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A simplified procedure for filter paper electrophoresis is described in which disturbing factors such as evaporation, heating, buffer concentration gradients, and pH changes in the electrode vessels were reduced to a minimum. Artificial mixtures of highly purified proteins could be separated and the components isolated. The application of the method to a variety of studies on serum proteins is demonstrated. Protein concentration in paper segments was determined by two different methods of protein estimation. Curves were obtained showing the same five major peaks for normal serum as found by the classical methods of free electrophoresis. Comparisons were made of the areas of the various components under the curves obtained with the different methods. Two dimensional electrophoresis was applied to serum and serum components. It proved of value in demonstrating the heterogeneity of fractions such as the γ-globulin of serum. The polysaccharide dextran was used as an index of the extent of electro-osmotic flow during the course of the various experiments. The ratio of the distance of electroosmotic flow and the distance of protein migration was shown to be constant for a given type of paper. For serum albumin on Munktell 20 paper this ratio was 0.35. A formula for mobilities applicable to liquid in a highly porous supporting medium is presented. Mobility values for human serum albumin at various pH levels on paper showed approximate agreement with those obtained in free solution giving a similar isoelectric point.

Two-dimensional chromatography on commercially available silica gel-loaded paper for the microanalysis of polar lipids from various tissues is described. All common phospholipids and their lyso derivatives can be reproducibly separated. As many as 22 lipid components were separated on a single chromatogram. Improved methods for staining lipids and for determining phosphorus in the chromatographic spots are reported.

A new paper electrophoretic method for the separation of bile acids into five groups, (1) unconjugated, (2) glycine conjugates and (3) taurine conjugates, and (4) and (5) the respective monosulfates, is described. Rapid and accurate qualitative and quantitative estimations of each group are obtained by densitometry after internal standardization and phosphomolybdate color development. The technique can be done in the routine clinical laboratory and is useful for the detection of diseases affecting the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids.

SUMMARY Chromatographic procedures for the detection and evaluation of oxygenated fatty acids are described. Emphasis has been placed on epoxy acids, but these methods promise to be of great value in studies of all classes of oxygenated acids. Paper chromatography of fatty acids and their esters has been developed for the examination of mixtures containing oxygenated derivatives. The method of adsorption chromatography on thin layers of silicic acid has been shown to be a powerful tool in studies of epoxy acids and hydroxy acids. Gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) of epoxy esters has been studied using both polar and nonpolar columns and has great utility in the detection and analysis of these compounds in mixtures. These methods have been applied to the examination of the epoxy components of six seed oils. Thin-layer and GLC proved particularly useful in this study and together demonstrated the presence of at least three distinct epoxy acids in each of these oils. Some conclusions as to the probable structures of these epoxy components are presented on the basis of their chromatographic characteristics in relation to known substances.

In the present experiments attempts were made to identify semen from various specimens such as the semen itself, spots of semen on clothes, putrefied semen or semen contaminated with blood, menstrual blood, vaginal fluid, according to the techniques of LEVONEN. As the result it has been clarified that in every instance it is possible to isolate and detect the spots of choline by spraying Dragehdorff's reagent.

Commercial silica gel loaded filter paper has been found to give good separations of neutral lipids and phospholipids. Unidimensional or two-dimensional chromatography can be used. Rat liver lipids and C14-algae lipids were studied. An advantage over thin-layer chromatography is that several spot tests can be applied on the same chromatogram.

No abstract available.

The purpose of this study was to explore a method for developing production standards for a low-production fourdrinier paper machine producing a wide range of specialty paper types. The approach was based primarily on noted historical deviations of actual production from production indicated from the use of formulas or nomographs describing the theoretical production possible. Using FORTRAN IV on an IBM 360, a program capable of accepting and analyzing historical data in order to develop production standards was developed. The program is also capable of comparing production runs on a particular day with the historical standards. A similar approach could be applied in both specialty mills and in high-production mills using the fourdrinier paper machine. The production standards developed from such a method would provide a basis for standard cost accounting by product and by production run, would permit evaluation of changes in the machine, and would provide a means to evaluate machine and crew performances. Quality control chart methods incorporated in the computer program would also aid in pointing out production runs with extreme deviations from the historical standards of production in order that checks could be made for assignable causes. M.S.

