Search

Samuel Barrington (1729-1800), a son of the first Viscount Barrington, entered the Royal Navy in 1740. He was posted in 1747 and eventually was promoted to Admiral in 1787.Papers in the possession of Barrington's collateral descendants form these two volumes and cover his naval career. They comprise order books (1747-71), a private letter book (1770-99), his journal and three bound documents relating to the Leeward Islands command (1778-79), some loose correspondence, and printed matter: the general sailing and fighting Instructions, two signal books, and instructions. None of Barrington's public letter books survives.This includes Barrington's negotiations at Tetuan to release British subjects held by the Barbary corsairs, and his cruising off the coast of Guinea where some Royal Navy captains had been personally profiting from commercial dealings including the transportation of slaves.Commanding the 60-gun Achilles, he served from 1757-59 off the coast of France, in 1760 under Captain the Hon John Byron destroying the fortifications of Louisbourg in North America, and in 1761 under Commodore Augustus Keppel in the operations against Belle-Île. From 1762 until the 1763 Treaty of Paris, he commanded the 74-gun Hero. From 1768, when he again took to sea, until 1778 when he received his flag, he saw service in the dispute with Spain over the Falkland Islands (1771) and in the Channel.

George Keith Elphinstone, Lord Keith (1746-1823) was a Scottish naval officer who entered the navy as a penurious midshipman towards the end of the Seven Years War. He had a long career at sea, during which he missed taking part in any major battle, but held major commands throughout the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars (except 1807-1812). He is chiefly known for his skill in commanding very large fleets, often spread over a very wide area, and for the consequent prize money which made him the richest naval officer of his day. He also gained a reputation for being very keen on acquring it. These three volumes only represent a small fraction of the documents in Keith's very large personal collection of letter and order books and loose documents in the National Maritime Museum, which occupies 124 foot of shelf space. The first document in this volume is dated 1771, and the first half covers Keith's career as a promising captain in the American Revolutionary War. He took part in the operations off Florida in 1778 and at the capture of Charleston in 1780 in which he distinguished himself by his navigational skill, and by good relations with the army, which was to mark the rest of his career. The second part of the volume deals with Keith's role in the occupation of Toulon in 1793, a small section of Lord Howe's tactical memoranda in 1793-4, but the greater part is devoted to the operation which first bought Keith to the attention of the British public, the capture of the Cape of Good Hope from the Dutch in 1795-6.

George Mercer was a lieutenant and later captain of the First Virginia Regiment during the French and Indian War, and a land surveyor. He served as agent for the Ohio Company in England. In this book, Lois Mulkearn interprets George Mercer's documents on the activities of the Ohio Company.Through the eyes of Indians, French, and English we see the political and military efforts to control the vast area of the Ohio frontier, and witness treaties signed at Logstown, and those between Pennsylvania and the Weas and Piankashaws in 1740. Among Mercer's other papers are directions for laying out the first British town to be called'Saltsburg'at present day McKees Rocks, outside Pittsburgh. With this extensive collection, Mulkearn enlightens our knowledge of colonial history and the western frontier.

In 1683 Samuel Pepys accompanied George Legge, Lord Dartmouth, to Tangier as his secretary. During the voyage Pepys kept another brief diary and miscellaneous notes which contain valuable information about the navy. He recorded his concerns, as well as the views of the sea officers and others with him. Richard Leake, master gunner, was criticised by Pepys for not being able to hit the side of the target, and for not being able to get the charges correct to blow up the forts. He recorded that Captain David Lloyd, a sea officer, was also a painter with a good reputation.Pepys records his views about the merits of gentleman captains and their behaviour compared to ‘tarpaulin captains'. He also collected in these Papers every story he could, about the alleged immorality and corruptness of Arthur Herbert, the commander-in-chief of the English Mediterranean fleet, in order to discredit him with the king. Herbert had, in fact, returned to England before Pepys had arrived in Tangier. The source of the stories about Herbert's behaviour, in the Tangier Papers, came from old friends of Pepys and Herbert's enemies, and are not to be trusted, or accepted as a true account of what Herbert achieved; this can only be traced through Herbert's own letters and the unpublished admiralty papers in the Public Record Office.

