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This book presents the current status of CO2 utilization from fundamental studies to industrial tests. With the development of renewable energy, carbon dioxide will become an important feedstock for the synthesis of fuels and chemicals, and CO2 utilization must be the final solution for the carbon dioxide issues. This book discusses the effective techniques for activating inert carbon dioxide and various approaches for CO2 conversion, such as homogeneous catalytic conversion, homogeneous catalytic conversion, heterogeneous catalytic conversion, photocatalytic conversion, electrocatalytic conversion, photo-thermal catalytic conversion, plasma-chemical/plasma-catalytic conversion, and bio-catalytic conversion. It also addresses the electronic and geometric structural effects of the supported catalyst on the activity and selectivity of the conversion of carbon dioxide. The significant effects from single atom catalyst to nanoparticle are also discussed, and process intensification in catalyst preparation and reaction is highlighted. Furthermore, this book contains chapters with theoretical studies, including functional theory, which has played an important role in the catalyst design, the explanation of the reaction mechanism, and in understanding the synergy of reaction and heat and mass transfer. Given its scope, this book appeals to a wider readership, especially for researchers in the field of CO2 utilization.

This book focuses on carbon dioxide and its global role in our everyday life. Starting with society's dependency on energy, it demonstrates the various sources of carbon dioxide and discusses the putative effects of its accumulation in the atmosphere and its impact on the climate. It then provides an overview of how we can reduce carbon dioxide production and reviews innovative technologies and alternative energy resources. The book closes with a perspective on how carbon dioxide can be utilized reasonably and how mimicking nature can provide us with a solution. Using simple language, this book discusses one of today's biggest challenges for the future of our planet in a way that is understandable for the general public. The authors also provide deep insights into specific issues, making the book a useful resource for researchers and students.

This book presents the catalytic conversion of carbon dioxide into various hydrocarbons and other products using photochemical, electrochemical and thermo-chemical processes. Products include formate, formic acid, alcohols, lower and higher hydrocarbons, gases such as hydrogen, carbon monoxide and syngas.

This book provides a comprehensive overview of the chemistry of CO2 in relation to surface interactions and photocatalytic transformation by UV radiation. The first part deals with the modelling of an anatase surface, its interaction with CO2, and the spontaneous exchange of oxygen atoms between the gas and solid phases. The book then naturally transitions to the photocatalytic reduction of CO2, achieved by adding UV radiation and traces of water to the experimental system, to produce methane and CO. This photocatalytic reduction is explained in detail and the implications for planetary chemistry (specifically concerning Mars), as well as Earth's atmospheric chemistry and global warming, are discussed.

Today there is an increased focus on a considerable reduction of the total energy consumption in the world. As the heating of buildings constitutes a large part of this consumption, the development of highly efficient thermal insulation materials is highly demanded. The most promising class are polymeric nanofoams, which might be producible by using the “Principle Of Supercritical Microemulsion Expansion” (POSME). Within this approach, microemulsions with a high number density of CO2 nano-pools in a polymerizable material (e.g. polyol) are used as templates. Adjusting supercritical conditions, the nucleation of gaseous CO2 during the expansion is avoided, so that each CO2-swollen micelle should ideally grow to a nanopore. However, due to aging phenomena, so far only polyurethane (PU) foams with microcellular pores could be produced applying this approach. In order to improve the properties of the foamable microemulsion template, microemulsions of the type water – CO2 – non-ionic fluorinated surfactant (Capstone® FS-3100) were studied in the first part of this thesis as a model system. Small angle neutron scattering (SANS) measurements for the first time revealed the phase inversion from CO2-swollen micelles in water via bicontinuous structures to water-swollen micelles in CO2. Using a scaling description developed for microemulsions of the type water –alkane – CiEj, the temperature dependence of the length scales found in classical and CO2-microemulsions fall on top of each other. Moreover, the partial replacement of CO2 by cyclohexane was found to increase the efficiency of the fluorinated surfactant to form a bicontinuous microemulsion. This efficiency boosting could be correlated with the increase of the bending rigidities κ0,SANS and κNSE determined by SANS and neutron spin echo (NSE). In the second part of this thesis the gained knowledge was successfully used to formulate CO2-in-polyol microemulsions appropriate for the production of nanocellular PU foams. Using SANS and partly deuterated polyol, not only the formation of micelles in the binary mixture of polyol and non-ionic siloxane surfactant, but also their swelling with CO2 could be proven. The change of the microstructure upon fast expansion and compression was studied combining time-resolved SANS-measurements and periodic pressure jumps. Interestingly, the pressure induced structural changes follow the pressure profile instantaneously, i.e. faster than the time resolution of 50 ms.

