper demonstrated standard tensile, tearing, and burst strengths, indicating that flax straw is a promising raw material for paper production.

To meet the design requirements of multi-band and miniaturization antennas in mobile communication system， combined with the structural advantages of metamaterials， a 2D/3D tunable dual-band paper-based metamaterial antenna was designed based on origami technique. In order to illustrate the characteristics of the paper-based antenna， such as easy processing， low cost， and easy carrying， prototype antennas were fabricated by coating conductive silver on different paper-based materials. The simulation and measured results show that the antenna can operate at 2.45 GHz and 1.40 GHz in 2D and 3D states respectively， and the operating frequency band can be controlled by adjusting the folding angle of the inner ring. In addition， the radiation patterns of 2D and 3D antennas were studied respectively. The main radiation direction of the 2D antenna is perpendicular to the plane of the antenna， while the main radiation direction of the 3D antenna is controlled by the folding angle of the inner ring. The paper-based metamaterial antenna provides new ideas for antenna design to achieve switchable operating frequency bands and has a wide application in portable mobile terminal and multi-band communication.

Abstract Electrochemical analysis of glucose monitoring without painful blood collection provides a new noninvasive route for monitoring glucose levels. Thus, in this study, biobased cellulosic papers (methylated and phosphorylated one) based glucose monitoring sensor is developed. To achieve high hydrophilicity, microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) were functionalized using hexokinase mediated phosphorylation (–OH to – $$\text{SO}_{3}^{2-}$$ ). The instinctive increased surface charge density from 36.2 ± 3.4 to 118.4 ± 1.2 µmol/g and decrease contact angle (45°–22°) confirms the increased hydrophilicity of paper. Furthermore, functionalized phos-MFC paper increase the capillary flow of sweat, required low quantity (1 µl) of sweat for accurate analysis of glucose level. Additionally, chemically induced methyl groups (–CH3) make the sensor more barrier to other chemicals. In addition, a multilayer patch design combined with sensor miniaturization was used to lead to an increase in the efficiency of the sweat collection and sensing processes. Besides, this paper sensor integrated with artificial transdermal drug delivery unit (agarose gel as skin) for monitoring glucose levels in sweat. The patch monitoring system increase the accuracy of sensing with fluctuation in sweat vol. (1–4 µl), temperature (20–70 °C), and pH (4.0–7.0). In addition, temperature dependency artificial transdermal delivery (within agarose gel) of drug metformin agrees the measurement accuracy of sensor, called “switch system” without any error. As a result, the reported MFC paper based multi-patch disposable sensing system provides a novel closed-loop solution for the noninvasive sweat-based management of diabetes mellitus.

Abstract The Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS) was conducted in paper and online reading modes in 2016 using the same samples of students in a number of countries. Differences in reading literacy scores were found in several European countries. In some countries, the differences favored the electronic reading mode. Yet in others, the paper reading mode was favored. As the electronic reading mode differs substantially in the cognitive demands compared to the paper mode, it can be expected that the differences between the two modes are related to the variables related to technology: availability and access, general use, use for educational purposes in class or out-of-school, and self-efficacy with technology. This study investigates the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) factors related to the differences in paper and online reading in six European countries participating in both modes in PIRLS 2016. This study uses linear regression models as the application of multilevel modeling is not suitable because of the low between-school variances across countries. The results from this study show limited support for the relative effect that the student individual, school, and classroom ICT variables have on the differences between paper and electronic reading. Access to technology is related to mode differences only in Italy, and the use of computer devices in and out of school is related to the mode differences in Italy and Portugal. Student self-efficacy is related to the mode differences in Portugal and Slovenia. School resources show significant effects in Denmark (computers to students ratio) and Italy (instruction affected by digital resource shortages). None of the classroom variables showed any significant relationship in any of the countries. In addition, socio-economic status (which is proxied by the variable on home resources for learning) is a significant predictor in half of the countries. In addition to these findings, the general technological context within countries is discussed as part of an evaluation of the difference in reading in the two test delivery modes. The general uptake of technology in different social and economic aspects, as measured by the Digital Economy and Society Index (DESI), follows the differences between the two reading modes.

We explored the aging effects on insulating materials used in power transformers through dielectric spectroscopy. Frequency domain spectroscopy (FDS) was conducted for both aged and new Kraft paper and pressboard samples to determine their dielectric properties across a temperature range of 40–100 ℃ for pressboard and 40–70 ℃ for Kraft paper. Principal component analysis (PCA) was employed to classify the data, identify key factors contributing to variance, and elucidate the relationships between different parameters. The analysis revealed positive correlations between conductivity and frequency, as well as between permittivity and tan delta, with distinct differences in behavior observed between aged and new samples at lower frequencies. Additionally, the impact of temperature was evident, with increased temperature leading to an upward shift in dielectric behavior. At lower temperatures, aging had a reduced effect on the materials' properties. These findings provide significant insights into the dielectric behavior and aging mechanisms of insulation materials in power transformers.

Background: The use of a standardized national chronic noncommunicable disease (CNCD) registry is of immense benefit in addressing the CNCD burden in Trinidad and Tobago (T&T). This study seeks to assess the outcomes of a paper-based CNCD registry implemented in the primary health-care centers in South Trinidad. Methods: At the South-West Regional Health Authority, a standardized paper-based registry was implemented in 2017, at the 33 public primary health-care clinics. Following this, a CNCD Registry Assessment Survey was administered cross-sectionally to 94 end-users to evaluate the implementation outcomes of the registry. The outcome domains – feasibility, penetration, acceptability, sustainability, fidelity, uptake, and costs were analyzed using summary statistics. Results: Fifty-five percent of end-users responded. Most responses came from the primary care physicians 1 (50.0%) of County Caroni. Most respondents were from County Caroni, 19 (36.5%) and St. Patrick, 19 (36.5%). Ninety-one percent of end-users thought that the CNCD registry was easily adopted. For 85.9% of end-users, the registry had fidelity (85.9%); 84.2% thought it was well accepted; feasible (82.7%); easily penetrated (82.7%), and appropriate (76.0%). Forty-two percent thought that the cost of implementation was high, while 30.8% were neutral. Seventy-one percent thought that the paper-based CNCD registry should be sustained, and 94.2% of end-users thought that an electronic CNCD registry should be implemented. Conclusion: It is possible and feasible to implement a standardized paper-based registry. Through this process, we were able to define the prevalence of five CNCDs and two risk factors of overweight/obesity and smoking for the chronic disease clinic population. Subsequently, we would like to implement a digitized CNCD registry.