A windowless tube has been developed which can be used to detect tritium activity on paper, glass, or aluminum. The tube is of glass, with a nichrome anode and a copper sulfide coated copper cathode, and utilizes a stream of helium saturated with alcohol. This device is convenient for detection of tritiated compounds in paper chromatography.

A new solvent system, to avoid the use of phenol—water, has been developed for the chromatography of complex mixtures of intermediary metabolites.The solvent contains ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, ammonia, water, isobutyric acid and four simple aliphatic alcohols, and is stble at least for many weeks. The advantages and properties of this solvent are discussed, and the mobilities in it of aobut one hundred metabolic intermediates are listed with reference to the mobility of aspartic acid. It has been found that the chromatographic resolution and the sharpness of the spots are greatly improved by the use of papers other than Whatman No. 4. WhatmanNo. 2 is distinctly superior to Whatman No. 4, but the best results have been obtained with Ederol No.202 (J.C. Binzer, Vertriebs-G.m.b.H., Hatzfeld/Eder, West Germany). With these papers the solvent development times are about 30 h for semi-stench and 18 h for n -butanol—propionic acid—water.

São apresentados e discutidos os resultados de vários experimentos de campo realizados na Estação Experimental de Tatuí, do Instituto Agronômico, com a Crotalaria juncea L. como planta produtora de celulose para papel. Êsses resultados permitem fazer recomendações úteis sôbre o melhoramento técnico da cultura e da produção, no concernente às questões de variedades, espaçamento, densidade de semeação, época de semeação e época de colheita dos caules.This paper reports the results obtained in sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.) field trials carried out at the Tatui Experiment Station, São Paulo State. The trials were designed to study the effect of varieties, spacing x rate of seeding, time of sowing and time of harvesting on sunn hemp fiber production as a raw material for paper pulp. From the results achieved in these trials, the following recommendations can be made for growing sunn hemp as a fiber plant for paper pulp in the State of São Paulo. VARIETY: to use the common variety that is normally sowed for green manuring. TIME OF SOWING: to sow the seeds during october. RATE OF SEED SOWING AND SPACING: to sow the seeds at the rate of 100 lbs/ acre in rows spaced 8 inches apart. TIME OF HARVESTING: to harvest the stalks for mechanical fiber extraction when the seed pods are in the mature stage.

The present paper shows and discusses microphotographs of fibres used for the manufacture of cigarette papers as well as such photographs disclosing the composition of cigarette papers.

