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Electronic navigational charts (ENCs) can be compiled using existing paper charts to improve their coverage of the world's oceans. However, in the process of assigning symbols on ENCs, in some cases the software uses the same symbol for different paper chart symbols. This could ultimately compromise maritime safety. Addressing this issue, this paper describes a methodology for developing a new tool that complements the efficient production of ENCs using paper charts. First, the ENC product was produced utilising CARIS S-57 Composer. After considering the difficulties in assigning symbols through the compilation process, a new web application named SYMO EXPERT was introduced. It was developed using Firebase Realtime Database and React app. A questionnaire was prepared to collect data about the time factor and accuracy of using SYMO EXPERT. Results showed that it supports the users in selecting relevant symbols efficiently with an accuracy of up to 98%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper takes smart cartography in the context of artificial intelligence as the starting point, analyzes the impact of space-time big data on cartography, points to three possible directions for the evolu‐ tion of the map, explains the connotation of smart cartography and its characteristics of crowd-sourced da‐ ta, user participation, model coupling and visual analysis, discusses in depth the explicit and implicit knowl‐ edge representation of smart cartography, proposes the idea of establishing a map knowledge graph, and outlines a platform development paradigm based on low-code technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Up to now the literature dealing with the cartography of the former Duchy of Pomerania has assumed that wall map of the region by Eilhardus Lubinus (Eilhard Lubin) had two editions: the first dating from 1618 and the second from 1758. Detailed analysis of correspondence between the mapmaker and his patron, the Pomeranian Duke Philip II, and later letters relating to arguments over payment and paper supplies as well as of a recently discovered copy of the map (now at the University of Szczecin), however, point to the existence of a third edition. This, it is suggested, dates from 1619–1620 and was financed by Lubin himself. Research has also revealed that the paper on which this new exemplar was printed came neither from the Pomeranian dukes' paper mill (as for the 1618 edition) nor from the Unold paper mill in Wolfegg (as for the 1758 edition). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This introduction to this special section, "Cities on Paper: On the Materiality of Paper in Urban Planning," explores the vital role played by paper documents in the practice of urban planning linked to the shaping of modern cities in Europe and the United States during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. This introductory essay considers recent literature on the materiality of paper to show the significance of examining the visual and written information transcribed on its surface in concert with assessing how it has been assembled, organized, reproduced, circulated, distributed, and archived. By exploring such uses of paper documents in urban planning practices, such cartography, arboriculture, maintenance, and the production and dissemination of expert knowledge, the five essays in this section demonstrate the relevance of the material culture of paper within the municipal and national bureaucracies that spearheaded dramatic urbanization campaigns in modern cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yves Simonin, a rather obscure professor of hydrography in Bayonne, submitted five scientific papers to the Paris Academy of Sciences between 1738 and 1740, which only survive in the original manuscript versions. The topics Simonin deals with in these texts are essentially three: the rectification of navigation charts of the Southern Sea, the shape of the Earth, and the heliocentric theory. Far from acknowledging Simonin's contribution to the ongoing academic debate as a valuable one, the institution systematically rejected his work. In this paper, I first provide a critical analysis of Simonin's manuscripts. As I argue, their originality lies in the adoption of the perspective of a practitioner of and expert in navigational techniques. I then investigate the reasons behind the Academy's negative reception of Simonin's papers, casting light on the expertise required to participate in academic debates in the mid‐18th century, and on the limits set by the institution to the possibility of external intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper the characterization of the work of art as a map of intensity, as proposed by Gilles Deleuze in his essay What the children say (gathered in Critique et clinique), will be analyzed. Art's cartographic aspect is linked to the concept of deterritorialization and the Body without Organs that the philosopher, along with Félix Guattarí, develops in Thousand Plateaus. Thus, the art-cartography represents the becoming-world of the subject that transits the Body-without-organs and the intensive differences that populate the desert of multiplicity. Each way travelled is descripted by an artistic map where the haecceities and the thresholds of flows that pierce through the disorganized bodies are portrayed. The map of intensity would be the cartographic representation of the haul travelled by a subject immersed in a hodologic space, being every line of the map a journey within an intensive space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Themed Intervention consists of short papers written by nine plenary speakers at the 2024 Annual Conference of the Royal Geographical Society with the Institute of British Geographers plus a paper by the Society's Cartographic Collections Manager. In this introduction, I explain why I chose mapping as the conference Chair's theme. I give a sense of how the relationship between geography and mapping has been addressed through previous conference addresses and themes. I then explore three types of cartographic genealogies. The first shows how histories of cartography traditionally took the form of family trees. The second explores disjunctures between previous phases of cartography and brings us to current definitions of mapping. The third genealogy is that of previously subjugated forms of mapping knowledge and practice which are now defining features of the field (critical quantitative; empire, race, and Indigenous; counter‐; representational and more‐than‐representational). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the literary productions of "Chico hard, ink and paper" and how the process of crossing, or transposition of languages, present in their narrative structures, configures the signature of their new writing project. Therefore, we opted for a comparative study that happens in three different fronts: in the first, by problematizing categories such as translation, signature and writing, we seek to map the categories of thought that give theoretical support to the aesthetic work undertaken by Chico Buarque. In the second, we aim to demonstrate how the narrative structure of the novel Budapest is constructed through a mirror metaphor, in which cinema presents itself as the double of literature. Finally, we question how Chico Buarque's narratives can be metonymy of a contemporary Brazilian literary cartography that is characterized mainly by the intense processes of crossing and breaking borders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In December 2020 the ICA joined the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) as an associate member. As a community composed of businesses, government agencies, universities, and research organizations