Abstract The pulp and paper industry generates vast quantities of paper sludge, posing significant environmental challenges due to its disposal in landfills or incineration. This study explores the potential of valorizing paper sludge by incorporating it into particleboard production. It aims to optimize sludge content and particle size to enhance board properties—a novel approach to waste management in the wood composites industry. Through systematic variation of sludge content (0–25%) and particle size ( 2 mm), we assessed the mechanical and physical properties such as internal bond strength (IB), modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE), water absorption (WA), and thickness swelling (TS). The findings indicate that incorporating paper sludge at moderate levels (5–15%) with optimized particle sizes (

Yang Xi,1,* Yu-Qin Deng,1,2,* Han-Da Li,1 Wo-Er Jiao,1 Jin Chen,2 Jian-Jun Chen,3 Ze-Zhang Tao1,2 1Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China; 2Institute of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Ze-Zhang Tao, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jie-Fang Road, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 13907141892, Fax +86 27 88043958, Email taozezhang696@163.com Jian-Jun Chen, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Jianghan District, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 13659851719, +86 27 85726300, Email ylly80331@163.comPurpose: Up to now, there is no generally accepted biomarker to indicate the clinical response of immunotherapy. This study mainly analyzed the correlation between eosinophil cationic protein-myeloperoxidase (ECP-MPO) test papers and other immunotherapy indices in subcutaneous immunotherapy of dust mites and to explore whether the test paper can be used as an auxiliary index to quickly evaluate the efficacy of immunotherapy.Patients and methods: This study included 53 participants who received subcutaneous immunotherapy at the allergy clinic of Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University and 28 control participants. Six visits were conducted during a prospective study over one year. The results of the ECP-MPO test paper, nasal secretion eosinophil smear and count, nasal secretion ECP concentration, and clinical symptom scores were collected during five follow-up visits after the start of subcutaneous immunotherapy. Th1/Th2/Th17 cytokines, chemokines, IgE, IgG4 against dust mite components, and ECP concentrations were detected in the serum of participants at baseline, six months, and one year after subcutaneous immunotherapy.Results: The ECP test paper is not only easy to operate, but also can effectively and quickly detect the concentrations of ECP in the nasal secretion and diagnose allergic rhinitis. Symptom score is an important index for evaluating clinical immune efficacy, during subcutaneous immunotherapy, the ECP test paper showed a positive correlation with the symptom score. Simultaneously, during immunotherapy, the changes in the chromogenic grading of the test paper were synchronized with the changes in inflammatory cytokines and eosinophilic chemokines in Th2 cells of serum dust mite IgE. The sIgG4 against dust mites weakly negatively correlated with the concentration of ECP in nasal secretions and the color classification of the ECP test paper.Conclusion: The ECP-MPO test paper has a certain correlation with subcutaneous immunotherapy markers of allergic rhinitis, indicating that the ECP test paper may become an auxiliary biomarker to replace other complex laboratory tests.Keywords: dust mites, ECP-MPO test paper, subcutaneous immunotherapy, allergic rhinitis

Abstract The study was designed to explore the efficiency of magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs)/bacterial cell assembly to biodegrade lignin and lignocellulose, decontaminate pulp and paper-contaminated wastewater and optimize lignin adsorption by Fe3O4 NPs. Water samples were collected from three paper and carton manufacturing companies, Alexandria Governorate, Egypt. Pseudomonas otitidis MCC10330, the most active and promising strain among 10 previously screened indigenous and exogenous isolates, was selected and decorated with magnetic Fe3O4 Nanoparticles, that were prepared by the co-precipitation method, characterized and used to decontaminate paper and pulp effluent in a batch mode bioassay for 4 h. Fe3O4 NPs/bacterial cell assembly achieved the highest removals (64.1, 52.0, 54.3 and 66.6%) of TSS, COD, BOD, and Total Tannin and Lignin after 1, 4 and 4 h, reaching residual concentrations (RCs) of 322, 216, 112 and 7 mg/L, which are still slightly higher (5.35, 2.7 and 1.86-fold) than their maximum permissible limits (MPLs), respectively. RCs of pH, DO and TDS in the treated effluent are accepted for safe discharging. Maximum lignin adsorption and removal (82.14%) using Fe3O4 NPs was achieved at the optimized conditions (pH 6, Fe3O4 NPs dosage of 100 mg and 10 min contact time). Results confirmed that the proposed magnetite-coated Pseudomonas otitidis treatment system is highly efficient and recommended to treat the highly contaminated pulp and paper wastewater. Also, as far as we know, this integrated assemblage is the first time to be used as a novel, very promising, eco-friendly, renewable and economical biotechnological approach to minimize/eliminate the involved pollutants with the least running time.

Reducing the carbon footprint of higher education institutions has become a global trend in recent years, as they are the axis of society's scientific and technological transformation that must be carried out with a sustainable approach. Among the many approaches that can contribute to this problem are the digital transformation of academic and administrative processes and its impact on reducing paper use. This study details the statistical analysis of the digital transformation process based on the modules and computer services implemented by the ICT department in a higher education institution and its incidence in reducing the use of paper by its teaching and administrative staff. For this purpose, an initial instrument was proposed, consisting of 18 ordinal, three categorical and two numerical variables. After applying statistical data processing and validation techniques, it was reduced to 13 ordinal variables, three categorical and two influential numerical variables. In addition, this study has proposed an appropriate statistical protocol for the design and extraction of information applicable in the context of higher education institutions, consisting of the techniques: Mahalanobis distances, confirmatory factor analysis, Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney's U and Wilcoxon tests. The results showed the power of confirmatory factor analysis as a technique for obtaining models to measure indirectly observed latent variables, such as perceptions of digital transformation and paper reduction. In addition, it was found that the modules, systems, and computer tools implemented in the institution significantly reduced the execution times for performing administrative and teaching tasks in the institution, and significant differences were identified in the perception of digital transformation and reduction of paper use among staff.

Paper-based materials made from cellulose have been sought after as a sustainable and inexpensive packaging option. However, the porous structure and high hydrophilicity of paper-based materials result in inadequate water and oil repellency, as well as a limited water vapor barrier. In this work, lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) were prepared using a high-speed homogenizer, and subsequently coated on base paper along with cationic starch to enhance its multi-barrier performance to facilitate the packaging application. The LNPs obtained through such a facile process formed stable colloidal dispersion in water, which exhibited excellent interfacial compatibility with cationic starch. During the coating process, a highly adhesive emulsion consisting of cationic starch and LNPs were coated on the surface of base paper, imparting good hydrophobic properties to the paper. The resulting paper material exhibited good water resistance (Cobb value of 37.5 g m−2), high oil resistance (Kit rating 9) and tensile strength (48.93 MPa). The reduction in water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) exceeds sixfold. This study provides a new avenue for the application of lignin in high-barrier, fluorine-free, water-and oil-resistant packaging materials.

Abstract In recent years, language practitioners have paid increasing attention to artificial intelligence (AI)’s role in language programs. This study investigated the impact of AI-assisted language assessment on L2 learners’ foreign language anxiety (FLA), attitudes, motivation, and writing skills. The study adopted a sequential exploratory mixed-methods design. Divided between an experimental group (receiving AI-assisted assessment) and a control group (receiving paper-format assessment), the participants were 70 intermediate English learners from two intact university classes in Bangladesh. The TOEFL iBT writing section measured writing skills, while the study also investigated perceptions and experiences of FLA, attitudes, and motivation using narrative frames. Thematic analysis of the narrative data showed that AI-assisted assessment greatly raised learners’ motivation, improved attitudes about language acquisition, and lowered FLA. According to quantitative analysis, the pretest writing abilities across groups showed no appreciable variation. Even though the difference was not statistically significant on the posttest, the experimental group exceeded the control group. The results of this study imply that AI-assisted assessments can generate a helpful learning environment, lower anxiety, improve attitudes, and increase motivation, thereby delivering useful information. Future studies should investigate long-term consequences, and further improvements to AI tools should optimize educational advantages—attitudes, motivation, and writing skills.

