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Abstract This paper makes use of energy flow language. It discusses how this energetics approach can be useful in research having to do with the interactions between man and the environment. All life processes have energy as their common denominator. The paper shows how this methodological approach aids in field preparation, organizes research while in the field and helps in the analysis of data. A discussion of manioc as an essential plant for man in the tropics is presented, and the myths surrounding the plant are indicated and recent research finds put in context. The potential of manioc as a food of the future is presented and suggestions are made for an energetics approach to the plant in situ. The plant's potential needs to be studied in the context of the real world in which tropical man utilizes it. Energetic models are presented as guides to the study of the plant as a system producing food.

The present paper is a report on the marine fishes observed and studied on my trip to the Caribbean coast of Colombia during August and September of 1949, for slightly over a month's duration. This was made possible by a grant in aid from the Eldridge Reeves Johnson Fund by the American Philosophical Society. Leaving New York by steamer on August 12 I sailed to Barranquilla, arriving August 18, after which I proceeded to Cartagena, which I used as a base until my return from Barranquilla on September 8. During this interval very interesting opportunities were afforded to visit the fish market at Cartagena. When the influx of fishes brought in was large, as in fair weather or under favorable conditions, it was possible to see great numbers daily, so that I made several trips at times. The number of species seen varied from 30 to 50. I seldom missed finding at least one or more species daily that I had not seen previously. The present paper is a report on the marine fishes observed and studied on my trip to the Caribbean coast of Colombia during August and September of 1949, for slightly over a month's duration. This was made possible by a grant in aid from the Eldridge Reeves Johnson Fund by the American Philosophical Society. Leaving New York by steamer on August 12 I sailed to Barranquilla, arriving August 18, after which I proceeded to Cartagena, which I used as a base until my return from Barranquilla on September 8. During this interval very interesting opportunities were afforded to visit the fish market at Cartagena. When the influx of fishes brought in was large, as in fair weather or under favorable conditions, it was possible to see great numbers daily, so that I made several trips at times. The number of species seen varied from 30 to 50. I seldom missed finding at least one or more species daily that I had not seen previously.

A Divisão de Combate a Vetores, da Secretaria da Saúde do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, em trabalho anterior, apresentou os critérios que adota na passagem de áreas limpas do T. infestans, principal vetor da doença de Chagas na região, para uma fase mais adiantada do seu programa de contrôle, denominada de Fase de Vigilância Entomológica. Entre as áreas onde não se encontram mais exemplares de T. infestans, situa-se uma região de 2.007 km², com população estimada em 51.000 habitantes, compreendida por 6 municípios, situados na Região 7 - Bauru (Estado de São Paulo), onde foi instalada a "Área Piloto de Vigilância Entomológica". Nessa área, entre maio de 1969 e junho de 1970, foram desenvolvidas as seguintes atividades: Instalação e funcionamento de uma rêde de Postos de Informação de focos de triatomíneos; investigação de focos de triatomíneos; avaliação da infestação nas casas de barro, através das caixas-abrigo de triatomíneos (método de Gómez-Nuñez); levantamento sorológico RIF (imunofluorescência), em gôta de sangue colhida em papel de filtro, realizado entre menores de 8 anos; pesquisa e captura de triatomíneos realizada por uma equipe especial. Os resultados conseguidos mostram a inexistência de achados de exemplares do T. infestans na área e, por outro lado, assinalam o encontro esporádico de exemplares isolados ou de pequenos focos de outras espécies (R. neglectus e T. sordida) não infectados pelo T. cruzi. Conclui-se que foi correta a passagem dessa área para a Fase de Vigilância Entomológica e que os métodos empregados funcionaram satisfatòriamente. A vista dos resultados alcançados, essa área apresenta condições para transferir às Unidades Sanitárias locais, parte do contrôle da transmissão da doença de Chagas.In a previous paper, the Vector Control Division of the Department of Health of the State of São Paulo, Brazil, presented the adopted criteria for transference of cleaned Triatoma infestans areas, the main vector of Chagas' disease in the region to a more advanced phase of its control program, called "Entomological Surveillance Phase". Among the areas where T. infestans was not found any longer there is a region of 2007 km², with an estimated population of 51000 people including six counties located in Region 7 - Bauru (São Paulo. State - Brazil), where the Pilot Area of Entomological Surveillance was installed. In this area, between May 1969 and June 1970, the following activities were performed: installation and functioning of a network of information Posts for Triatominae foci; investigation of Triatominae foci; estimation of the infestation in mud cottages, through special boxes for Triatominae (Gomez-Nuñez method); RIF (immunofluorescence reaction) serological survey in blood drop caught in filtering paper, carried through less than 8 years old children; research and capture of Triatominae bugs. As results there was not found T. infestans bugs in the area. Beside this, only few isolated specimens or small foci of other species (R. neglectus and T. sordida) that were not found infected by Trypanosoma cruzi. So, it was concluded that the changing of this area to the Entomological Surveillance Phase was correct, and that the methods used were satisfactory. By there this area was considered in condition to transfering the Chagas' disease control to the local Sanitary Units.