The Fourth Earl of Sandwich was First Lord of the Admiralty (for the third time in his long career) from 1771 to 1782. Blamed by the Whig opposition for many of the disasters of the American War, he was additionally loaded by 19th-century Whig historians with the false image of a corrupt libertine.It was the publication of these volumes of his correspondence and papers (then in the family home, now in the National Maritime Museum), covering the years 1771 to 1782, which restored his reputation as a conscientious and imaginative naval administrator and reformer, especially of the dockyards and of the timber question. Without entirely rescuing his status as a strategist, they showed very clearly the weaknesses at the heart of the North administration which damaged its handling of the war, and undermined Sandwich's efforts.A fifth volume intended to cover his handling of naval patronage was overtaken by the war.This volume is from May 1779 to December 1780.

The Fourth Earl of Sandwich was First Lord of the Admiralty (for the third time in his long career) from 1771 to 1782. Blamed by the Whig opposition for many of the disasters of the American War, he was additionally loaded by 19th-century Whig historians with the false image of a corrupt libertine.It was the publication of these volumes of his correspondence and papers (then in the family home, now in the National Maritime Museum), covering the years 1771 to 1782, which restored his reputation as a conscientious and imaginative naval administrator and reformer, especially of the dockyards and of the timber question. Without entirely rescuing his status as a strategist, they showed very clearly the weaknesses at the heart of the North administration which damaged its handling of the war, and undermined Sandwich's efforts.A fifth volume intended to cover his handling of naval patronage was overtaken by the war.This volume is from 1781 to 1782. The planned fifth volume was never completed.

This supplementary volume to The Papers of Woodrow Wilson contains a collection of letters that eloquently reflect the ideals and expectations shared by those American intellectuals who hoped to build a new order out of the chaos of the First World War.Originally published in 1966.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

In August 1938 George F. Kennan was assigned as Secretary of Legation in Prague. After the Germans occupied Czechoslovakia in March 1939, he stayed on in that country when most other Western observers had left. These diplomatic papers, letters, and notes are on-the-spot observations by a skilled and sensitive historian and diplomat. They offer a unique record of one of the tragic events in modern European history. Depicted here are the attempts at Germanization of Czech life, the cynical exploitation of various native organizations, the German insistence on a program of anti-Semitism, the take-over of Czech business and industry, the problems of currency and inflation.Originally published in 1968.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

Throughout the First World War Woodrow Wilson considered Britain's ambitions in the war as objectionable as Germany's. He repeatedly expressed distrust of the British government's motives; for their part, the British chafed at Wilson's idealism and despised his aloofness from the Allies. Sir William Wiseman played an extraordinary part as the behind- the-scenes liaison between the two major powers. Acting as a personal friend and confidant of Wilson's adviser, Colonel House, Wiseman is credited with keeping animosities in check between America and Great Britain, and for helping to establish coalition diplomacy, which was new to the U.S. in 1917-1918, though within 25 years it became a permanent characteristic of American foreign policy. British-American Relations, 1917-1918 provides fascinating insights not only into Wiseman's role but into the entire diplomacy of the Wilson period.Originally published in 1969.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

'Treason'is a word with many connotations, a word applied to a host of varied offenses throughout the history of humanity. These essays by Floyd Seyward Lear analyze the development of the political theory of treason from its beginning in Roman Law to its transformation in the Germanic custom of the early Middle Ages. The author has presented treason as a political idea, possessing historical continuity, though varying from age to age as it follows the evolution of political authority itself. These studies trace the shifting emphasis in crimes against the state from acts directed against a central absolutist authority to acts involving the personal relationship of a pledged troth and individual fealty. This is a shift from the concept of majesty in Roman law to the concept of fidelity in Germanic law with the corollary shift from allegiance as an act of deference to allegiance as a token of mutual fidelity. These ideas are examined chronologically across an interval extending from archaic Roman law to incipiently feudal forms, from which modern theories of treason, allegiance, and sovereignty derive. Contemporary concepts in these political areas can hardly be understood apart from their historical origins. Broadly considered, this work is intended as a contribution to intellectual history. Further, this collection represents the synthesis of material widely scattered in the primary sources and relevant secondary works. The two concluding bibliographical essays are intended as a general survey of the literature relevant to these studies in Roman and Germanic public law. Descriptive and interpretive works which deal with treason and its allied aspects of political and legal theory are not numerous in the English language.