O grande impulso que têm tornado, nestes últimos anos, as investigações sôbre a doença de Chagas, não sòmente em Minas Gerais, como também em outros Estados do Brasil e países do novo continente atingidos pela endemia; o interêsse cada vez mais crescente por parte dos médicos em geral e a facilidade com que vêm sendo por êles assimiladas as recentes contribuições ao estudo desta entidade mórbida; a importância médico-social e a repercussão econômica que tem sido atribuída à esquizotripanose como fator de letalidade e de incapacidade relativa ou total para o trabalho, depois de conhecidos os resultados de inquéritos clínico-epidemiológicos realizados em zonas infestadas por triatomíneos; a recente adoção, por parte das autoridades responsáveis pela saúde publica, de medidas concretas de contrôle da doença pelo combate aos seus transmissores domiciliares, por meio de inseticidas de ação residual aplicados em larga escala; e, principalmente, a escassez de trabalhos de conjunto e de fácil acesso, com referencias bibliográficas adequadas e extensas, que facilitassem aos não especializados no assunto, o conhecimento e a consulta das investigações já realizadas sôbre êste importante problema de medicina tropical; tais são os principais motivos que sugeriram a elaboração de um esbôço crítico do desenvolvimento dos trabalhos até agora publicados sôbre a esquizotripanose em Minas Gerais. De fato, foi aí descoberta a nova entidade mórbida do homem, foram aí estudados e esclarecidos problemas relativos à etiologia, epidemiologia, aspectos clínicos e anatomo-patológicos da esquizotripanose, foram aí realizadas investigações experimentais e desenvolvidos métodos de profilaxia, constituindo, em conjunto, os trabalhos realizados sôbre a esquizotripanose em Minas Gerais, fundamentados nos alicerces sólidos legados pelo seu grande descobridor, uma obra verdadeiramente monumental, que tanto orgulha e engrandece a ciência latino-americana. Os trabalhos publicados sôbre a doença de Chagas em Minas Gerais, compreendendo tôdas as inves tigações aí realizadas e as contribuições que com material procedente do Estado se realizaram fora dêle, foram divididos em cinco grandes grupos: l.º) — Trabalhos realizados em Lassance 2.º) — Trabalhos realizados em Bambuí 3.º) — Trabalhos realizados em Belo Horizonte 4.º) — Trabalhos realizados em outras zonas do Estado 5.º) — Profilaxia da doença de Chagas em larga escala. I) — Os trabalhos realizados em Lassance cobrem um longo período de quase 30 anos, período êsse que vai desde 1909, data da descoberta de um novo tripanosoma e da descrição da nova entidade mórbida do homem feita por CHAGAS, ate 1936, data da publicação de trabalhos de pesquisadores de Manguinhos, apresentados no ano anterior à Nona Reunião da Sociedade Argentina de Patologia Regional convocada em homenagem à memória do grande tropicalista brasileiro CARLOS CHAGAS. Pràticamente, as pesquisas desenvolvidas em Lassance e os trabalhos realizados com o abundante material que de lá foi canalizado para o Instituto Oswaldo Cruz — investigações condensadas em uma centena de publicações — foram feitas por CHAGAS e colaboradores durante a vida do descobridor da esquizotripanose. Neste período, CHAGAS e pesquisadores que, sob sua orientação, trabalharam em Lassance e Manguinhos, descreveram a nova doença nas suas diversas...The critical study of the papers published up to 1951 on Chagas' disease in the State of Minas Geraes (Brazil), was divided into five chapters: 1) Work made in Lassance; 2) Work made in Bambuí; 3) Work made in Belo Horizonte; 4) Work made in other parts of the State; 5) Large-scale prophylaxis of Chagas' disease. 1) The work made in Lassance covers a long period of almost 30 years, from 1909, when a new trypanosoma was discovered and the corresponding disease was described by Chagas, up to 1936. The researches made in Lassance were carried out by Chagas and its co-workers of the Oswaldo Cruz Institute. During this period they described the various clinical features of the new disease, made a detailed study of its agent and the biology of the transmitting insects, and experiments and studies on the pathogeny and pathology of the disease; they developed diagnostic methods, analysed the role of domiciliary and wild reservoirs, and insistently showed the social significance of this sanitary problem. 2) The research work made on Chagas' disease in Bambuí contributed decisively for the growing interest on the study of this disease during the last few years. Although the work in Bambuí was carried out continuously since its beginning in 1940, the researches may be divided into two groups, namely the preliminary made before the installation in the mentioned city of the Center for the Study and Prophylaxis of Chagas' Disease in November 1943, and the work done after the installation of the Center. The first group represents the first contribution after the researches carried out in Lassance, towards a formal study of acute cases of Chagas' disease in the State .The finding of numerous acute cases at Bambuí led the direction of the Oswaldo Cruz Institute to create a Center of Studies in that city. An outstanding contribution on the clinical, epidemiological and prophylactic fields was brought about by investigators of Manguinhos with the abundant material supplied by the Bambuí Center. The chief contributions from Bambuí were of three kinds: a) The individualization of the chronic Chagas' heart disease on clinical, anatomo-pathological, electrocardiographic and experimental basis; the demonstration of its great frequency in infected individuals and the verification that in certain rural areas schizotrypanosis is one of the most important etiological factors of heart disease. b) The experience acquired with the use of the complement fixation reaction with antigens of cultures of Schizotripanum cruzi allowing a rapid and safe confirmation of chronic cases of schizotrypanosis. The reaction, if done in a large-scale, make it possible to get a fairly accurate idea on the incidence of Chagas' disease in endemic areas. c) The possibility of performing prophylactic campaigns by using proper residually acting insecticides. 3) — An examination of the literature on the subject shows a delayed interest of scientifc investigators and clinicians of Belo Horizonte on the study of Chagas' disease, since the first papers are dated 1930...