This study evaluated the implementation and effectiveness of inquiry-based learning in teaching paper-based geographic information systems (PBGIS) in South African secondary schools. PBGIS refers to teaching GIS through maps without using digital applications such as Quantum GIS and ArcGIS. The Department of Basic Education (DBE) has not provided geography teachers with clear guidelines for teaching PBGIS. Although DBE has provided geography teachers with sufficient PBGIS content, PBGIS pedagogical approaches are still fragmented. National Senior Certificate diagnostic reports indicate poor performance of learners on questions related to GIS in the examinations. The Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge is the conceptual framework used to understand the implementation and effectiveness of Inquiry-based Learning (IBL) in teaching PBGIS in secondary schools. This interpretive paradigm study underpinned the qualitative research design. The findings show that geography teachers implement IBL to engage learners in PBGIS research projects and mapwork activities that use scenarios to solve problems. Teachers believe using IBL is effective because it assists learners in becoming critical thinkers and developing skills to question their curiosity to construct knowledge through research projects. The study recommends that geography teachers use IBL to teach PBGIS in ways that stimulate learners’ critical thinking and help them learn to collaborate with others during the inquiry process. The study’s contribution may assist the DBE, teachers, learners, lecturers, and students with insights toward understanding the implementation and effectiveness of IBL in teaching PBGIS in secondary schools.

Background: Prosthetic treatment in case of complete edentulism has the task of restoring the lost chewing function, speech and breathing and preventing the appearance or deepening of the reduction changes of both the soft tissues and the bones in the maxillofacial region, as well as restoring the aesthetic appearance and improving the psyche of the patient The aim of the present pilot study is to evaluate the satisfaction with treatment with complete dentures articulated with articulation paper and the T-SCAN system, which will serve as the basis for a large-scale cross-sectional study. Material and methods: The study includes a sample of 20 completely edentulous patients. The sample consisted of 10 women and 10 men. The studied patients were randomly divided into two groups of 10 people each. The patients were interviewed post treatment [at 5 weeks], a validated questionnaire about oral health-related quality of life in edentulous people [OHIP-EDENT] was applied. Results: The digital occlusal analysis provides more accurate information on the articulation of the prostheses, as it indicates the teeth with increased force in percentages and also the sequence of occurrence of the occlusal contacts. Analysis of occlusal contacts is subjective, and articulating them with this method carries error risks.When using the T-Scan system, patients are more satisfied than the treatment with total patients, as they feel the prostheses are much more comfortable and in much fewer visits. Conclusion: This quantitative methodology can be used as the method of choice for control of occluso-articulation relationships in treatment with total dentures in any dental practice, if technically possible.

Abstract This work proposed an approach to multi-component non-metallic materials, namely regular polygonal paper honeycomb sandwich tubes filled with polyethylene (PE) foam, and focused on the influence of drop impact parameters and structural parameters on the deformation characteristics and energy absorption of the filled tubes. Axial drop impact tests were employed to exert drop impact loading on cross-sections of the specimens with a square drop weight. The results showed that the X-direction filled tube (X-DFT) had a higher crushing strength and yield strength than that of the Y-direction filled tube (Y-DFT). As the tubular cross-section edge number of the filled tube increased, the specific energy absorption (SEA) and specific total efficiency (STE) decreased. Under the same axial drop impact loading conditions, the SEA and STE of the X-DFT were superior to those of the Y-DFT. As the edge number of the tubular cross-section or the tubular length ratio increased, the SEA and STE of the filled honeycomb tube decreased significantly. While the impact energy increased, the SEA and STE of the filled tubes increased approximately linearly. This work investigated the influence of drop-impact and structural parameters on deformation characteristics and energy absorption. It is expected to provide supplementary documentation for the advancement of cushion protection technology and the optimization of product structure.

The disposable cup market has long relied on paperboard with a fossil-based polymer coating as a replacement for 100% plastic cups. Paperboards with biobased or biodegradable polymer coatings are aimed at reducing the fossil resource consumption of the packaging sector. However, as their properties are inherently different from traditional, fossil-based materials, they can face runnability issues. In order to establish a connection between certain material properties and runnability issues, four coated paperboard materials with differing surface and strength properties were converted into 250 mL/8 oz disposable drinking cups. The materials included two single-side extrusion-coated paperboards and two two-sided dispersion-coated paperboards. The cups were manufactured in two separate runs with minor machine adjustments to affect the resulting cup geometry. A comparison of the manufactured cups and material properties revealed the materials’ coefficient of friction to be the major cause of runnability issues or defects. Other suspected properties affecting the performance of cup materials included bending stiffness and compression strength.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the primary cause of cervical cancer, a major global health concern affecting women worldwide. Early detection of high-risk HPV genotypes is crucial for timely intervention and reducing disease burden. However, current detection methods often lack sensitivity, speed, or cost-effectiveness, especially in resource-limited settings. This work addresses this critical need by developing an ultrasensitive electrochemical biosensing platform based on nitrogen-doped graphene paper electrodes for quantifying high-risk HPV16 DNA sequences. The N-graphene nanohybrid, fabricated via simple solvothermal treatment of biomass-derived graphene oxide, demonstrated significantly enhanced electrical and electrocatalytic properties compared to undoped graphene. DNA detection was achieved through characteristic oxidation signals of guanine bases, which displayed a wide linear dynamic range (0.5–100 μg/mL), low detection limit (75 pg/mL), and excellent reproducibility (relative standard deviation

For a hygiene paper such as tissue and towel, strength, softness, and absorbency are known as attributes that a user is looking for. It is proposed here that purchasing decisions are likely to be influenced by in-use experiences, which may be quite different from the physical properties measured with current standardized tests. There have been continuous efforts on developing physical test methods to replace subjective in-use tests because the benefits of the former are too significant to be overlooked. This paper considered some in-use test methods for paper towel products that can be carried out by panel members quickly in the course of sensory panel testing. In addition, laboratory tests were developed in an attempt to quantify such input. The sensory panel testing showed that (wet) strength and absorbency were the key contributions to the performance of paper towels. Softness did not show any significant contribution to it. Wet strength showed a high correlation with absorbency. The (wet) ball burst strength had the highest correlation with the in-use strength. Although both the tensile strength and the ball burst strength had a high correlation with preference, the ball burst tester is preferred because more reproducible and simpler to operate.

The development of pesticides has significantly advanced global agricultural production, but the ensuing problem of pesticide residues poses a severe threat to human health. So, there is an urgent need to establish a rapid, accurate, sensitive, cost-effective and on-site method for large-scale detection of pesticide residues. Electrochemical paper-based analytical devices (ePADs) represents a highly sensitive and portable microanalysis system, which uses paper as a substrate and relies on a capillary force to drive the fluid for the separation and detection of samples. The diversity of pesticides and agricultural products and the complexity of matrices impose high requirements on the sample preparation procedure. This article summarizes the preparation process of ePADs from the aspects of paper selection, the establishment of hydrophilic and hydrophobic channels, the integration of separation zones, and electrode printing. Subsequently, this paper establishes the relationship between pesticide detection and chip preparation based on the mechanism of electrochemical detection of pesticides. Finally, it discusses the advantages, challenges and future prospects of ePADs with a view to providing theoretical reference for enhanced application of ePADs in the field of pesticide residue detection.