Whitelaw Reid, according to H. Wayne Morgan, was a “leading newspaperman, more than an occasional diplomat, a power in his party's politics, a supporter of some of the best in his era's culture... Of all his legacy, perhaps the record he left of his part in the Peace of Paris is the most significant and most interesting. It not only reveals the workings of his mind and of the peace conference, but also suggests the complex currents that carried his country into the realities of world power in the twentieth century.” In editing Reid's diary, Morgan used much material pertinent to the Paris Peace Conference of 1898, employed here for the first time. This material is a rich assortment of archival matter: the Reid Papers, the John Hay Papers, the John Bassett Moore Papers, and the McKinley Papers, in the Library of Congress; the Peace Commission records, in the National Archives; and unpublished materials in the Central Files of the Department of State. Whitelaw Reid, as a war correspondent during the Civil War, as clerk of the House Military Affairs Committee, and later as a successor to Horace Greeley on the Tribune, gained access to the leaders of his times and insight into their actions. In 1889 he was appointed U.S. Minister to France by Harrison, and in 1892 he had the dubious honor of being chosen as Harrison's running mate on the losing presidential ticket. An influential friend and supporter of President McKinley and an occasional advisor to him, Reid was no stranger to politics and to international diplomacy when McKinley appointed him to the Peace Commission that wrote the treaty concluding the Spanish-American War. As a matter of fact, Reid's opinion reflected the administration's attitude of expansionism, the policy of Manifest Destiny—or “imperialism,” as it was later called. Reid's diary records the details of the sessions of the Joint Peace Commission of Paris from September through a large part of December of 1898. His day-by-day entries reveal the complexity of issues to be considered, the tactics of both the Spanish and the American Commissions in attempting to gain advantage for their respective governments, the interplay of the personalities of the once-proud Spaniards and the brash Americans, the political objectives influencing the points of view of the various members, and the maneuverings that brought about the final resolution of debated issues.

The publication of the following material on the history of Vpered represents the fulfilment of a duty both to the founders of the International Institute of Social History and to Nadezhda Nikolaevna Kolachevskaia and Valerian Valerianovich Kolachevskii, who handed over to the Institute so long ago as 1936 the papers of their late husband and father, Valerian a Nikolaevich Smirnov.) The Institute undertook at that time to publish these papers, and V. V. Kolachevskii planned to use them in compiling a biography of his father. The Second World War and its consequences imposed changes in these plans. The biography of V. N. Smirnov remained unwritten, and work on the publication of documents from his papers was interrupted for a quarter of a century. First, however, some particulars of these papers. We are here concerned with that section of them which relates to a remarkable literary organ of the Russian revolutionary Populist move­ ment, the occasional symposia and the fortnightly newspaper, both called Vpered, founded by Petr Lavrovich Lavrov in 1873. Lavrov was the sole editor of the four volumes of occasional symposia (the fourth volume contains only one issue) which were published in Zurich and London between 1873 and 1876, and the 48 issues of the fortnightly newspaper published in London in 1875 and 1876.

The possibility that the continents of the earth have undergone major changes in position during the earth's history has fascinated scholars for at least three hundred years. Recently, evidence from several scientific disciplines has shown that the possibility must be very seriously considered in any study of the surface features of the earth. The first part of this volume consists of papers given at a symposium on continental drift, held at the annual meeting of the Royal Society of Canada in Charlottetown in June 1964. They present the views of three geophysicists, a botanist, and an astronomer. In these papers, the present evidence for or against continental drift is reviewed and the authors in most cases draw their own conclusions. The reader will find that there is not unanimous agreement in favour of drift. Nearly all discussions of continental drift stress the possible separation of the Americas from Europe and Africa. Considerable work has been done on the tracing of structures, on each side of the Atlantic Ocean, which might once have been connected. Geologists and geophysicists working in the Arctic or on the eastern seaboard of Canada have an important contribution to make to this subject. The second part of this volume, therefore, consists of a group of papers, also presented at the Charlottetown meeting, which throw light on the complicated crustal structure of these regions. In any attempt to reconstruct North America as part of Europe the features described in these papers will have to be taken into account. Once again, the reader will find differences of opinion on the question of whether the evidence favours a separation of our continent from Europe. Indeed, it is because the theory of continental drift us so difficult to confirm without ambiguity by direct observation that it remains controversial but exciting.