Quatro espécies de bambu do gênero Dendrocalamus (D. giganteus, D. asper, D. latiflorus e D. strictus) foram testadas, em laboratório, para a produção de pasta para papel, através do processo sulfato. Previamente aos cozimentos, determinaram-se as dimensões e os pesos dos colmos, sua densidade básica e as dimensões das fibras. Os cozimentos, efetuados pelo processo sulfato, determinaram rendimento em pasta celulósica branqueável um pouco inferiores àqueles das principais espécies arbóreas usadas para a mesma finalidade. Dendrocalamus giganteus superou as demais espécies, tanto em rendimento como nas características físico-mecânicas do papel.Four bamboo species of Dendrocalamus (D. asper, D. latiflorus, D. giganteus and D. strictus), were studied to determine their feasibility for pulp and paper production by the sulphate process. Data was taken on culm characteristics, as well as basic density and fiber dimensions on sample basis. Five cookings involving the four species were carried out in electrically heated rotary autoclave of 20 litres capacity at 14% of active alkali as Na2O, 25% of sulfidity 1:4 ratio of material to liquor and maximum temperature of 160 ± 2°C during 60 minutes. Unbleached yield and permanganate number of pulps were determined. Handmade sheets with 60 g/s.m. were conditioned at 65% RH and 21ºC and their strenght properties tested. The results indicated that D. giganteus produced 39.10% of unbleached pulp yield and also superior quality for most of the paper strength properties considered on this research.

It is considered that the size distribution of solid precipitation is more important than that of rain drop to investigate the mechanism of precipitation. In this work, the relation between the diameter of various precipitation elements and the records coloured by them on the photographic paper, was mainly investigated. a) Rain drop. From the calibration of the water drops at terminal velocity, the following relation was obtained, [numerical formula] where d=diameter of rain drop in mm, D=mean diameter of wet area by rain drop on the photographic paper in mm. b) Snow flake and snow crystal. The outline of the horizontal shape of snow flake or snow crystal in falling state is coloured and recorded on the photographic paper, so we obtain [numerical formula] where d=mean diameter of snow flake or snow crystal assumed to be ellipsoidal in falling state, D=mean diameter of area coloured on the photographic paper in mm. c) Very wet or partially melted snow flake. Very wet or partially melted snow flakes collapse and spread on the photographic paper when they fall on it. Their thicknesses are roughly uniform, so their diameters in falling state are calculated from their records on the paper and their uniform thickness [numerical formula] where d=diameter, h=thickness of snow flake and D=mean diameter of coloured area in mm. d) Graupel. The graupel melts to a hemispherical drop on the paper, so its diameter equivalent to that or a spherical water drop is calculated as follows, [numerical formula] where d_ω=equivalent diameter, D'=diameter of dark brown area in mm. Some examples of the traces by various precipitations on the photographic papers and their size distributions are shown in some photographs and figures.