that work with geospatial data, the OCG is a resource to which software developers who work with geospatial data turn for guidance and advice. As such, it provides the ICA with an opportunity to reach a group of people who might not have had prior experience or background in cartography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantifying the impact of a scholarly paper is of great significance, yet the effect of geographical distance of cited papers has not been explored. In this paper, we examine 30,596 papers published in Physical Review C, and identify the relationship between citations and geographical distances between author affiliations. Subsequently, a relative citation weight is applied to assess the impact of a scholarly paper. A higher-order weighted quantum PageRank algorithm is also developed to address the behavior of multiple step citation flow. Capturing the citation dynamics with higher-order dependencies reveals the actual impact of papers, including necessary self-citations that are sometimes excluded in prior studies. Quantum PageRank is utilized in this paper to help differentiating nodes whose PageRank values are identical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Istituto Idrografico della Marina, founded in Genoa in 1872, is responsible for the national hydrographic service and the production of the official nautical documentation, both paper and digital, relating to Italian seas. Today the cartography is entirely produced with the help of the computer and sent to users in digital format or printed on special kinds of paper via digital machines: in short, the process has been strongly standardized and industrialized, losing part of the romantic and of craftsmanship aura it had in the past. The electronic cartographic portfolio published by the Istituto Idrografico consists of 262 charts and is splitted for navigation purposes, ranging from large-scale maps of Italian territorial waters, coasts and main ports, to small-scale maps covering all the Mediterranean and the Black Sea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper studies the Common Man political caricatures by R.K. Laxman, a staff cartoonist at the Times of India, to understand dominant political discourses in postcolonial India. It argues that constructs like the 'common man' and 'vote bank' through popular cultural discourse like caricatures have a critical impact on the political landscape of the country. While the former is associated with an urban English-educated middle class, the latter is used to denote the socially marginalised sections of the electorate voting en masse as a form of political assertion. The latter is perceived as an aberration in the modern secular democracy and its political voice is often delegitimised. Further, the former is associated with economic liberalisation, development and anti-corruption. The paper demonstrates how Laxman's Common Man is a proponent and mascot of these in the popular imagination. Thereby indicating that the popular cultural archive has indeed had a visible impact on the political, economic and sociological cartography of the nation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The city can be understood as a space where capitalist and patriarchal logics are materialized, engendering symbolic barriers and socio-spatial segregation. Within this context, this paper addresses territoriality of the LGBTIQ+ population at the urban scale It is part of a broader reflection within an ongoing Master's dissertation. The research aims to identify these Territories through clipping of journalistic news and to gather them in a cartography. Finally, this paper was produced as an effort to continue researches that give voice to a population that is often disrespected, forgotten, brutalized, killed, and erased by our society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The halfway point for the implementation of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) was marked in 2023, as set forth in the 2030 Agenda. Geospatial technologies have proven indispensable in assessing and tracking fundamental components of each of the 17 SDGs, including climatological and ecological trends, and changes and humanitarian crises and socio-economic impacts. However, gaps remain in the capacity for geospatial and related digital technologies, like AI, to provide a deeper, more comprehensive understanding of the complex and multi-factorial challenges delineated in the SDGs. Lack of progress toward these goals, and the immense implementation challenges that remain, call for inclusive and holistic approaches, coupled with transformative uses of digital technologies. This paper reviews transdisciplinary, holistic, and participatory approaches to address gaps in ethics and diversity in geospatial and related technologies and to meet the pressing need for bottom-up, community-driven initiatives. Small-scale, community-based initiatives are known to have a systemic and aggregate effect toward macro-economic and global environmental goals. Cybernetic systems thinking approaches are the conceptual framework investigated in this study, as these approaches suggest that a decentralized, polycentric system—for example, each community acting as one node in a larger, global system—has the resilience and capacity to create and sustain positive change, even if it is counter to top-down decisions and mechanisms. Thus, this paper will discuss how holistic systems thinking—societal, political, environmental, and economic choices considered in an interrelated context—may be central to building true resilience to climate change and creating sustainable development pathways. Traditional and Indigenous knowledge (IK) systems around the world hold holistic awareness of human-ecological interactions—practicable, reciprocal relationships developed over time as a cultural approach. This cultural holistic approach is also known as Systemic Literacy, which considers how systems function beyond "mechanical" aspects and include political, philosophical, psychological, emotional, relational, anthropological, and ecological dimensions. When Indigenous-led, these dimensions can be unified into participatory, community-centered conservation practices that support long-term human and environmental well-being. There is a growing recognition of the criticality of Indigenous leadership in sustainability practices, as well as that partnerships with Indigenous peoples and weaving knowledge systems, as a missing link to approaching global ecological crises. This review investigates the inequality in technological systems—the "digital divide" that further inhibits participation by communities and groups that retain knowledge of "place" and may offer the most transformative solutions. Following the review and synthesis, this study presents cybernetics as a bridge of understanding to Indigenous systems thinking. As non-Indigenous scholars, we hope that this study serves to foster informed, productive, and respectful dialogues so that the strength of diverse knowledges might offer whole-systems approaches to decision making that tackle wicked problems. Lastly, we discuss use cases of community-based processes and co-developed geospatial technologies, along with ethical considerations, as avenues toward enhancing equity and making advances in democratizing and decolonizing technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of assemblage, drawing on the posthuman theorisations of Deleuze and Guattari, delineates a dynamic and new materialist approach to an event. In this approach, desires, material agency and (de)(re)territorialisation emerge as key concepts, and open ways to understand the school classroom in early childhood as a territory where lines of flight challenge the boundaries of normative education. This paper focuses on a