Abstract This study aims to characterise the so-called Sialkoti paper used to produce Pahari drawings preserved today in the Wereldmuseum in Leiden (Netherlands) (WML). These works originate from the Punjab Hills in India (today Himachal Pradesh) and are commonly known as ‘Pahari miniature paintings’. The paper upon which these drawings are executed is said to have been produced in Sialkot during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries when papermaking was an integral part of an overall regional economy correlated with other sectors such as agriculture and the textile industry. Although the term Sialkoti refers to identified papermills in Sialkot (now Pakistan), the paper from this region is yet to be subjected to a systematic study. This article therefore explores the paper(s) in question through macro- and microscopic observations of structure, pulp and fibres. The study of historical sources, complemented by the analysis of paper samples and fibre identification, has revealed that the pulp would have been prepared from a variety of manufactured products using different technologies, such as rags, cloth, mats, rope and other plant-based materials made from local bast fibres which, once tattered, were recycled to prepare the pulp. Microscopic study reveals that a variety of fibre combinations under different conditions and processing steps were used, in particular sunn hemp fibre (Crotalaria juncea L.), a plant species that has until now rarely been identified in historical paper. In addition, the presence of kenaf and jute fibres, as well as a significant quantity of cotton fibres, have also been demonstrated. To overcome the lack of comparative materials, our work was supported by a comparative study of several materials made from sunn hemp now held in the Ethnobotany Collection at Kew Gardens. Samples were taken from these materials and provided useful reference micrographs for the identification of the WML samples. The quality of the paper used by Pahari artists, as well as the raw materials available and their processing, are discussed in detail. Putting all the data, including technical and historical information into perspective, we conclude that the Pahari artists used a paper of inferior quality compared to other types of paper used for other purposes such as the creation of illuminated manuscripts in the Punjab plains. This study therefore provides useful analytical and material evidence that complements previous historical, technical and anthropological studies.

This research investigated the influence of the layered structure of paper on its selected strength properties. Two types of cellulose pulp were used: unbleached kraft pine pulp (UBSK) and unrefined bleached birch kraft pulp (BHK). Multi-ply papers were obtained from layers of appropriate grammage formed separately and bonded in a wet state. Paper layers were formed from primary pulps (UBSK and BHK) or their mixtures (three-ply UBSK-BHK paper and three-ply UBSK-BHK-UBSK paper), from which various variants of laboratory paper samples were made. This work focused on three-layer papers. The obtained laboratory sheets were analysed for changes in tear resistance, tensile strength, bursting strength, short span compression strength (SCT), and corrugating medium test (CMT). In most cases, three-layer structures were characterised by higher strength parameters than single-layer papers. The tear strength and SCT of papers consisting of three layers formed from both mixed pulps were slightly lower than those of solid papers. The results demonstrate the feasibility of producing three-ply paper with significantly reduced variability in parameters such as elongation and bursting strength, which are inherently subject to high variability.

Pretreated carboxymethylated nanofibrillated cellulose (CM-NFC) was tested as a strength enhancer for specialty paper, such as banknotes made from cotton linter mixed pulp (CLMP). The pretreatment agent was cationic poly(acrylamide) (C-PAM). The CM-CMF prototype was supplied by a Korean manufacturer. Laboratory tests and pilot trials were performed to evaluate the strength enhancement of banknotes incorporated with surface-modified CM-NFC and determine the process problems encountered in a pilot paper machine. The CM-NFC was surface modified with 0.1% C-PAM without any agglomerates. The prepared laboratory handsheets had high paper strength, which was attributed to the higher nanofibril content of surface-modified CM-NFC compared with that of unmodified CM-NFC. Pilot trials showed that the incorporation of 3% surface-modified CM-NFC was highly effective in promoting the strength of banknote without low retention and drainability on the wet-end part of the pilot paper machine. Therefore, surface-modified CM-NFC at a controlled dosage could be used as a strength enhancer for specialty paper without incurring serious problems in a paper mill.

This research investigated the influence of the layered structure of paper on its selected strength properties. Two types of cellulose pulp were used: unbleached kraft pine pulp (UBSK) and unrefined bleached birch kraft pulp (BHK). Multi-ply papers were obtained from layers of appropriate grammage formed separately and bonded in a wet state. Paper layers were formed from primary pulps (UBSK and BHK) or their mixtures (three-ply UBSK-BHK paper and three-ply UBSK-BHK-UBSK paper), from which various variants of laboratory paper samples were made. This work focused on three-layer papers. The obtained laboratory sheets were analysed for changes in tear resistance, tensile strength, bursting strength, short span compression strength (SCT), and corrugating medium test (CMT). In most cases, three-layer structures were characterised by higher strength parameters than single-layer papers. The tear strength and SCT of papers consisting of three layers formed from both mixed pulps were slightly lower than those of solid papers. The results demonstrate the feasibility of producing three-ply paper with significantly reduced variability in parameters such as elongation and bursting strength, which are inherently subject to high variability.

Pretreated carboxymethylated nanofibrillated cellulose (CM-NFC) was tested as a strength enhancer for specialty paper, such as banknotes made from cotton linter mixed pulp (CLMP). The pretreatment agent was cationic poly(acrylamide) (C-PAM). The CM-CMF prototype was supplied by a Korean manufacturer. Laboratory tests and pilot trials were performed to evaluate the strength enhancement of banknotes incorporated with surface-modified CM-NFC and determine the process problems encountered in a pilot paper machine. The CM-NFC was surface modified with 0.1% C-PAM without any agglomerates. The prepared laboratory handsheets had high paper strength, which was attributed to the higher nanofibril content of surface-modified CM-NFC compared with that of unmodified CM-NFC. Pilot trials showed that the incorporation of 3% surface-modified CM-NFC was highly effective in promoting the strength of banknote without low retention and drainability on the wet-end part of the pilot paper machine. Therefore, surface-modified CM-NFC at a controlled dosage could be used as a strength enhancer for specialty paper without incurring serious problems in a paper mill.

The increasing rates of illicit behaviors, particularly financial crimes, e.g., bank fraud and tax evasion, adversely affect national economies. In such cases, using nondestructive methods, scientists must evaluate relevant documents carefully to preserve their value as evidence. When forensic laboratories analyze paper as evidence, they typically investigate its origin and date of manufacture. If a document’s date is earlier than the earliest availability of the paper used in its creation, then this anachronism indicates that the document has been backdated. This study investigated weave marks and drainage marks for forensic purposes. Machine learning models for forensic document examination were developed and evaluated. The partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), support vector machine (SVM), and artificial neural network (ANN) classification models achieved F1-scores of 0.903, 0.952, and 0.931, respectively. In addition, to enhance model effectiveness and construct a robust model, variables were selected using the VIP scores generated by the PLS-DA model. As a result, the SoftMax classifier in the ANN model maintained its performance with an F1-score of 0.951 even with a 50% reduction in the number of input variables.