The influence of air permeability of cigarette paper on the yield of condensate and on its composition was examined. Total particulate matter and nicotine in the smoke decrease with increasing permeability of the paper. The decrease results from the smaller quantity of tobacco burnt in the mainstream. Higher combustion cannot be obtained by paper of greater permeability. The content of condensate of 3,4-benzopyrene is constant. Total particulate matter and nicotine in the smoke - measured in per cent of the tobacco smoked in the mainstream - are also constant.

It was shown that young seeds of Lupinus luteus contained some unknown cytokinins besides dihydrozeatin, which strongly stimulated the growth of cultured tobacco tissue (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Wisconsin No. 38). These unknown cytokinins were purified partially and studied with paper chromatography and bioassay. One of them is water-soluble and hydrolysis of it yields more active water-soluble cytokinin, but neither dihydrozeatin nor its ribonucleoside. This unknown cytokinin is not dihydrozeatin ribonucleotide, and may be a novel cytokinin. Another unknown cytokinin is not water-soluble, but extractable with n-butanol. On paper chromatograms this cytokinin locates closely to dihydrozeatin ribonucleoside, and gives a positive color reaction specific to pentose. Hydrolysis of it yields an active component indistinguishable from dihydrozeatin. It seems likely that this cytokinin is dihydrozeatin ribonucleoside.

Ten sorts of cigarette paper with differing physical properties, made of the raw materials Iinen, sulphate cellulose and “viskose”, which had been impregnated with citrate, phosphate or nitrate, were examined. The cigarettes made from these, which all contained the same blend of tobacco, were 7.95 × 80 mm and had an average weight of 1.070 g at 11.5 % moisture, were compared with each other in taste and in laboratory tests. A variation of the surface weight between 20.5 g/m2 and 24.5 g/m2 had no noteworthy influence on the properties of the cigarette. For the impregnation of the paper citrate is more desirable than the other salts investigated. The cigarettes made with paper impregnated with citrate provide the best looking ash and were favoured by the smokers of the taste panel. Cigarettes made with paper impregnated with nitrate and phosphate are stronger and more mordant and, furthermore, they have a bitter “after taste”, except those made with “viskose” paper. As the porosity of the paper increases the totaI condensate amount decreases. The “smouldering speed” of the cigarette increases somewhat. The members of the taste panel in each case preferred the milder cigarettes with the more porous paper. Paper made from linen, the most usual raw material nowadays for making cigarette paper, was compared with sulphate cellulose and “viskose” paper. Paper of sulphate cellulose is by comparison not very porous and gives the cigarette's taste tart qualities. “Viskose”, on the other hand, can be used to make very porous paper, the physical qualities of which come up to or even exceed those of linen paper. It was not possible to prove by the tests whether “viskose” paper negatively influences the taste of the cigarettes.

Este trabalho foi preparado com o fito de facilitar, aos colaboradores de BRAGANTIA, a citação de literatura, ao mesmo tempo simplificando a tarefa da redação. A citação de literatura, feita segundo as modernas regras biblioteconômicas, é simples, lógica, de fácil compreensão. Agrupadas aqui encontram-se tão sòmente as principais regras para uma correta citação bibliográfica.This paper presents some of the most practical rules concerning citation of literature in a technical paper. Articles for publication in BRAGANTIA must follow these rules.

The durable fire-retardants based on the colloidal solution of cationic aminotriazinealdehyde resin have been applied to HINOKI sliced veneer and filter paper. The treatment is accomplished by soaking samples through an aqueous solution of these resins, drying and curing at room temperatures. The effect of kind of acids and of varying ratio of fire retardant components in treating solution on the fire proofing efficiencies of HlNOKl sliced veneer and filter paper are discussed. Results are compared with those reported in previous paper and ammonium salts as fire retardant agents for wood, paper, fabrics and other combustible materials. Aminotriazine-aldehyde condensation products combined with strong acids such as phosphoric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid and sulfamic acid imparted excellent fire resistance to wood and filter paper. Satisfactory fire proofing properties can be obtained in both HlNOKl sliced veneer and filter paper at resin add-on as low as about 10～15% with a few exceptions. Total amount of resin required becomes lower as the melamine/acid ratio is decreased., この論文は国立情報学研究所の学術雑誌公開支援事業により電子化されました。

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IN a recent communication by Proom and Woiwod commenting on circular paper chromatography, they state: "although the method is admirable for the separation of two or three substances, it is not a satisfactory substitute for large–scale paper chromatography in the separation of more complex mixtures such as protein hydrolysates".