Rumex and Polygonum, of the family polygonaceae, occur in some abundance both in Colombia and in the United states, and this paper is an attempt to correlate a study of the Colombian plants with what has been observed in the United states. Through the courtesy of Dr. William R. Maxon, Curator, the facilities of the United states National Herbarium have been made available, and this work has been financed by the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation of Madison, Wisconsin. The writer's collections and field observations were made in Colombia from March to December, 1944, during such times as would not interfere with his work for the Colombian Cinchona Mission. Mr. E. P. Killip, Dr. F. R. Fosberg and Mr. Joseph Ewan have given me the benefit of their experience in South American botany to make a number of helpful suggestions.Rumex and Polygonum, of the family polygonaceae, occur in some abundance both in Colombia and in the United states, and this paper is an attempt to correlate a study of the Colombian plants with what has been observed in the United states. Through the courtesy of Dr. William R. Maxon, Curator, the facilities of the United states National Herbarium have been made available, and this work has been financed by the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation of Madison, Wisconsin. The writer's collections and field observations were made in Colombia from March to December, 1944, during such times as would not interfere with his work for the Colombian Cinchona Mission. Mr. E. P. Killip, Dr. F. R. Fosberg and Mr. Joseph Ewan have given me the benefit of their experience in South American botany to make a number of helpful suggestions.

The bird collection (52 species and subspecies) treated in this paper was collected in the upper Cusiana River, eastern slope of the Eastern Andes, Departamento de Boyacá, Colombia. In the introduction are given geographical details of the proper area where the material was secured. This study is very important because of the little knowledge on the ornisof the Eastern Andes in Boyacá. Some light is thrown on the similarities and discrepancies between the avifaunas of Boyacá and Cundinamarca (Eastern Andes) and also on the relations with the adjacent regions of Venezuela. The intergradation of Atlapetes semirufus zimmeri with A. s. semirufus is discussed and the subspecies Hemispingus frontalis flavidorsalis isadded to the colombian avifauna. Previous local avifaunas of the Andes in Boyacá are: Borrero and Olivares (1955) and Olivares (1963).The bird collection (52 species and subspecies) treated in this paper was collected in the upper Cusiana River, eastern slope of the Eastern Andes, Departamento de Boyacá, Colombia. In the introduction are given geographical details of the proper area where the material was secured. This study is very important because of the little knowledge on the ornisof the Eastern Andes in Boyacá. Some light is thrown on the similarities and discrepancies between the avifaunas of Boyacá and Cundinamarca (Eastern Andes) and also on the relations with the adjacent regions of Venezuela. The intergradation of Atlapetes semirufus zimmeri with A. s. semirufus is discussed and the subspecies Hemispingus frontalis flavidorsalis isadded to the colombian avifauna. Previous local avifaunas of the Andes in Boyacá are: Borrero and Olivares (1955) and Olivares (1963).