classroom assemblage and aims to cartography the material relations between human and non-human bodies, where (de)(re)territorialisation forces are constant. We draw on diffractive ethnography in order to think-with-theory, making use of a vignette and a diagram containing its material relations. Our analysis highlights the agentic relations of matter in the assemblage, the role of desire as a dynamic force and the ever-changing flow of (de)(re)territorialisations that emerge in it. This study shows the complexity of material experience in early childhood, where desire and deterritorialisation frame creative and unexpected processes that defy the idea of education and classroom activities as linear processes controlled by adults. On the contrary, the cartography depicted in this research supports an idea of education as a space for the emergence of creative lines of flight, material relations and non-linear meaning-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper becomes a mapping of a PhEmaterialist research project, an apparatus entangled with re/making the world that applauds difference in education. Feeling-thinking-making with critical posthumanist work, we affirm that school climate matters and encourage educators’ attention to the fluxing materiality of school climate created through everyday schooling events. Daydreaming aptly accounted for our slow PhEmaterialist-inspired theoretical work, a transgressing and transversing of conventional conceptions of ‘school climate’, ‘methodology’ and ‘pedagogy’. Our school climate project emerges as an experimental mapping of eventful research, a slow research creation process where we attuned to emergent affirming pedagogical relationalities. Students worked alongside researchers over six weeks at an Australian community school, enacting research creation in the making of school climate. Da(r)ta created include voice recordings, reflective notes, written responses, photographs, narratives, soundscapes, zines, posters, drawings and maps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay studies the representation of the everyday of geopolitical conflicts in Vanni and Welcome to the New World. The graphic novels are situated in war-torn Sri Lanka and Syria, respectively, and document the everyday of their characters. The apparent ordinariness of everyday, especially in states of tension and conflict, has been a prominent trope in comics. The paper examines the properties of comics vis-à-vis their grammar, spatiotopia, and visual-verbal registers to decode a particular medium-specific import in the representation of everyday. Living in zones of conflict requires careful materialize a similar aesthetic of intentional navigation in their reading by creating palimpsestic cartographies, spatiotopic interventions, and image-text tensions of the comics form. These properties make a case for the medium in creating horizontal and non-hegemonic writings of geopolitical conflict. It finds that comics, as a medium, is able to function as a minoritarian intervention in majoritarian representation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers a reflection on the design ethos and process behind the production of the Subjective Atlas of Palestine – the third of 15 Subjective Atlases that I have facilitated over the past 20 years as a graphic designer and initiator. They are bottom‐up cartographic publications that map countries, regions, or cities through the perspectives of local inhabitants, emerging from participative production processes where communities map their environment through myriad visualisations, such as graphs, maps, drawings, and photography. Unlike conventional mapping, this methodology for counter‐mapping fosters a place‐based understanding grounded in lived experiences, and promotes plural representation. How can designers facilitate collective imagination as a practice for counter‐mapping and reterritorialisation? In solidarity with the Palestinian struggle for a life of dignity and justice, I reiterate the creation and dissemination of the Subjective Atlas of Palestine as a timely reminder of cartography's implication in generating and sustaining a violent geopolitical order in Palestine–Israel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maps are politically, socially, and culturally inflected objects that can communicate information and teach us about the time and society that shaped them. They are not only tools to serve present needs, but are also rich historical sources that require curation, conservation, and care. This historical legacy is well represented in the map collection of the Royal Geographical Society (with IBG). The stewardship of these historical maps offers many challenges, but also an opportunity for education, for example on the complex history of empire, and collaboration, for example with artists. This paper highlights the varied work of the RGS in the preservation and promotion of its large collection of maps, charts, and globes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractRoad network selection plays a key role in map generalization for creating multi-scale road network maps. Existing methods usually determine road importance based on road geometric and topological features, few evaluate road importance from the perspective of road utilization based on human travel data, ignoring the functional values of roads, which leads to a mismatch between the generated results and people’s needs. This paper develops two functional semantic features (i.e. travel path selection probability and regional attractiveness) to measure the functional importance of roads and proposes an automatic road network selection method based on graph convolutional networks (GCN), which models road network selection as a binary classification. Firstly, we create a dual graph representing the source road network and extract road features including six graphical and two functional semantic features. Then, we develop an extended GCN model with connectivity loss for generating multi-scale road networks and propose a refinement strategy based on the road continuity principle to ensure road topology. Experiments demonstrate the proposed model with functional features improves the quality of selection results, particularly for large and medium scale maps. The proposed method outperforms state-of-the-art methods and provides a meaningful attempt for artificial intelligence models empowering cartography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The past decade has witnessed the rapid development of geospatial artificial intelligence (GeoAI) primarily due to the ground-breaking achievements in deep learning and machine learning. A growing number of scholars from cartography have demonstrated successfully that GeoAI can accelerate previously complex cartographic design tasks and even enable cartographic creativity in new ways. Despite the promise of GeoAI, researchers and practitioners have growing concerns about the ethical issues of GeoAI for cartography. In this paper, we conducted a systematic content analysis and narrative synthesis of research studies integrating GeoAI and cartography to summarize current research and development trends regarding the usage of GeoAI for cartographic design. Based on this review and synthesis, we first identify dimensions of GeoAI methods for cartography such as data sources, data formats, map evaluations, and six contemporary GeoAI models, each of which serves a variety of cartographic tasks. These models include decision trees, knowledge graph and semantic web technologies, deep convolutional neural networks, generative adversarial networks, graph neural networks, and reinforcement learning. Further, we summarize seven cartographic design applications where GeoAI have been effectively employed: generalization, symbolization, typography, map