Abstract The trail making test (TMT) is a commonly used tool for evaluating executive functions, and the activation of cerebral oxygenation in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) during the test can reflect the participation of executive function. This study aimed to compare the differences in cerebral oxygenation in the PFC between the computer- and paper-based versions of the TMT and provide a theoretical basis for the optimization and clinical application of the computer-based version. A total of 32 healthy adult participants completed the computer- and paper-based TMT Types A and B. Cerebral oxygenation changes in the PFC were monitored during the experiment using near-infrared spectroscopy. Moreover, average changes in oxyhemoglobin (Δoxy-Hb) levels at the baseline and during activation periods in different types of testing were compared and analyzed. The number of correct connections in the computer-based version Type B was less than that in the paper-based version Type B (p

Abstract Background Oil spills are widespread and can cause devastating environmental consequences. Rapid oil identification is critical to find the origin of the spill, monitor the environment, and lead to informed mitigation measures. The current standard methods in oil spill identification are precise and reliable, but require extensive sample preparation, long instrument runs, and time-consuming data processing. Direct analysis in real time time-of-flight mass spectrometry (DART-ToF MS) has been employed to screen for spilled petroleum oils, with results obtained in mere hours. The present study introduced an innovative, simple, and fast oil sampling method using hydrophobic filter paper and demonstrated its compatibility with DART-ToF MS analysis. Motor oils, jet fuels, marine diesels, crude oils, intermediate fuel oils, heavy fuel oils, and diluted bitumen were collected using the filter paper sampling method. Classification models were constructed from the spectral data by heat map inspection followed by principal component analysis (PCA) and discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC). Oil slicks and weathered oil slicks were prepared from five oil types, and samples from each slick were collected using filter paper. Results The filter paper technique allowed for effective oil sampling and data acquisition by DART-ToF MS for diluted source oils, oil slicks and weathered oil slicks. Classification via the constructed DAPC models indicated that the DART-ToF MS instrument in tandem with filter paper sampling and multivariate statistics can accurately identify common oil types, with significant improvement of sample collection and turnaround time. Conclusions The promising classification results, simple sample collection, and rapid data analysis illustrate the potential use of hydrophobic filter paper and DART-ToF MS as tools in managing large scale oil spill emergency situations.

Abstract This research explores how paper and online assessments (OA) can affect EFL learners’ personal development variables such as self-esteem, mindfulness, demotivation, and language learning development. Sixty intermediate English as a foreign language (EFL) students participated in the current research and were randomly grouped into the experimental group (EG) and the control group (CG). Before the intervention, the data collection tools assessing language learners’ self-esteem, mindfulness, demotivation, and language learning development were administered as pre-tests to all the participants. Subsequently, the EG was taught all lessons of the coursebook, Top Notch 2, by utilizing OA while the CG was taught the identical lessons using a conventional (pen and paper) assessment. In the post-treatment phase, the two groups completed the post-tests on self-esteem mindfulness, demotivation, and language learning progress. The study demonstrated that the EG group outperformed the CG group on the four post-tests. The findings indicate that the intervention of OA significantly enhanced language learning outcomes and psychological well-being regarding the measured personal development variables. The enhanced efficacy in the EG group can be ascribed to the utilization of OA during the treatment phase, which has a beneficial effect on academic and personal development. This study also posits that integrating OA augments psychological engagement and language development among EFL learners. It highlights the implications of the results associating teaching EFL via OA with the observed personal development aspects and attributes them to effects of positive psychology.

Research objective. The main objectives of developing a module for automatic assessment of students’ papers based on the Russian grading scale system are:– Increased grading efficiency: the automatic system can process a larger number of papers in less time than a lecturer, reducing the time spent on checking;– Grading objectivity: the automated system is not subject to bias and other human factors, which ensures more objective grading of papers;– Standardization of grading: the automated system provides a uniform approach to grading, making it more transparent and comparable;– Reduced workload for lecturers: freeing lecturers from the routine work of checking papers allows them to devote more time to individual work with students.Materials and methods. Various methods can be used to develop a module for automatic assessment of students’ work, such as:Machine learning techniques: these techniques allow the module to learn from a set of examples where lecturers have already assessed students’ papers and automatically grade new papers.Natural Language Processing (NLP) methods: these methods allow the module to understand the meaning of text and evaluate it against given criteria.Expert systems methods: these methods allow the module to utilize the knowledge of experts in assessing students’ papers. For this project, we have chosen a combination of Levenshtein and Jaro index algorithms based on the method of assessing students’ knowledge in the Russian system.Results. The following main results were obtained in the course of this research. The module of automatic evaluation of student papers has been successfully developed and implemented on the basis of the Russian system of evaluation scales. Test evaluations of papers showed high accuracy of the module’s predictions and reliability of its work. Comparison of the module with manual assessment confirmed its ability to give comparable results. The module proved to be useful for lecturers, providing them with the ability to quickly and objectively assess students’ papers. Integration of the module with existing learning management systems facilitates its implementation in the educational environment. All the obtained results testify to the high efficiency and prospectivity of the developed module.Conclusion. As a result of this work, a module for automatic evaluation of students’ papers based on the Russian system of evaluation scales was developed and implemented. The main results of the work are that the module has been successfully tested and demonstrated high accuracy and reliability in the assessment of papers. The module has also demonstrated its usefulness for lecturers, providing them with an opportunity to quickly and objectively assess students’ papers. Due to its integration with existing learning management systems, the module can be easily implemented into the educational environment. In general, the results of the work confirm the effectiveness and prospects of using automatic assessment of students’ papers based on the Russian system of assessment scales.

The recyclable paper based on photochromic materials not only reduces the pollution in the paper manufacture process, but also reduces the pollution caused by the use of ink, which receives wide attention. In this paper, a series of phosphomolybdic acid–phosphotungstic acid/ZnO/polyvinylpyrrolidone (PMoA-PWA/ZnO/PVP) hybrid films, which had different ratio of PMoA/PWA, was prepared by the ultrasonic composite method. The results indicated that the hybrid film prepared when the ratio of PMoA to PWA was 3 had the best photochromic performance. In this system, ZnO was the photosensitizer, while PMoA/PWA was the chromophore. The photochromic mechanism of the PMoA-PWA/ZnO/PVP hybrid film was based on the photogenerated electron transfer mechanism. ZnO generated photoelectron under the excitation of visible light, then PMoA and PWA obtained the photoelectron and produced photoreduction reaction to generate heteropolyblue. The visible light photochromic paper was prepared by loaded PMoA-PWA/ZnO/PVP hybrid film (A3) on A4 paper. Application tests showed that the prepared paper had extremely stable, excellent and reversible visible light photochromic properties, whether it was printing patterns or words, and could replace ordinary paper to realize the reuse of paper.