A method is described for the selective determination of lead in paper chromatograms, down to 1 μg (standard deviation 11%). After development and drying, the lead spot is sprayed with a Na 2 H 32 PO 4 solution and dried. Excess reagent and alkaline earth phosphates are eluted with a borax-oxalate buffer of pH 8.0. Eventually, the radio-activity of the lead spot is measured. The filter paper renders the method about 40 times more sensitive than existing radiometric techniques with phosphate- 32 P. The method can be modified for the simultaneous determination of many cations.

PAPER chromatography of cations and anions in aqueous solution has so far been very little investigated1. Quantitative determinations have been achieved by R. P. Linstead and co-workers, who have already obtained very important results. Our present work began in 1946, and it appeared that organic solvents behave in inorganic paper chromatography as they do in organic paper chromatography. The adsorbed salt spot gives rise to a chromatogram depending from the cation and ion of the salt, the pH of its solution, the nature and the pH of the developing organic solvent. Changes in the composition of this solvent are likely to alter the chromatogram just as in organic chromatography2. Our experiments have dealt only with iron, titanium and aluminium chlorides, cobalt and nickel chlorides and nitrates, using downward development., SCOPUS: le.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Chromatographic separation of various acids and salts on hydrated alumina impregnated paper was studied. Among sulfuric acid, nitric acid, sulfates and nitrates of copper, zinc, cadmium, lead, manganese, nickel and cobalt, acids and copper and lead salts were successfully separated from other salts by developing merely with water. For the separation of zinc from cadmium, it was revealed that solutions of alkali iodides were well adapted as developing agent. With iodide, cadmium formed complex salt which migrated to the front of the developing agent, while zinc remained at the original position. The widths of the zinc zones were identical whether zinc was present alone or coexisted with cadmium.

PTH-amino acids were synthesized by EDMAN's method. PTH-amino acids were studied by high voltage filter paper electrophoresis under various conditions. The results of the electrophoresis were investigated by the ultraviolet ray. By the electrophoresis at 2000 V with pH 6 buffer, acid PTHamino acids and basic PTH-amino acids were distinctly detected, and PTHasparatic acid and PTH-asparagine, PTH-glutamic acid and PTH-glutamine were respectively confirmed. The neutral PTH-amino acids were detected by the electrophoresis with pH 4 or pH 2 or pH 1 buffer. The results of these experiments are discussed., Acta medica Nagasakiensia. 1967, 12(1-2), p.7-16

A chromatography with a filter paper was carried out under the ultraviolet ray. Oxine, Cochineal and Rhodamine B were used as the developing reagents and the absorptions were made in solutions neutral, ammonia alkaline or containing sodium tartarate. Chromatograms of lead, copper, cadmium, zinc, nickel, cobalt, manganese and iron were shown by their photographs.