Some time ago Brother Nicéforo, a well known naturalist of the Instituto de La Salle, Bogota, Colombia, very kindly presented a small collection of birds from his country to the United States National Museum. Although small in number of both specimens and species, it appears to have been a "picked" lot containing a surprising number of records of interest, some of which were undoubtedly puzzling to the collector. It is this material that is here reported on. As may be noted in the body of this paper, not only is a form of tinamou, hitherto undescribed, made known to science, but the recorded geographic ranges of some thirteen other birds are hereby extended, including two additions to the recorded avifauna of Colombia. Some time ago Brother Nicéforo, a well known naturalist of the Instituto de La Salle, Bogota, Colombia, very kindly presented a small collection of birds from his country to the United States National Museum. Although small in number of both specimens and species, it appears to have been a "picked" lot containing a surprising number of records of interest, some of which were undoubtedly puzzling to the collector. It is this material that is here reported on. As may be noted in the body of this paper, not only is a form of tinamou, hitherto undescribed, made known to science, but the recorded geographic ranges of some thirteen other birds are hereby extended, including two additions to the recorded avifauna of Colombia.

This paper describes a new species of characid fish, Creagrutus nigrostigmatus, which differs from all earlier known species of the genus in possessing a well-marked black horizontal caudaI bar, as well as in the spacing of the teeth on the premaxillaries and several other characters, such as the laterally compressed head, the dorsal origin almost exactly midway between the snout and the, last caudal vertebra, on a vertical line slightly behind a vertical line through the pelvic insertions. The new species has hitherto been found only in the creek Pechilin, in the department of Bolívar in northern Colombia. The author states that this creek seems to possess a rather peculiar fish thorough fauna and recomends a investigation. This paper describes a new species of characid fish, Creagrutus nigrostigmatus, which differs from all earlier known species of the genus in possessing a well-marked black horizontal caudaI bar, as well as in the spacing of the teeth on the premaxillaries and several other characters, such as the laterally compressed head, the dorsal origin almost exactly midway between the snout and the, last caudal vertebra, on a vertical line slightly behind a vertical line through the pelvic insertions. The new species has hitherto been found only in the creek Pechilin, in the department of Bolívar in northern Colombia. The author states that this creek seems to possess a rather peculiar fish thorough fauna and recomends a investigation.

In continuation of my examination of the Neotropical Acanthocinini, the following paper contains description of eleven new species of the genus Lepturges Bates, with notes on another species. The genus Lepturges is one of the largest in the Tribe, and as many of the species are very small, probably many others remain unknown as yet. Fullkeys to the genus will follow in due course. In continuation of my examination of the Neotropical Acanthocinini, the following paper contains description of eleven new species of the genus Lepturges Bates, with notes on another species. The genus Lepturges is one of the largest in the Tribe, and as many of the species are very small, probably many others remain unknown as yet. Fullkeys to the genus will follow in due course.

In my recent paper on American Caecilians (Dec. 1942, Bull. Mus. Camp. Zool. 91, 6) the six then known specimens of Gymnopis from Colombia were regarded as of one species, G. nicefori Barbour, with a range from Cáceres in the Lower Cauca in northern Antioquia (alt. 150 m.) to Honda, Girardot and San Juan de Rioseco (alt. 1300 m.) in the Upper Magdalena valley. Later examination of four additional specimens from the Upper Magdalena valley, Honda (3) and Aguas Blancas in Tolima, seemed to confirm this view. It is therefore with some surprise that I find that a specimen of Gymnopis, taken by me at EI Centro, in the Central Magdalena valley, on Dec. 24, 1943, is not nicefori, and must be described as new. I name it in honor of my friend Wilfred Devereux Price, Esq., to whom I am indebted for kind assistance and hospitality at EI Centro. In my recent paper on American Caecilians (Dec. 1942, Bull. Mus. Camp. Zool. 91, 6) the six then known specimens of Gymnopis from Colombia were regarded as of one species, G. nicefori Barbour, with a range from Cáceres in the Lower Cauca in northern Antioquia (alt. 150 m.) to Honda, Girardot and San Juan de Rioseco (alt. 1300 m.) in the Upper Magdalena valley. Later examination of four additional specimens from the Upper Magdalena valley, Honda (3) and Aguas Blancas in Tolima, seemed to confirm this view. It is therefore with some surprise that I find that a specimen of Gymnopis, taken by me at EI Centro, in the Central Magdalena valley, on Dec. 24, 1943, is not nicefori, and must be described as new. I name it in honor of my friend Wilfred Devereux Price, Esq., to whom I am indebted for kind assistance and hospitality at EI Centro.