The potential of paper and paperboard as fiber-based materials capable of replacing conventional polymer-based materials has been widely investigated and evaluated. Due to paper’s limited extensibility and inherent heterogeneity, local structural variations lead to unpredictable local mechanical behavior and instability during processing, such as mechanical forming. To gain a deeper understanding of the impact of mechanical behavior and heterogeneity on the paper forming process, the Finite Element Method (FEM) coupled with continuum modeling is being explored as a potential approach to enhance comprehension. To achieve this goal, utilizing experimentally derived material parameters alongside stochastic finite element methods allows for more precise modeling of material behavior, considering the local material properties. This work first introduces the approach of modeling heterogeneity or local material structure within continuum models, such as the Stochastic Finite Element Method (SFEM). A fundamental challenge lies in accurately measuring these local material properties. Experimental investigations are being conducted to numerically simulate mechanical behavior. An overview is provided of experimental methods for material characterization, as found in literature, with a specific focus on measuring local mechanical material structure. By doing so, it enables the characterization of the global material structure and mechanical behavior of paper and paperboard.

The mineralization of inorganic components in paper sludge offers potential for their re-use in various fields. This study synthesized carbonates based on the minerals present in paper sludge and aimed to investigate the control of particle size distribution and particle shape of the synthesized carbonates. First, the physicochemical and thermal properties of paper mill sludge and ash were evaluated using a spectrophotometer, XRF, and TGA. Paper sludge ash was obtained by incinerating the paper sludge, followed by a carbonation reaction using CO2 gas injection and pH neutralization to produce recycled fillers. The average particle size, crystal lattice structure, and morphology of the recycled fillers were analyzed using a particle size analyzer, XRD, and FE-SEM. The results indicate that the recycled filler produced from coating paper sludge exhibited similar brightness and morphology to conventional paper-based fillers, suggesting its potential to replace commercial PCC (Precipitated Calcium Carbonate). In contrast, the recycled filler manufactured using old corrugated container mill sludge was deemed unsuitable due to its low hydration activity.

Partial discharge at the oil-paper interface is one of the main reasons for the failure of oil-paper insulation in oil-immersed transformers. In this article, based on the numerical model of multi-branching streamer discharge, a multi-branching streamer discharge model in oil-paper insulation system is constructed by further considering the charge transport characteristics of oil-paper interface. The surface discharge characteristics under the influence of the dielectric constant ratio between natural ester insulating oil and insulating paper, and the spacing between needle electrode and paperboard are studied by finite element method, respectively. The results show that the distance between the needle electrode and the paperboard, and the dielectric constant ratio of insulating oil and insulating paper both significantly affect the streamer branching. The smaller the clearance between the needle electrode and paper-board is, the more serious the inhibition of streamer branches at the oil-paper interface is, which resulting in the streamers near the oil-paper interface are more significant effect on the propagation of the z-axis streamer. When the dielectric constant of the insulating oil is larger than that of the paperboard, the development and branching of the streamer in the oil will be more significant. On the contrary, the streamer is more likely to develop along the surface of the paperboard and accumulate charge at the oil-paper interface.

The mineralization of inorganic components in paper sludge offers potential for their re-use in various fields. This study synthesized carbonates based on the minerals present in paper sludge and aimed to investigate the control of particle size distribution and particle shape of the synthesized carbonates. First, the physicochemical and thermal properties of paper mill sludge and ash were evaluated using a spectrophotometer, XRF, and TGA. Paper sludge ash was obtained by incinerating the paper sludge, followed by a carbonation reaction using CO2 gas injection and pH neutralization to produce recycled fillers. The average particle size, crystal lattice structure, and morphology of the recycled fillers were analyzed using a particle size analyzer, XRD, and FE-SEM. The results indicate that the recycled filler produced from coating paper sludge exhibited similar brightness and morphology to conventional paper-based fillers, suggesting its potential to replace commercial PCC (Precipitated Calcium Carbonate). In contrast, the recycled filler manufactured using old corrugated container mill sludge was deemed unsuitable due to its low hydration activity.

The purpose of the paper is to present the issues relating to methods of transport and commercial process management and support in logistics. Moreover, it will describe shipping actions in relation to the conflicts in Europe and worldwide. The study follows the work plan described as follows: The first chapter comprises an overview, logistics function, and classification of strategies in a logistics project. The second chapter includes information about the review and selection of methods of logistics project management. The third chapter pertains to the application of solutions restoring an old form of value stream mapping, known as the brown book exercise or the brown paper method. The fourth chapter refers to the aspects and solutions used in logistics project management in the hard times of logistic service market operations. Finally, the fifth chapter specifies the forms of trust management as the methods supporting logistics project management.

Abstract Nucleic acid amplification testing has great potential for point-of-need diagnostic testing with high detection sensitivity and specificity. Current sample preparation is limited by a tedious workflow requiring multiple steps, reagents and instrumentation, hampering nucleic acid testing at point of need. In this study, we present the use of mixed cellulose ester (MCE) paper for DNA binding by ionic interaction under molecular crowding conditions and fluid transport by wicking. The poly(ethylene) glycol-based (PEG) reagent simultaneously provides the high pH for alkaline lysis and crowding effects for ionic binding of the DNA under high salt conditions. In this study, we introduce Paper-based Abridged Solid-Phase Extraction with Alkaline Poly(ethylene) Glycol Lysis (PASAP). The anionic mixed cellulose ester (MCE) paper is used as solid phase and allows for fluid transport by wicking, eliminating the need for pipetting skills and the use of a magnet to retain beads. Following the release of DNA from the cells due to the lytic activity of the PASAP solution, the DNA binds to the anionic surface of the MCE paper, concentrating at the bottom while the sample matrix is transported towards the top by wicking. The paper was washed by dipping it in 40% isopropanol for 10 s. After air-drying for 30 s, the bottom section of the paper (3 mm × 4 mm) was snapped off using the cap of a PCR tube and immersed in the colourimetric loop-mediated isothermal amplification (cLAMP) solution for direct amplification and colourimetric detection. The total sample processing was completed in 15 min and ready for amplification. cLAMP enabled the detection of 102 CFU/mL of Escherichia coli (E. coli) from culture media and the detection of E. coli in milk

Abstract Paper bookbindings have been disregarded for centuries by scholars since they were only considered temporary covering materials for manuscripts and books. Recently, there is a willingness to reconsider these bindings and to evaluate their role. Thanks to the collaboration with the Marciana National Library in Venice, which stores an impressive collection of 849 detached bindings, the current research provides a chemical-physical elucidation about the composition and the manufacture of paper bookbindings realized between the 16th and the eighteenth century in the Venetian area. A selection of bookbindings was analysed by the means of complementary methods (thickness measurements, Attenuated Total Reflection—Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), Pyrolysis–Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (Py-GC–MS) and X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF)). Data evidence the presence of cellulose as the main component of paper pulp; hemicellulose and lignin were identified too, probably related to the presence of linen/hemp rags in the paper production. Gelatine was detected muck likely related to paper sizing; among inorganic additives CaCO3 was found in all samples. The presence of waxy material may be due to past undocumented conservation treatments.