Três processos de cozimento - soda, soda-enxôfre e sulfito neutro de sódio - com várias dosagens de reagente, foram estudados para a obtenção de pasta crua para papel, com material de Bambusa tuldoides Munro. Os maiores rendimentos foram obtidos com o sulfito neutro, seguido do soda-enxôfre. O emprego exclusivo da soda, em dosagem igual ou superior a 20% do pêso sêco dos cavacos, trouxe queda no rendimento. Nos testes físico-mecânicos, os papéis se mostraram altamente porosos e resistentes ao rasgo, mostrando-se o material promissor na produção de pasta não branqueada, semelhante a "kraft" de pinheiros. As diferenças, entre os diversos cozimentos, com relação às características do papel foram pouco acentuadas. Para aprodução de celulose branqueada, o processo soda-enxôfre, com 22% de NaOH e 2,2% de S, foi o mais promissor.A comparison was made of three cooking processes - soda, soda-sulfur, and neutral sodium sulfite - using four different amounts of alkalis to extract the pulp from Bambusa tuldoides Munro. Yields superior to 50% were obtained in the majority of cookings; but they decreased when 20% or more of NaOH, in relation to the dry weight of chips, were employed. The highest rate of pulp to raw material was obtained with the neutral sodium-sulfite process. The paper produced was highly porous, very good in the tearing and reasonable in folding, tensile-and bursting strength.

This paper is the third in this series and gives data and rate constants for the polymerization of e-caprolactam in the presence of water, corrected for volume changes during reaction at 221.8°C. The influence of the experimental uncertainties of the reaction velocities at small reaction times is discussed.

Several glycosidases including the a-galactosidases of Taka-diastase, apricot kernel, malt and bottom yeast were resolved into fractions by paper chromatography. In general, the ratios of the activities towards a number of substrate varied for any glycosidase with the fraction in which it occurred. Some of these fractions were further resolved into a few components when they were chromatographed again, but some behaved upon rechromatography as a single component, the aglycon specificity of which seemed to be characteristic., Article, 信州大学工学部紀要 10: 30-45 (1960)

Department of Chemistry, Ravenshaw College, (Utkal University), Cuttack Manuscript received 13 September 1972; accepted 6 April 1972 Separation of a large number of isomeric mixtures of mono and diaryl thioureas, thiazoles and thiazolines have been tried by adopting the techniques of thin-layer and paper chromatography, using as many as twenty solvent systems of various compositions. It has been observed that these mixtures are resolved into their components in almost all the solvents by T.L.C. when such resolution is impossible on paper chromatograms; thus establishing the greater advantage of T.L.C. over P.C. in the separation of mixtures of such isomeric synthetic products.

Fibrous holocellulose pulps were prepared in approximately quantitative yield from flax shives and wheat, oat, and fiber flax straw that had been macerated in a buhrstone mill and delignified by sodium chlorite. Paper hand sheets that were formed from pulps subjected to prolonged beating were glassinelike in character. Strength of all straw holocelluloses developed slowly on beating. All papers had relatively low densities compared with the usual values for papers from wood pulps. Tear resistance was initially low for all straw holocelluloses, especially flax shives, and decreased with beating. Color reversion, due almost entirely to light, was rapid in all test sheets. Possible uses for straw holocellulose papers are suggested, although, at present, the process is too expensive to be commercially feasible.

Department of Chemistry, Ravenshaw College, (Utkal University), Cuttack Manuscript received 13 September 1972; accepted 6 April 1972 Separation of a large number of isomeric mixtures of mono and diaryl thioureas, thiazoles and thiazolines have been tried by adopting the techniques of thin-layer and paper chromatography, using as many as twenty solvent systems of various compositions. It has been observed that these mixtures are resolved into their components in almost all the solvents by T.L.C. when such resolution is impossible on paper chromatograms; thus establishing the greater advantage of T.L.C. over P.C. in the separation of mixtures of such isomeric synthetic products.

The authors have determined the mobilities of haemoglobins by comparing the electrophoretic migration of haemoglobin and serum proteins on paper strips. The accuracy of the measurements is of the order of a few per cent. Therefore, these measurements can be helpful in identifying haemoglobins.

Paper chromatographic procedures may be used to detect cephalothin and its metabolite desacetylcephalothin in urine, plasma, synovial fluid, and cerebrospinal fluid. Protein-bound antibiotics are released from plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, and synovial fluid by dilution with an equal volume of dimethylformamide. Data are presented on the sample preparation, paper chromatographic system, and other specific techniques.