reading, map interpretation, map analysis, and map production. We also raise five potential ethical challenges that need to be addressed in the integration of GeoAI for cartography: commodification, responsibility, privacy, bias, and (together) transparency, explainability, and provenance. We conclude by identifying four potential research directions for future cartographic research with GeoAI: GeoAI-enabled active cartographic symbolism, human-in-the-loop GeoAI for cartography, GeoAI-based mapping-as-a-service, and generative GeoAI for cartography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the change in the image of the world and the construction and evolution of Europe and the new discovered territories that took place during the 16th and 17TH centuries and left as testimony printed and handwritten important works printed and handwritten important works, with its maximum expression in the cartographic atlas. The development of cartography in the modern age allows us to show, thanks to the geographical discoveries, technical advances, inventions, etc., a more scientific picture of the world, contributing in the 16th century to the birth and rise of Nations that were gradually defining their cultural identity, all with a clear objective: understand, control and dominate the world. In addition, this image of the world that was created allows comparison and analysis with the Territories today, examining its evolution, its changes, borders, etc. All of this brings us to a conclusion: the map of the world is not static, it is in constant change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The linking of printed material to digital forms of interaction, which is currently increasingly being done through the implementation of image recognition software, for example, on smartphones, opens new perspectives for the use of maps. The cartographic integration of Quick Response (QR) codes has turned out to be particularly advantageous for digital information transfer due to the easy creation of QR codes, the broad use of the readers, and the map users' familiarity with QR codes. The example of an edited university site plan shows how paper maps can be thematically enriched by means of QR codes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, the marriage between cartographic language and narrative strategies has reshaped maps with the generative capability to represent the intangible historical characters and events involved in social memories following a narrative manner. Despite these advances, rather few efforts have been spared to unveil the potential of tourism maps in a narrative form. This paper seeks to rectify the gaps in this line of research by unfolding the underlying theories and cartographic design guidelines for making narrative tourism maps. In particular, a narrative cartographic design approach is demonstrated and evidenced to be practical using the case of 'Red Boat Spirit Map', a tourism map designed for Jiaxing City, one of the most well-known destinations of China's red tourism. It is believed that the theoretical instrument and cartographic design guidelines presented in our paper are particularly relevant and can be easily adapted to more general research of narrative maps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Machine learning is increasingly used as a computing paradigm in cartographic research. In this extended editorial, we provide some background of the papers in the CaGIS special issue Machine Learning in Cartography with a special focus on pattern recognition in maps, cartographic generalization, style transfer, and map labeling. In addition, the paper includes a discussion about map encodings for machine learning applications and the possible need for explicit cartographic knowledge and procedural modeling in cartographic machine learning models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let H be a Hilbert space and let C be a closed convex nonempty subset of H and $$T : C\rightarrow H$$ a non-self nonexpansive mapping. A map $$h : C\rightarrow R$$ defined by $$h(x) := \inf \{\lambda \ge 0 : \lambda x+(1-\lambda )Tx \in C \}$$ . Then, for a fixed $$x_0 \in C$$ and for $$\begin{aligned}{\alpha _0} = \max \left\{ {\frac{1}{2},h({x_0})} \right\}\end{aligned}$$ , Krasnoselskii-Mann algorithm is defined by $$x_{n+1}=\alpha _n+(1-\alpha _n)Tx_n,$$ where $$\alpha _{n+1}=\max \{\alpha _n, h(x_{x_{n+1}})\}$$ . Recently, Colao and Marino (Fixed Point Theory Appl 2015:39, 2015) have proved both weak and strong convergence theorems when C is a strictly convex set and T is an inward mapping. Meanwhile, they proposed a open question for a countable family of non-self nonexpansive mappings. In this article, authors will give an answer and will prove the further generalized results with the examples to support them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although China has a long history of cartography and map collections, the condition of China's map collections and accessibility to geographic and digital data is still unknown to world counterparts. This paper discusses the paper and digital map collections situation in China from the perspective of multiple collections and from sharing services. Paper map collections are introduced through a survey and analysis of the National Library of China, Peking University Library, and Beijing Normal University Library. Dynamic map service Web sites and the related Web infrastructure are introduced as being representative of digital map collections in China. The Data Sharing Platform of Earth System Science (DSPESS) of the National Science and Technology Infrastructure of China, which has operated for more than ten years, is used as a case study to analyze digital map data sets sharing and services. Digital map data collection characteristics, the data sharing policy, user distribution, and the stewardship staff of DSPESS are analyzed. We also present challenges and potential demands facing China's map data collection and sharing services from the perspectives of a sharing mechanism, financial support, technical challenges, and allocation of professional staff resources. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Over the last decades, the concept of map visual complexity has been extensively investigated in cartographic research. Existing approaches provide specific measures and metrics which can be utilized towards the objective examination of map effectiveness, e.g. Monmonier (1974), MacEachrean (1982), Fairbairn (2006), and Rautenbach et al. (2015). Moreover, recent studies analyze behavioral data, e.g. Cybulski (2020), Tzelepis et al. (2020), using cartographic products distributed in the internet (Schnur et al., 2018). However, map visual complexity could be affected by several factors. Among them, map scale seems to play a significant role, since it is connected to the accuracy and the level of information delivered by a cartographic product (Dumont et al., 2020). In this work, the concept of map visual complexity is connected to visual heterogeneity. A new method for quantifying visual heterogeneity of paper maps is proposed. The method is based on diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and on a random segmentation and sampling in maps with different scale levels. It is shown that by using certain segmentation size, an indicator based on Shannon entropy of the samples can be efficient in characterizing the visual heterogeneity and the scale of the maps. A low-cost optical spectrometer is utilized in order to record the spectra of 40 random segments of the maps. Reflectance spectroscopy aims at measuring the relative level of reflected light as it is compared with a reference (white surface) to record a percentage value at each wavelength and for each segment of the map. A bifurcated optical fiber has