Sai-Hong Ignatius Ou,1 Xiuning Le,2 Misako Nagasaka,1 Thanyanan Reungwetwattana,3 Myung-Ju Ahn,4 Darren WT Lim,5 Edgardo S Santos,6 Elaine Shum,7 Sally CM Lau,7 Jii Bum Lee,8 Antonio Calles,9 Fengying Wu,10 Gilberto Lopes,11 Virote Sriuranpong,12 Junko Tanizaki,13 Hidehito Horinouchi,14 Marina C Garassino,15 Sanjay Popat,16 Benjamin Besse,17 Rafael Rosell,18 Ross A Soo19 1University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, Orange, CA, USA; 2University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; 3Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; 4Department of Hematology and Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; 5Duke-NUS School of medicine, National Cancer Center Singapore, Republic of Singapore; 6Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA; 7NYU Langone Perlmutter Cancer Center, NY, NY, USA; 8Yonsei Cancer Center Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; 9Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Early Drug Development and Phase I Unit, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, 28007, Spain; 10Shanghai Chest hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China; 11Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center at the University of Miami and the Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA; 12Chulalongkorn University, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand; 13Department of Medicine, Kindai University School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; 14Department of Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; 15Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology-Hematology, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; 16Royal Marsden Hospital, London, Imperial College, London, UK; 17Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France; Paris-Saclay University, Orsay, France; 18Department of Hematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, National University Hospital Singapore, Republic of Singapore; 19IOR, Quirón-Dexeus University Institute; ICO, Catalan Institute of Oncology; IGTP, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, Barcelona, SpainCorrespondence: Sai-Hong Ignatius Ou, University of California School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, 200 South Manchester Avenue, Suite 400, Orange, CA, 92868, USA, Tel +1 714-456-5153, Fax +1 714-456-2242, Email Siou@hs.uci.eduAbstract: The year 2024 is the 20th anniversary of the discovery of activating epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Since then, tremendous advances have been made in the treatment of NSCLC based on this discovery. Some of these studies have led to seismic changes in the concept of oncology research and spurred treatment advances beyond NSCLC, leading to a current true era of precision oncology for all solid tumors. We now routinely molecularly profile all tumor types and even plasma samples of patients with NSCLC for multiple actionable driver mutations, independent of patient clinical characteristics nor is profiling limited to the advanced incurable stage. We are increasingly monitoring treatment responses and detecting resistance to targeted therapy by using plasma genotyping. Furthermore, we are now profiling early-stage NSCLC for appropriate adjuvant targeted treatment leading to an eventual potential “cure” in early-stage EGFR+ NSCLC which have societal implication on implementing lung cancer screening in never-smokers as most EGFR+ NSCLC patients are never-smokers. All these advances were unfathomable in 2004 when the five papers that described “discoveries” of activating EGFR mutations (del19, L858R, exon 20 insertions, and “uncommon” mutations) were published. To commemorate this 20th anniversary, we assembled a global panel of thoracic medical oncology experts to select the top 20 papers (publications or congress presentation) from the 20 years since this seminal discovery with December 31, 2023 as the cutoff date for inclusion of papers to be voted on. Papers ranked 21 to 30 were considered “honorable mention” and also annotated. Our objective is that these 30 papers with their annotations about their impact and even all the ranked papers will serve as “syllabus” for the education of future thoracic oncology trainees. Finally, we mentioned potential practice-changing clinical trials to be reported. One of them, LAURA was published online on June 2, 2024 was not included in the list of papers to be voted on but will surely be highly ranked if this consensus survery is performed again on the 25th anniversay of the discovery EGFR mutations (i.e. top 25 papers on the 25 years since the discovery of activating EGFR mutations).Keywords: EGFR mutations, expert panel, top 20 papers, 20th anniversary, NSCLC

This study focuses on the elimination of residual dyes from industrial wastewater using talc as an adsorbent. Talc is an easily available, ecological, and inexpensive adsorbent. The adsorption process was tested on two model dye samples (Ecozol Blue LR Liquid and Cartasol Yellow 3GF Direct Yellow 132), and two samples of real wastewater from the pulp and paper industry (PM and TP). Kinetic studies revealed that the adsorption of Ecozol Blue LR Liquid followed pseudo-second-order kinetics, while the other tested samples followed pseudo-first-order kinetics. Langmuir, Freundlich, and Dubinin-Radushkevich adsorption isotherm models were also evaluated. The Langmuir isotherm model best fitted the experimental data for the adsorption of model dye solutions and wastewater sample TP onto talc. For wastewater sample PM, the Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm model provided the best fit to the experimental data. The results of the adsorption isotherms indicated that the adsorption of all tested systems was favorable and primarily involved physical adsorption. The adsorption efficiency for the model solutions exceeded 90 %. For real wastewater samples, the monitored adsorption efficiency in the COD pollution indicator was less efficient, ranging from 43 to 51 %. The lower efficiency of COD may have resulted from the adsorption of residual dyes with lower specific COD values before the adsorption of other organics.

A pre-treatment process was evaluated in this work for wastewater from paper recycling using microwave technology followed by rapid precipitation of contaminants through centrifugation. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) were used to analyze and optimize the turbidity values. Thirty experimental runs were utilized including microwave (MW) power, duration, centrifuge time, and centrifuge speed as input variables, generated by the Central Composite Full Design (CCFD) approach. The experimental turbidity ranged from 8.1 to 19.7 NTU, while predicted values ranged from 8.4 to 19.7 NTU by ANN. The ANN model showed a robust prediction performance with low mean squared error values during training and testing. Moreover, high R2 values showed a remarkable agreement between the experimental observations and ANN predictions. The results obtained from the input values (A:150.00, B:60.00, C:15.00, D:30.00) of sample 2, which gave the lowest turbidity value, showed the most removal of pollution. The results obtained from the input values (A:250.00, B:60.00, C:7.00, D:20.00) of sample 30, which gave the highest turbidity value, showed the least removal of pollution. The results showed that increasing RPM and time of the centrifugation process significantly affected the removal of pollution in wastewater.

A pre-treatment process was evaluated in this work for wastewater from paper recycling using microwave technology followed by rapid precipitation of contaminants through centrifugation. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) were used to analyze and optimize the turbidity values. Thirty experimental runs were utilized including microwave (MW) power, duration, centrifuge time, and centrifuge speed as input variables, generated by the Central Composite Full Design (CCFD) approach. The experimental turbidity ranged from 8.1 to 19.7 NTU, while predicted values ranged from 8.4 to 19.7 NTU by ANN. The ANN model showed a robust prediction performance with low mean squared error values during training and testing. Moreover, high R2 values showed a remarkable agreement between the experimental observations and ANN predictions. The results obtained from the input values (A:150.00, B:60.00, C:15.00, D:30.00) of sample 2, which gave the lowest turbidity value, showed the most removal of pollution. The results obtained from the input values (A:250.00, B:60.00, C:7.00, D:20.00) of sample 30, which gave the highest turbidity value, showed the least removal of pollution. The results showed that increasing RPM and time of the centrifugation process significantly affected the removal of pollution in wastewater.