A quantitative paper electrophoresis method for the separation of haemoglobins A and A(2) is described. The possible sources of error and the accuracy of the method have been investigated. The normal range for haemoglobin A(2) by this method is 1.3% to 4.3% of the total haemoglobin concentration. Good clinical correlation has so far been obtained.

This investigation is essentially a collaboration between two laboratories bringing together problems in which each is interested. The Department of Agricultural Research of the American Smelting and Refining Company has long been interested in the problems of sulphur toxicity and sulphur metabolism in plants which are economically important. In the course of this work investigations have been made by the use of SS5. These have shown the general distribution of the isotope in the plant body. To some extent chemical procedures have been employed to identify in the protein hydrolysate specific sulphur-containing compounds, notably cystine and probably methionine (8, 9, and 10). It remained, however, necessary to obtain unequivocable evidence on the sulphur compounds into which the isotope had entered. In the Department of Botany at Rochester, investigations have been in progress since 1946 utilizing the techniques of paper chromatography to identify the free and combined amino acids in plants (2, 6, and 7). The sulphur-containing amino acids present rather special problems. Due to the small quantities commonly present and the poor reactivity of these substances with ninhydrin, they tend to be less easily detectable by the methods of paper chromatography than many of the other amino acids (1). Furthermore, as two-directional paper chromatograms are commonly carried out (i.e., using phenol : collidine-lutidine), the sulphur-containing amino acids tend to be obscured by others which are commonly present. Methionine sulphoxide occupies the same area as ?-amino butyric acid, a newly discovered free amino acid which is widely distributed (4, ?, and 7). Methionine itself is close to the leucines, and cystine can best be recognized if it is first converted to cysteic acid which occupies a position on the chromatograms well apart from other amino acids (1). In these circumstances the use of S85 combined with autoradiographs of paper chromatograms is an obvious device to aid in the identification of the sulphur-containing amino acids. In the laboratories of the American Smelting and Refining Company alfalfa plants were treated with S35 in the form of sulphate. The alfalfa

Due to the fact that only comparative results were sought, the investigation was greatly simplified. On a comparative basis, the effects of external influences were largely eliminated from positions of vital importance and the use of an elaborate test, circuit was unnecessary. The equipment consisted of a high-voltage test transformer which supplied the test voltage; an induction regulator, auto transformer and generator field rheostats for voltage control; overload relay and aircore inductances for circuit protection; motor-generator set for a source of 60 cycle alternating voltage. The electrodes were circular, square edge brass discs. Specimens were immersed in lubricating oil for periods up to 40 hours and then tested for puncture strength. Following this, specimens were immersed for one hour and 24 hours and each of the two groups tested at intervals of time up to 720 hours. In each test the voltage was raised in steps of 200 volts, starting at 1000 volts. The puncture strength of the untreated paper was determined by testing a sufficient number of specimens over a period of days. The results obtained indicated no immediate deleterious effects of lubricating oil on paper. On the contrary, there was an improvement in puncture strength, accounted for by the fact that the relatively low voltages-used did not make ionization a serious factor. The results of tho long-time tests were unsatisfactory, as explained previously. However, they did permit the conclusion that deterioration of paper impregnated with lubricating oil would become apparent much sooner than if insulating oil were used. Oxidation, although probably existing, was apparently too slow to affect the results. Master of Science

This report analyzes the shortrun economic impact of a tissue paper mill on Pickens, Miss., a town of under 1,000 in a depressed rural area with a predominance of poor Negroes. The tissue mill began in a building formerly occupied by a North Carolina furniture manufacturer. Initial financing came from the Area Redevelopment Administration, local and State organizations, and private industry. Failure of the operation was attributed to lack of skilled employees, frequent breakdowns of secondhand machinery, variability in the quality of wet pulp, and an inadequately developed market. After foreclosure by the Small Business Administration, the plant was leased to another company to produce carbonizing paper used by that company. The case raises many questions about the development of such a depressed rural area.