been used to deliver the reference light to the map surface (Halogen light source), while the reflected light is guided to the spectrometer (Figure 1). Segment size is defined by moving the fiber closer to the map surface and it is expected to significantly affect the estimation of the indicator. In the present experiments, the distance of the fiber from the map surface is such so that the diameter of the randomly selected segments is approximately 3 mm. The spectrometer spectral resolution is approximately 1.5 nm and, consequently, more than 240 spectral channels are recorded for each sample, since only the visible region of the spectrum is required (380 nm - 750 nm). The proposed heterogeneity indicator is the Shannon entropy, as is calculated by the probabilities to record similar reflection spectral values (relative reflected light) in the space defined by the 40 samples of each map. Since the spectral values are continuous variables, they have to be properly quantized (discretization process), before the probabilities and the entropy are calculated. In addition, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) can be also utilized in order to reduce the spectral data dimensions (channels) and to enable faster calculations. As a means to evaluate the proposed indicator, 60 different paper maps are used. Maps' production is based on the use of the standard layer of OpenStreetMap (OSM) as it is provided by the Web Map Service (WMS) of terrestris GmbH & Co. KG. OSM cartographic backgrounds are utilized in this work because they present adequately high information (content) density and diversity across different scale -- or zoom -- levels compared to other online map services, e.g. Google Maps, Here WeGo, etc. (Skopeliti and Stamou, 2019). More specifically, for the needs of this research study, twenty regions in Greece and three different map scale levels (1:k, 1:4k, & 1:40k) are examined. The produced maps are printed using the same paper quality. Box plots are applied to show the indicator with respect to the scale. It is shown that the scale of the map strongly affects the information content and the visual heterogeneity of the map. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a novel approach to assessing the geometry of objects using Hu's invariants in the context of cartographic generalization. The primary focus is to improve the generalization process and produce more readable and informative maps. The study demonstrates the applicability and effectiveness of the modified invariant moment M1* in evaluating regular shape similarity. Experiments, based on 24 shapes, exhibit greater stability in the results and reveal the high suitability of this moment in the investigation and classification of buildings, among other generalization processes. The efficiency of the proposed method is compared to previous generalization techniques, showing a significant improvement in the generalization process. In conclusion, this research contributes to the development of cartographic generalization methods by introducing the use of Hu's invariants for evaluating object geometry. This approach can improve the automation of map generalization processes and more effective communication of geographic information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urbanization has amplified the importance of three‐dimensional structures in urban environments for a wide range of phenomena that are of significant interest to diverse stakeholders. With the growing availability of 3D urban data, numerous studies have focused on developing visual analysis techniques tailored to the unique characteristics of urban environments. However, incorporating the third dimension into visual analytics introduces additional challenges in designing effective visual tools to tackle urban data's diverse complexities. In this paper, we present a survey on visual analytics of 3D urban data. Our work characterizes published works along three main dimensions (why, what, and how), considering use cases, analysis tasks, data, visualizations, and interactions. We provide a fine‐grained categorization of published works from visualization journals and conferences, as well as from a myriad of urban domains, including urban planning, architecture, and engineering. By incorporating perspectives from both urban and visualization experts, we identify literature gaps, motivate visualization researchers to understand challenges and opportunities, and indicate future research directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban villages represent informal residential areas emerging since China's rapid urbanization process. Scientific map generalization of urban villages with scientific maps aids readers in discerning their distribution and making informed decisions concerning them. However, there is still a scarcity of research on the automatic extraction and generalization of urban villages from vector data, which needs to be studied to further improve the expression of maps. To address this problem, this paper presents a methodology for the extraction and generalization of urban villages from Digital Line Graphics. Firstly, a heuristic approach is employed to analyze the atypical morphological characteristics of urban villages. Then, indices based on computational geometry and the modified Hausdorff distance are utilized to quantify these traits. Lastly, an automatic generalization principle for urban villages is offered. The approach was tested in experimental blocks and proved to be effective. It offers a novel method for the automatic extraction and cartography of urban villages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lunisolar resonances shape the dynamics in the MEO region and have the effect of increasing an object's eccentricity possibly up to a value so high that the orbit's perigee reaches the atmosphere and friction determines the re-entry. The focus of this paper is the eccentricity growth phenomenon observed for navigation satellites. In particular, starting from a secular Hamiltonian model, analytical estimates for the maximum eccentricity reachable along an inclination-only dependent lunisolar resonance are derived as a function of the initial inclination. Also, trajectories that minimize an object's lifetime are studied, and analytical estimates for such a minimum lifetime are provided as a function of the initial eccentricity of the object. In addition, lifetime cartography maps are presented in the plane of the argument of perigee and the longitude of the ascending node. • Analytical estimates for the maximum eccentricity along lunisolar resonances. • Analytic formulae of minimum satellite lifetime at GPS and Galileo altitudes. • Litetime maps at GPS and Galileo altitudes in (ω)-(Ω) plane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chartography of physical and imaginary borders between different national communities has historically been a challenging political process, especially in the case of the Balkan Peninsula. As regards ethno-nationalism in the Western Balkans, religion is one of the rudimental and constitutive elements of a nation's identity. Yet, in theory this can only be true for a religiously homogenous nation-state, although this region is far from being home to religious homogeneity. A case in point is Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), where the lack of religious homogeneity can be illustrated through the three different religions that dominate the two political entities in the country. Albania, another country of Western Balkans, is similar to the case of BiH in relation to religious diversity among its population, but different from it in relation to religion not being an identity element upon which its nation is founded. In view of this diversity of mixed religious heritage embedded in the state