The Chinese Communist system was from its very inception based on an inherent contradiction and tension, and the Cultural Revolution is the latest and most violent manifestation of that contradiction. Built into the very structure of the system was an inner conflict between the desiderata, the imperatives, and the requirements that technocratic modernization on the one hand and Maoist values and strategy on the other. The Cultural Revolution collects four papers prepared for a research conference on the topic convened by the University of Michigan Center for Chinese Studies in March 1968. Michel Oksenberg opens the volume by examining the impact of the Cultural Revolution on occupational groups including peasants, industrial managers and workers, intellectuals, students, party and government officials, and the military. Carl Riskin is concerned with the economic effects of the revolution, taking up production trends in agriculture and industry, movements in foreign trade, and implications of Masoist economic policies for China's economic growth. Robert A. Scalapino turns to China's foreign policy behavior during this period, arguing that Chinese Communists in general, and Mao in particular, formed foreign policy with a curious combination of cosmic, utopian internationalism and practical ethnocentrism rooted both in Chinese tradition and Communist experience. Ezra F. Vogel closes the volume by exploring the structure of the conflict, the struggles between factions, and the character of those factions.

The lectures presented in this volume were given during the summer of 1970 under the sponsorship of the CIC Summer Program on South Asia and the Center for South and Southeast Asian Studies of the University of Michigan. It should be recognized that these essays appear in revised lecture form, and not as fully polished scholarly papers. They carry nevertheless the authority—and no little verve—of experienced scholars concerned with both the traditions and the changes so characteristic of modern India. [v]

Nial Cox Ramirez, rendered barren in 1965 by one of America's most aggressive sterilization programs, made nationwide news in the 1970s as she fought for redress. Her landmark case fizzled in the early 1980s. Nial went on, raising a successful daughter, the one child she gave birth to before the state got to her. She never surrendered her dream of justice, but what happened to her and more than 7,600 others in'progressive'North Carolina receded into the background, buried under the cheery press releases the state program relied on before it closed down in 1974. Then, in 2002, a team of reporters at the Winston-Salem Journal gained access to records that exposed, for the first time, the brutal inner workings of this sterilization program that had been backed by their paper. One of those reporters, John Railey, became the editorial page editor of the Journal and made victim compensation his cause. He joined forces with Ramirez, other victims, and state legislator Larry Womble, who kept fighting even after he was almost killed in a car wreck. This is the story of their victory. It's the story of Ramirez and Railey, two unlikely friends joined forever on a faith-based justice journey.

First published in 1966. This volume represents a selection by the Editors of unpublished and published documents dealing with foreign affairs, from the rise of the Younger Pitt (1792) to the death of Salisbury (1902). It contains both official papers and private letters; speeches and other public statements of policy.

First published in 1970. This volume is an Investigation into Mr. Malone's Claim to the Character of Scholar or Critic, is an examination of his inquiries into the authenticity of the Shakespeare Manuscripts, by Ireland. It was written to refute the authenticity of certain miscellaneous papers attributed to William Shakespeare by Edmond Malone in 1796 which had destroyed all confidence in the'Shakespearean'manuscripts forged by Ireland's son William Henry.

The Renaissance has long posed a problem to scholars. It has been generalized as an emergence of intellect and will in all fields of human endeavor, but because it is diversely manifested in varying attitudes and forms at various times in the Western world, this vast era of Western European history has resisted definitive boundaries. To help clarify the problems inherent in the study of the Renaissance and its relationship to the preceding and subsequent historical periods, an international conference was held in Austin, Texas, in April, 1964, jointly sponsored by the South Central Renaissance Conference and The University of Texas. The ten papers here presented reveal how during the symposium leading scholars representing several academic disciplines shared their approaches and insights into the politics, economics, science, literature, art, music, philosophy, and religion of this complex era.