This brief explains the principles and fundamentals of carbon dioxide utilization and highlights the transformation to fuels and value-added chemicals such as formic acid and methanol. It is divided into six chapters, including an introduction to the basics of CO2 utilization and transformation of CO2 to formic acid and methanol with homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts, respectively. The brief will appeal to a wide readership of academic and industrial researchers focusing on homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis, organometallic chemistry, green chemistry, energy conversion and storage.

​The series Topics in Current Chemistry Collections presents critical reviews from the journal Topics in Current Chemistry organized in topical volumes. The scope of coverage is all areas of chemical science including the interfaces with related disciplines such as biology, medicine and materials science. The goal of each thematic volume is to give the non-specialist reader, whether in academia or industry, a comprehensive insight into an area where new research is emerging which is of interest to a larger scientific audience. Each review within the volume critically surveys one aspect of that topic and places it within the context of the volume as a whole. The most significant developments of the last 5 to 10 years are presented using selected examples to illustrate the principles discussed. The coverage is not intended to be an exhaustive summary of the field or include large quantities of data, but should rather be conceptual, concentrating on the methodological thinking that will allow the non-specialist reader to understand the information presented. Contributions also offer an outlook on potential future developments in the field.

This book explores the conversion for solar energy into renewable liquid fuels through electrochemical reactions. The first section of the book is devoted to the theoretical fundamentals of solar fuels production, focusing on the surface properties of semiconductor materials in contact with aqueous solutions and the reaction mechanisms. The second section describes a collection of current, relevant characterization techniques, which provide essential information of the band structure of the semiconductors and carrier dynamics at the interface semiconductor. The third, and last section comprises the most recent developments in materials and engineered structures to optimize the performance of solar-to-fuel conversion devices.

This book provides an analysis of the reaction mechanisms relevant to a number of processes in which CO2 is converted into valuable products. Several different processes are considered that convert CO2 either in specialty chemicals or in bulk products or fuels. For each reaction, the mechanism is discussed and the assessed steps besides the dark sites of the reaction pathway are highlighted. From the insertion of CO2 into E-X bonds to the reduction of CO2 to CO or other C1 molecules or else to C2 or Cn molecules, the reactions are analysed in order to highlight the known and obscure reaction steps. Besides well known reaction mechanisms and energy profiles, several lesser known situations are discussed. Advancing knowledge of the latter would help to develop efficient routes for the conversion of CO2 into valuable products useful either in the chemical or in the energy industry. The content of this book is quite different from other books reporting the use of CO2. On account of its clear presentation, “Reaction Mechanisms in Carbon Dioxide Conversion” targets in particular researchers, teachers and PhD students.

Transformation and Utilization of Carbon Dioxide shows the various organic, polymeric and inorganic compounds which result from the transformation of carbon dioxide through chemical, photocatalytic, electrochemical, inorganic and biological processes. The book consists of twelve chapters demonstrating interesting examples of these reactions, depending on the types of reaction and catalyst. It also includes two chapters dealing with the utilization of carbon dioxide as a reaction promoter and presents a wide range of examples of chemistry and chemical engineering with carbon dioxide. Transformation and Utilization of Carbon Dioxide is a collective work of reviews illustrative of recent advances in the transformation and utilization of carbon dioxide. This book is interesting and useful to a wide readership in the various fields of chemical science and engineering.Bhalchandra Bhanage is a professor of industrial and engineering chemistry at Institute of Chemical Technology, India.Masahiko Arai is a professor of chemical engineering at Hokkaido University, Japan.

The Advances in Inorganic Chemistry series present timely and informative summaries of the current progress in a variety of subject areas within inorganic chemistry, ranging from bio-inorganic to solid state studies. This acclaimed serial features reviews written by experts in the field and serves as an indispensable reference to advanced researchers. Each volume contains an index, and each chapter is fully referenced. - Features comprehensive reviews on the latest developments - Includes contributions from leading experts in the field - Serves as an indispensable reference to advanced researchers

The recycling of atmospheric molecules for use as fuels and chemicals is a goal which can only be achieved through a deeper understanding of catalytic processes, particularly electrocatalysis whereby redox transformations can be interfaced with solar or nuclear energy input. Carbon dioxide is a prototypical small molecule in many regards since it is chemically inert. In addition, because of the likely role of carbon dioxide in global temperature cycles, it will be imperative in the future to regulate the output from industrial processes. The purpose of this book is to present a unified discussion of the carbon dioxide chemistry which is necessary for the understanding and design of electrochemically-driven processes for the reduction of carbon dioxide and to provide an impetus for the further development of electrocatalytic carbon dioxide chemistry.