formation, this article focuses on the nature of the ethno-religious nationalism in BiH and Albania. By employing a comparative case study approach, this article sets the analytical framework for the study of ethno-religious nationalism, while addressing the state approaches, policy orientations and challenges that characterize the governance of religious diversity in these countries in the post-communist era. The concept of religious nationalism - which is operationalized in ethnic terms – is used to shed light on the two states' nation-building efforts, which have incorporated a marked religious element. The paper concludes with a cross-country analysis on how the volatility of ethno-religious coexistence in BiH and Albania has shaped their present and shall impact their future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A previous paper of the author introduced a graphical method, allowing anyone interested to form one's own opinion on data published in the form of computer-maps to re-compute the map data by means of a simple and efficient use of commonly available computer-graphic products. This was shown to allow a data re-analysis of sound metrological quality—there applied to a NASA video concerning the ice coverage on the Earth's surface. In the present paper, the same procedure shows an efficient way to (re-)compute the annual value of the so-called Global Mean Surface Temperature (GMST)—a parameter normally provided by dedicated International Organizations, such as the ONU-supported IPCC—from whole-Earth maps of different types, often obtaining different results. A cartographic reason for this is given and discussed, explaining the differences found, some of which might have remained implicit in the published information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper emerged from an original concern regarding female under-representation in STEM fields. My concern soon morphed into considering what it feels like to be(come) as a girl student in school. Feelings produced during pedagogical events impact students' ability to continue with their engagement, participation in, and choices about, their schooling and life trajectories. I inquire into teenagers' accounts of pedagogical encounters that produced feelings of happiness, discomfort, fear, and anxiety. Drawing on theories of affect, new materialism and posthumanism, I think through the material consequences of negative affects felt by girls whilst undergoing school experiences and consider how these may be amplified in subjects and trajectories traditionally dominated by boys. This paper creates a cartography with Year 10 students' felt experiences recorded through a questionnaire at an Australian selective STEM school. Student responses illustrate how pedagogical processes are complicit in the 'making of' gender as both binary and hierarchical, and how gendered affects have consequences. I speculate that attention to providing affirming affective pedagogical events may amplify girls' and other disadvantaged students' capacity so they may grow to feel just as entitled to success within boy-dominated spaces such as STEM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In May 2022, ahead of the 90th anniversary of Beck’s original London Underground map, Transport for London opened the new Elizabeth Line, and added it to the already-congested map. But is the map still fit for purpose? This paper references critiques of the recent iterations of the map, and undertakes a cartographic review that assesses its form and function. It includes new designs of the map, created by the author, that attempt to deal with the issues identified, as well as providing a wider critique. In exploring why cartographers and designers offer alternative, often unrequested, new designs of such classic maps, the paper will reflect upon the issue of whether holding on to an iconic map, with its flaws, is preferable to letting go of the past and designing a completely new map. Changing the map would be a brave move, but is one that this author, among others, feels is too pertinent an issue to continue to ignore. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Open Society appeared as a concept in planning discourse at the Congrès International d'Architecture Moderne (CIAM XI). It attempted to create urban conditions which would allow society to prosper. Despite its good theoretical intentions, the project did not always translate well into practice. We observe that historic approaches and tools have tended to be neglected in urban regeneration projects and discussions, yet we think that they can bring valuable urban transformations. This paper therefore considers the extent to which historic planning tools and theories can be useful for assessing built projects to provide fresh approaches for urban renovation. This paper will reappraise the concept of the Open Society empirically by analysing, critiquing, and imagining its relevance in twenty-first-century planning projects and discourse. This research uses a mostly qualitative approach through critical cartographies as a main medium and to draw conclusions that highlight the power relations in the Dutch neighbourhood of 't Hool (Eindhoven) as well as the local conditions and materials that can enable them to plan for a more resilient future. We aim to bridge the gap between theory and practice through a methodology that allows for a broader and deeper understanding of place, history, potentials, and urgencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Kashiwa Library (KL), The University of Tokyo, holds a collection of old paper maps over the world, about a half of which were originally collected for the International Map Exhibition 1980 in Tokyo. The collection has 3,200 maps published in the 1970s and 1980s, and 1,260 of them were displayed at the exhibition. The map collection is important because it represents the cartography at the emerging era of new technologies and techniques such as satellite remote sensing, computers and GIS for map production (Arikawa et al., 2016). These maps were donated from the Japan Cartographers Association in March 2016, after their collection and storage by the association since the exhibition. In the Japanese fiscal year 2017, the Center for Spatial Information Science (CSIS), The University of Tokyo, and KL started a cooperative research project to produce a digital archive of this map collection, with support from the University of Tokyo Academic Archives Project that facilitates digital archiving of academic materials owned by various units at the university. This presentation explains the procedure of making our digital archive "Kashiwanoha Paper Maps Digital Archive". "Kashiwanoha" is the address of the Kashiwa Campus of The University of Tokyo where KL and CSIS are located, and it literally means "oak leaf". There are three steps for opening the archive to the public: (1) conversion of analogue paper maps into digital ones, (2) developing a digital archive system for storing and browsing the digital maps, and (3) license applications for publishing the maps on the web. (1) Conversion of paper maps into digital ones: We tried to make map images as detailed as possible for enhancing the value of the archive and presenting high-resolution images to users. The method of digital conversion is simple; we used a large size scanner for sheets up to A0 size to obtain 600 dpi high-resolution images of the paper maps. However, a part of the collection could not be scanned because some maps have been damaged or are thicker than the capacity of the scanner. We tried to use photo stitching methods with handy cameras for conversion of these maps. (2) Developing a digital archive system: To make our digital archive open to public, we developed a web application for users to search map data and browse high-resolution