From Puerto Asís (Corregimiento de la Comisaría del Putumayo, Colombia) very few records of birds are found in the literature, but this paper treats 100 specimens representative of 39 species and subspecies collected there from June 26 to July 1st., 1964. Formicarius analis zamorae Chapman and Empidonomus a. aurantio-atro-cristatus (Lafresnaye and D'Orbigny) are new for the Colombian ornis. The present study combines the ornithological knowledge of Amazonian Colombia, Ecuador and Perú. From Puerto Asís (Corregimiento de la Comisaría del Putumayo, Colombia) very few records of birds are found in the literature, but this paper treats 100 specimens representative of 39 species and subspecies collected there from June 26 to July 1st., 1964. Formicarius analis zamorae Chapman and Empidonomus a. aurantio-atro-cristatus (Lafresnaye and D'Orbigny) are new for the Colombian ornis. The present study combines the ornithological knowledge of Amazonian Colombia, Ecuador and Perú.

In this paper a report is given concerning the distribution of some birds in the Colombian Amazonian and Orinoco drainages; also, some previous identifications are amended having at the present time more and better material recently collected and better facilities for studying. In addition, five new species. are recorded for the first time in the fauna of these regions and four new species and subespecies are added to the previous known list of Colombian birds. In this paper a report is given concerning the distribution of some birds in the Colombian Amazonian and Orinoco drainages; also, some previous identifications are amended having at the present time more and better material recently collected and better facilities for studying. In addition, five new species. are recorded for the first time in the fauna of these regions and four new species and subespecies are added to the previous known list of Colombian birds.

During the first four months of 1944 while the writer was engaged in exploration for sources of rotenone in Colombia, principally in the Eastern Llanos, some opportunity was found for general botanical collecting. Although both time and facilities for this purpose were limited to the extent that somewhat less than 500 numbers were obtained, these collections included a few undescribed plants and several species apparently not so far reported from Colombia. In addition to the two novelties described in the present paper, new species in the genera Axonopus, Grimaldia, Piper, Calolisianthus (genus new to Colombia), Hyptis, Bartsia, Castilleja, Alloplectus and Cephaelis will be described elsewhere by specialists in those groups, and new records for Lonchocarpus have already been published (Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 37: 111-113. 1947).During the first four months of 1944 while the writer was engaged in exploration for sources of rotenone in Colombia, principally in the Eastern Llanos, some opportunity was found for general botanical collecting. Although both time and facilities for this purpose were limited to the extent that somewhat less than 500 numbers were obtained, these collections included a few undescribed plants and several species apparently not so far reported from Colombia. In addition to the two novelties described in the present paper, new species in the genera Axonopus, Grimaldia, Piper, Calolisianthus (genus new to Colombia), Hyptis, Bartsia, Castilleja, Alloplectus and Cephaelis will be described elsewhere by specialists in those groups, and new records for Lonchocarpus have already been published (Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 37: 111-113. 1947).

This paper is a contribution to the knowledge of the avifauna of the Upper Magdalena River in Colombia. The birds, representative of 50 species and subespecies, were taken at Gaitania Municipio de Ataco, Tolima, a zone of humid forest on the eastern of the Central Andes (30) 8 N., 750 49' W. of Greenwich. Alt. 2100 m. approx.). This paper is a contribution to the knowledge of the avifauna of the Upper Magdalena River in Colombia. The birds, representative of 50 species and subespecies, were taken at Gaitania Municipio de Ataco, Tolima, a zone of humid forest on the eastern of the Central Andes (30) 8 N., 750 49' W. of Greenwich. Alt. 2100 m. approx.).

In this paper three species of the Phylum Chaetognatha (Krohnitta Pacifica, K. subtilis and Pterosagitta draco) are recorded by the first time from the Caribbean shore of Colombia. An statistical analysis is given for selected characters in P. draco. In this paper three species of the Phylum Chaetognatha (Krohnitta Pacifica, K. subtilis and Pterosagitta draco) are recorded by the first time from the Caribbean shore of Colombia. An statistical analysis is given for selected characters in P. draco.