The instructions to authors about the article preparation for publication in the Military Technical Courier are based on the Regulations on categorization and ranking of scientific journals of the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia (Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia, No 159/20). This Regulations aims at improving the quality of national journals and raising the level of their compliance with the international system of scientific information exchange. The editorial policy of the Military Technical Courier is based on the COPE Core Practices, common COPE, DOAJ, OASPA and WAME Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing as well as on the best accepted practices in scientific publishing. The Military Technical Courier has been a COPE (Committee on Publication Ethics) member since 2nd May 2018 and a member of OASPA (Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association) since 27th November 2015. The editorial office applies Checklist for open access publishers on implementing the UNESCO Recommendation on Open Science. This document is part of the UNESCO Open Science Toolkit, designed to support implementation of the UNESCO Recommendation on Open Science. It has been produced in partnership with OASPA.

Research into sustainable packaging materials has gained increasing importance due to the pressing environmental concerns related to plastic waste. The present study focused on developing a sustainable paper coating based on modified natural rubber (NR) latex filled with gelatin (GT). The graft copolymer latex of NR and poly(vinylbenzyl chloride) bearing quaternary ammonium groups, abbreviated as NR-g-QPVBC, was first synthesized. GT was then incorporated into the latex, and the combination of these materials resulted in a heat-sealable film with good tensile properties and a water barrier. The ionic crosslinking of the latex film was achieved by the reaction with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Heat-sealing studies of the NR-g-QPVBC latex film filled with GT (NR-g-QPVBC/GT) revealed its heat-sealability at 160 °C. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis further confirmed the diffusion of the chains across the interface during heat sealing. Dip coating was a method for depositing latex film on kraft paper. The paper coated with the NR-g-QPVBC/GT latex showed a significant increase in dry and wet-tensile strength compared to the uncoated paper. The sealing process was optimized to achieve a heat-seal strength of 755.31 N/m at a dwell time of 3 s and a temperature of 160 °C. The research's practical application was demonstrated by transforming the coated paper into various heat-sealable bags using a handheld bag sealer.

Osteoid osteomas are benign bone tumors characterized by severe localized pain, often challenging the daily lives of young patients. While these tumors are typically solitary, rare cases of multiple osteoid osteomas have been reported. This research paper presents a case series of 2 young patients with multiple osteoid osteomas, highlighting their clinical presentation, diagnostic workup, treatment with cryoablation, and follow-up. The paper emphasizes the effectiveness of cryoablation as a minimally invasive treatment option for these challenging cases.

Abstract Paper- and paperboard-based materials are alternatives to petroleum-based plastics in food packaging but unsuitable for their poor moisture and oil resistance. In this sense, fluorinated compounds improve water and grease repellency, though their use is controversial. This Perspective discusses main techniques to combine fluorinated compounds with paper and paperboard, including water and oil contact angles and grease resistance values, and summarizes main legal aspects in Europe and the United States.

The familiar format of the pop-up book provides a dynamic artistic springboard for creatives working with digital media in the twenty-first century. This article explores how and why the format of the pop-up book, and other historic paper-engineered artefacts, have been utilised to re-imagine British children’s literature “classics” in contemporary transmedia adaptations. To demonstrate this phenomenon, I compare the formal aesthetics and experiential potential of two recent works. In Mary Poppins Returns (2018), a cinematic Disney adaptation of P. L. Travers’s early-twentieth-century Mary Poppins book series, a CGI-animated pop-up book serves as a theatrical stage for a bawdy music-hall performance. In Curious Alice (2021), a psychedelic virtual reality (VR) rendering of Lewis Carroll’s nineteenth-century Alice books at the Victoria and Albert Museum exhibition Alice: Curiouser and Curiouser, players were whisked into a peepshow Wonderland crafted from pixelated paper. Both texts remediate paper-engineered devices to literally re-animate key chapters of these classics, but also to metaphorically re-animate, and continue, the legacies of celebrated authors from past centuries for the next generation of young readers. In this way, remediated movable books can reinstate the seemingly immovable status of classics such as Alice and Mary Poppins, elevating their “timeless” appeal to the “universal” desires of children to become immersed in fantastical storyworlds. This renewal is partly achieved by the amplification of the movable book’s “temporal paradox”, as an artefact that is both perpetually novel and forward-looking, yet rooted in analogue nostalgia for the past. The icon of the pop-up book, in particular, creates a conceptual bridge between the figure of the imaginative, intuitive, Romantic, nineteenth- and twentieth-century child, and the media-saturated, transliterate young consumer of today, recalibrating classics for modern tastes and challenging current understandings of the child.

Abstract Background Rib fractures are one of the most common traumatic injuries and may result in significant morbidity and mortality. Despite growing evidence, technological advances and increasing acceptance, surgical stabilization of rib fractures (SSRF) remains not uniformly considered in trauma centers. Indications, contraindications, appropriate timing, surgical approaches and utilized implants are part of an ongoing debate. The present position paper, which is endorsed by the World Society of Emergency Surgery (WSES), and supported by the Chest Wall Injury Society, aims to provide a review of the literature investigating the use of SSRF in rib fracture management to develop graded position statements, providing an updated guide and reference for SSRF. Methods This position paper was developed according to the WSES methodology. A steering committee performed the literature review and drafted the position paper. An international panel of experts then critically revised the manuscript and discussed it in detail, to develop a consensus on the position statements. Results A total of 287 studies (systematic reviews, randomized clinical trial, prospective and retrospective comparative studies, case series, original articles) have been selected from an initial pool of 9928 studies. Thirty-nine graded position statements were put forward to address eight crucial aspects of SSRF: surgical indications, contraindications, optimal timing of surgery, preoperative imaging evaluation, rib fracture sites for surgical fixation, management of concurrent thoracic injuries, surgical approach, stabilization methods and material selection. Conclusion This consensus document addresses the key focus questions on surgical treatment of rib fractures. The expert recommendations clarify current evidences on SSRF indications, timing, operative planning, approaches and techniques, with the aim to guide clinicians in optimizing the management of rib fractures, to improve patient outcomes and direct future research.

Paper Mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera) possesses medicinal, economic, and ecological significance and is extensively used for feed production, papermaking, and ecological restoration due to its ease of propagation, rapid growth rate, and strong stress resistance. The recent completion of the sequencing of the Paper Mulberry genome has prompted further research into the genetic breeding and molecular biology of this important species. A highly stable reference gene is essential to enhance the quantitative analysis of functional genes in Paper Mulberry; however, none has been identified. Accordingly, in this study, the leaves, stems, roots, petioles, young fruits, and mature fruits of Paper Mulberry plants were selected as experimental materials, and nine candidate reference genes, namely, α-TUB1, α-TUB2, β-TUB, H2A, ACT, DnaJ, UBQ, CDC2, and TIP41, were identified by RT-qPCR. Their stability was assessed using the geNorm, Normfinder, Delta Ct, BestKeeper, and RefFinder algorithms, identifying ACT and UBQ as showing the greatest stability. The expression of BpMYB090, which regulates the production of trichomes, was examined in the leaves of plants of the wild type (which have more trichomes) and mutant (which have fewer trichomes) at various developmental stages to validate the results of this study. As a result, their identification addresses a critical gap in the field of Paper Mulberry research, providing a solid foundation for future research that will concentrate on the characterization of pertinent functional genes in this economically valuable species.