digital map images with a web browser. The front-end user interfaces of our system are coded by JavaScript and HTML5, and the back-end server scripts are coded by Perl. The web interface displays boundary boxes of maps on the tiles of OpenStreetMap© (https://www.openstreetmap.org/). This function allows users to understand geographical locations of the images (Figure 1). In the map image view, users can browse each map image in detail with using a tracking and scaling function, and can read 16 attribute data such as Title, Scale, Topic, Author, and Description (Figure 2). (3) License applications: We have been making license applications for web publication to the creators or publishers of the maps. This process is taking time because the list of creators and publishers includes a lot of individuals as well as private and government organizations, and some countries that provided maps have changed their status drastically since 1980. As of December 2018, we have obtained licenses for about 220 maps from four Japanese organizations. We have been discussing related issues such as the way to publish the digital map images and their fair use policy. In November 2018, we opened our digital archive system to public (URL: https://maparchive.csis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/browse/). As of January 2019, anyone with web access can see 41 map images and metadata using our system. We will keep developing the system and making license applications to expand the contents to enhance the value of this digital archive. Especially, we need to implement functions to produce metadata features efficiently. Currently, making metadata requires a great effort because we need to read information from each map manually, if we do not have any other document about it. A possible better way to make metadata is to use the crowd sourcing method by ordinary users like the case of OpenStreetMap. Another possible way is metadata extraction using an appropriate image processing method. Either way can be adapted to not only making metadata but also vectorizing maps, which will make our system and the digital archive more useful and valuable. We will also attempt to publish the digital archive system itself as an open source software. We expect such an attempt will lead to effective utilization of hoarded paper maps all around the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ongoing technological development since the introduction of computerized data processing and increased access to the Internet has increasingly blurred the boundaries among the individual disciplines in the geosciences. As a consequence, some traditionally interdisciplinary areas, such as geoinformatics and cartography, have become particularly active or partly revitalized. In this paper we document the establishment of a new cooperative International Master Program in "Cartography and Geoinformatics". With a cooperation of 3 technical universities, TU M¨nchen, TU Dresden (Germany) and TU Wien (Austria), the program holds unique features. The program is rooted in the traditional German or Austrian Diploma program "Geodesy and Geoinformation", but it has been progressively reshaped as interdisciplinary and non-consecutive Master program. The curriculum of "Cartography and Geoinformatics" incorporates and highlights the methods and applications in spatial data modeling, analysis and visualization of geographic information. Additionally this paper relates to the European education reform with the Bologna Declaration issued in 1999. The declaration aims at making European higher education more compatible, competitive and attractive for students from European countries and other continents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Paper maps and mobile electronic devices have complementary strengths and shortcomings in outdoor use. In many scenarios, like small craft sailing or cross-country trekking, a complete replacement of maps is neither useful nor desirable. Paper maps are fail-safe, relatively cheap, offer superior resolution and provide large scale overview. In uses like open-water sailing it is therefore mandatory to carry adequate maps/charts. GPS based mobile devices, on the other hand, offer useful features like automatic positioning and plotting, real-time information update and dynamic adaptation to user requirements. While paper maps are now commonly used in combination with mobile GPS devices, there is no meaningful integration between the two, and the combined use leads to a number of interaction problems and potential safety issues. In this paper we explore the design space of augmented paper maps in which maps are augmented with additional functionality through a mobile device to achieve a meaningful integration between device and map that combines their respective strengths. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The main purpose of the research on map emotional semantics is to describe and express the emotional responses caused by people observing images through computer technology. Nowadays, map application scenarios tend to be diversified, and the increasing demand for emotional information of map users bring new challenges for cartography. However, the lack of evaluation of emotions in the traditional map drawing process makes it difficult for the resulting maps to reach emotional resonance with map users. The core of solving this problem is to quantify the emotional semantics of maps, it can help mapmakers to better understand map emotions and improve user satisfaction. This paper aims to perform the quantification of map emotional semantics by applying transfer learning methods and the efficient computational power of convolutional neural networks (CNN) to establish the correspondence between visual features and emotions. The main contributions of this paper are as follows: (1) a Map Sentiment Dataset containing five discrete emotion categories; (2) three different CNNs (VGG16, VGG19, and InceptionV3) are applied for map sentiment classification task and evaluated by accuracy performance; (3) six different parameter combinations to conduct experiments that would determine the best combination of learning rate and batch size; and (4) the analysis of visual variables that affect the sentiment of a map according to the chart and visualization results. The experimental results reveal that the proposed method has good accuracy performance (around 88%) and that the emotional semantics of maps have some general rules. A Map Sentiment Dataset with five discrete emotions is constructed Map emotional semantics are classified by deep learning approaches Visual variables Influencing map sentiment are analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cyberspace map, as one of the important tools for describing cyberspace, provides a visual representation of the dynamic and elusive nature of cyberspace. It has become a research hotspot in multiple disciplinary fields. Compared with traditional maps, cyberspace maps lack the guidance of cartography theory and have not yet formed a unified understanding. Clarifying the concept of the cyberspace map and developing a conceptual model of it could enhance people's unified understanding of cyberspace. Drawing from the perspective of cartography, this paper analyzes the current situation of cyberspace map research, first discussing the characteristics and definition of the cyberspace map and then proposing the conceptual model of a cyberspace map. This model elaborates on the types of map elements and their specific composition, the strength of their element–space association, the mapping of relationships between elements, element symbolization, and map expression. Then, based on the model proposed in this paper, typical maps are compared and analyzed, and design suggestions are provided. Finally, the