The following paper continues the series of nomenclatural notes and adjustments commenced under the title "Studies in Neotropical Orchidology" in Acta Botanica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, Vol. 14: pp. 63-70 (1968). As in the previous contribution, the genera considered in the present study are Brassavola R. Br., Schomburgkia Lindl, and HoffmannseggellaH. G. Jones. The notes which comprise this series of studieshave been accumulated during the course of collecting materials for a taxonomic revision of the three genera concerned.The following paper continues the series of nomenclatural notes and adjustments commenced under the title "Studies in Neotropical Orchidology" in Acta Botanica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, Vol. 14: pp. 63-70 (1968). As in the previous contribution, the genera considered in the present study are Brassavola R. Br., Schomburgkia Lindl, and HoffmannseggellaH. G. Jones. The notes which comprise this series of studieshave been accumulated during the course of collecting materials for a taxonomic revision of the three genera concerned.

This paper is an attempt to interpret the negative isostatic anomaly of the Western Caribbean Sea on the basis of the new criterion used by professor M. Ewing et al. in their interpretation of the island arc in Pto. Rico area. The proposed interpretation is a departure from the previous one generally accepted, which was based on the tectogene theory of professor H. H. Hess. In other words, the negative anomaly is attributed here to the sediments' thickenning and possible geosynclinal structure, rather than to deeper tectogenic deformation involving sial and sima. A geomorphologic interpretation of the Caribbean continental shelf is offered on this basis. The interpretation is locally based on correlation of the isostatic anomaly values (pendulum) with surface gravimetric values (gravity meter) in the Colombian coastal area (near Barranquilla), as compiled by the International Geophysical Year's Colombian Gravity Committee, and general stratigraphic and structural data of the Atlantic coast. A brief account and analysis of gravimetric principles and previous gravity works and their interpretations is given, especially in connection with isostasy and the general island arc problem. The paper aims mainly at encouraging interest toward cooperative research and further geophysical detail work in the Western (Colombian) Caribbean. Sea area.

Se presenta una lista anotada de los mosquitos verdaderos, familia Culicidae, encontrados desde 1962 hasta 1966 en la zona del Río Raposo, en la Costa del Pacífico de Colombia, durante estudios sobre virus transmitidos por artrópodos. La familia está representada por 16 géneros conocidos previamente y otro nuevo para la ciencia. Estos géneros comprenden 87 especies con nombre. Para cada una se ofrece breve información sobre su método de captura, abundancia relativa y otros datos pertinentes. Las larvas o pupas de 41 especies conocidas se obtuvieron en diferentes tipos de criaderos. Por primera vez se registra en el país la presencia de 26 especies. De 4.727 grupos de mosquitos inoculados en ratones para buscar virus hay 116 aislamientos positivos que se diseutir an en próximos trabajos.We present here an annotated list of mosquitoes of the family Culicidae collected from 1962 to 1966 in the Río Raposo region of the Pacific coast of Colombia, in the course of studies of arthropod-borne viruses. There are included 86 named species of 16 previously known genera and one new genus and species being described in another paper. Forty-one species were reared from larvae and pupae collected in a variety of breeding places. Twenty-six species are recorded for the first time from Colombia. For each species, notes on the method of collection, relative abundance and other pertaining data are given. Viruses were isolated from 116 of 4,727 mosquito pools processed. These agents will be the subject of other papers to he published.

Reseña de la obra de Max Horkheimer aparecida en 1973, Teoría crítica. Barcelona: Barral Editores.

Reseña de la obra de Max Weber aparecida en 1972, Ensayos de sociología contemporánea. Barcelona: Ediciones Martinez Roca.

Reseña de la obra de Franco Ferrarotti aparecida en 1973, Sociología alternativa. Barcelona: Editorial A. Redondo.

Reseña de la obra de Zeitlin, Ideología y teoría sociológica. Buenos Aires: Amorrortu.

Reseña de la obra de Peter L. Berger y Thomas Luckmann apareguda el 1968, La construcción social de la realidad. Buenos Aires: Amorrortu.

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