entire article is summarized. This paper aims to adapt the development trend of cartography to the ternary space, clarify the basic concept of the cyberspace map, promote the development of cyberspace mapping theory, and lay the foundation for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rise of the Quantified-Self movement and widespread adoption of self tracking technologies, 'personal' has become a new dimension in the map and geovisualization design process. Despite a rich cartographic literature on how to map movement data, and an equally extensive geovisual analytics literature on how to make sense of complex visual representations of movement data at scale, opportunities exist to adapt and create new map and interaction design paradigms to meet the disparate needs of an ever-growing number of data creators. This paper presents a cross-disciplinary review of literature that reports on the design and evaluation of personal geovisualizations. Specifically, this review paper: contextualizes individual movement data types and provides a short synthesis of cartographic and geovisual analytics approaches that have been employed to explore such data in non-personal contexts; surveys a growing yet disconnected body of foundational work beyond the GIScience discipline; presents a detailed discussion on a collection of works that exemplifies the potential of applying a geographic perspective to personal visualization; and outlines key challenges and opportunities for advancing the state-of-the-art & science in the design of maps and geovisual analytics applications constructed from personal data and that benefit the data creator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Virtual indoor environments provide a unique combination of indoor cartography, virtual reality, and virtual locomotion. So far however, the indoor aspect of such an environment seems to be neglected even though it may affect how the locomotion of users is conducted as well as how this affects their spatial behaviour. To get an idea about the state of the research, systematic review of peer-reviewed articles mainly from the Scopus database was conducted in this paper. It aims to get a broad idea about the interest in research of virtual locomotion and to figure out what type of research in the indoor environment was conducted. Special interest was put on the types of locomotion techniques, their interaction aspects and research topics. These characteristics were analysed and compared to earlier systematic reviews in this topic. To accommodate the indoor-related themes, environmental aspects (size) and the motivation for using an indoor environment were also obtained from the relevant articles analysed. This way, the paper tries to provide a basis for further research in using indoor environments in virtual reality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a critical analysis of the Russian National Atlas (2004–2008), the presentation of which is based on the tradition of the Soviet school of complex atlas production, and which is the first (and so far only) Soviet and post-Soviet Russian national atlas. Following the critical cartography approach, this paper deconstructs the atlas' structure and the range of presented maps to decode the construction of the national spatial identity and the imposed "cartographic silences". The paper shows how the presented maps and texts aligns with the overarching image of the Russian State as strong military state, and reveals the colonial narratives toward its Northern and Eastern peripheries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The analysis of natural hazards is an important topic for spatial planning, and in which many papers have been published in recent years. However, a real and effective transfer to normative documents has not yet been achieved. Considering the suitability of the regional scale for its management, this paper performs an analysis of the Land Management Plans of the province of Malaga (Spain). Among the main conclusions, it stands out that there is a manifest concern in these plans for natural hazards, but that it is not transferred to the regulations or to the planning cartography. In this regard, a series of specific improvement proposals are offered to correct this problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The founding of Halifax in 1749 was a watershed in British imperial policy. The settlement was state-funded and served political, not commercial, aims. Mapping—the creation and representation of geographic knowledge—was essential to Halifax's success because it shaped Britain's relationship to the land and subsequently influenced how Britons in the settlement interacted with each other and with resistant groups. Cartographic knowledge was never static, but instead was affected by cultural, political, and economic realities that directed the work of local commissioned surveyors like Charles Morris, and metropolitan public mapmakers like Thomas Jefferys. From 1744 to 1755, geographic imaginings of Halifax changed to address specific imperial goals: first, reconnaissance maps and surveys delimited boundaries and provided data; second, early settlement geographic knowledge established Britain's claim to the Halifax region by controlling the Native presence and emphasizing British strength; and third, 'popular' cartography rallied support for the empire by promoting attractive imperial images among Britons. Geographic knowledge produced from the Halifax settlement indicates that spatial information was Janus-faced: maps and reports negotiated a fine line between value-free geographic information and imperially favourable geographic imaginations. In each case mapping and its cartographic evidence were key independent variables in the socio-political organization of power that situated early modern Canada in a British Atlantic world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several English‐language adaptations of the Indian epic Rāmāyaṇa have been published since the beginning of the 21st century. The epic has been regarded and recreated as a metonym for the Indian nation. Contemporary versions have often referred to Indian geography and have tried to poetically or literally associate mythic spaces with real ones. In this paper, I use discourse analysis in order to study some of the most influential 21st‐century English‐language retellings of the Rāmāyaṇa. I conclude that these and other versions of the epic describe India as a regionally divided nation which can ultimately be united through national geography, its association with mythology and the contrast between the geography of India and that of foreign nations. In this sense, I regard these contemporary versions as a ‘literary pilgrimage’ through which Indian readers can get to know the geography of their nation and regard it as sacred. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the nineteenth century, England and Portugal contested the possession of Delagoa Bay in south eastern Africa. Using documents from a British hydrographical survey mission of the east coast of Africa, and British Parliamentary Papers recording the dispute over possession of the bay in the 1870s, I demonstrate that bordermaking in the region was rooted in interimperial claims and disputes reaching back to the 1820s. The English claim to Delagoa Bay highlights how hydrography and cartography were used as tools of empire in the new imperial expansion and land appropriation of the nineteenth century. The production of the colonial border between Portuguese Mozambique and British South Africa interrupted and disconnected indigenous networks of relation, trade, and movement, while simultaneously entangling imperial projects of white worldmaking through racialized dispossession. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]