This is the first biography of Sir Walter Mildmay, who dutifully served Queen Elizabeth I for thirty years as Chancellor of the Exchequer. Sir Walter Mildmay and Tudor Government, by Stanford E. Lehmberg, brings Mildmay into proper historical perspective alongside other prominent Tudor leaders. Virtually none of Mildmay's writings had been printed, and his activities had not been studied, partly because of the inaccessibility of necessary materials. In the mid-twentieth century, however, the Northamptonshire Record Office was able to acquire family papers, of which Lehmberg happily took advantage. These, together with materials in the British Museum and the Public Record Office, yield a detailed account of Mildmay's contributions to English financial administration. But Mildmay was not merely an Exchequer official. As a Member of Parliament he gained towering stature; his model orations and indefatigable work in committees provided invaluable leadership from 1576 to 1589. As a Privy Councillor he was twice sent on important embassies to Mary, Queen of Scots; he gave carefully considered advice about Scottish and Dutch affairs; and he was called on to examine numerous minor matters. As a trusted administrator he helped oversee the great recoinage of 1560. As a private citizen deeply concerned for good learning and true religion he founded Emmanuel College, Cambridge, and engaged in other philanthropic enterprises. By the time of his death in 1589 he had led a full and dedicated life serving his country and his Queen. Into Lehmberg's scholarly, readable volume have been blended aspects of Mildmay's public life and his associations with historically famous contemporaries, discriminately selected segments of his speeches, elements of his personal philosophy, and the achievements and failures of his political life. Enhancing the value of this study are carefully annotated footnotes and a complementary bibliography. Tudor specialists as well as lay readers will undoubtedly profit from this significant biography.

The Costa Rican revolution of 1948 capped an extended period of social tension and political unrest. This book analyzes the circumstances of 1940–1948 that led to a successful armed uprising. A secondary and related theme is the role of José Figueres Ferrer in marshaling disparate groups into a movement sufficiently cohesive to seize and hold power. In the 1940s the Communists, the Social Democrats (forerunners of the National Liberation Party), and the followers of Rafael Angel Calderón Guardia within the traditional National Republican party competed to lead the middle sector's demand for modernization. Most accounts of this period have presented the Calderón regime as aristocratic or oligarchic in nature, yet as linked to an international Communist movement. John Patrick Bell, supporting his argument with considerable detail and documentation from newspapers and private papers, argues that Calderón came to depend upon his alliance with the Communist-oriented Vanguardia Popular to counteract the defection of the right wing of the National Republican party and that the sources of the Vanguardia Popular were basically indigenous. The calderonistas'comprehensive program for social and economic reform had elicited strong conservative reaction, and this opposition was ready to push the charge of communism against Calderón. Costa Rica thus entered a period of violent political confrontation that culminated in the electoral victory of the conservative candidate, Otilio Ulate Blanco, in February 1948. When the calderonista majority in Congress annulled the election, José Figueres Ferrer launched a successful uprising purportedly to force ratification of Ulate's election. In reality, however, Figueres had been planning a revolt for nearly six years to redirect modernization along social democratic lines. Figueres and his group, seeking even more radical reforms than the calderonistas, were able to use the opposition movement to their advantage, simply because they were prepared, even with force, when the right moment arrived. The National Liberation Movement, led to power by Figueres, dominated the national political development of Costa Rica for decades afterward. Eschewing a strictly chronological framework, Bell has utilized a topical structure that facilitates a full description of shifts in foreign policy in the United States and Latin America that affected the outcome of the struggle in Costa Rica.

After an early career in piracy, Mainwaring became one of the most prominent senior officers under James I and Charles I. He took part in most of the naval operations of the period, and during and after the Civil War served with the Royalist Navy.In this volume are printed Mainwaring's essay ‘Of the Beginnings, Practices and Suppression of Pirates'(a subject on which he could write with authority), his Seaman's Dictionary, and a number of other papers by or about him.

First published in 1972, Victorian Aspirations is the story of the personal struggles and achievements of Charles and Mary Booth, as remembered by their families and as revealed in private family papers, especially in their letters to each other. Charles Booth started his investigations into the social conditions of the English lower classes at the critical moment in the history of social reform. From this work, he produced Life and Labour of the People in London, a comprehensive and instructive account of the condition of the London poor. All seventeen volumes were carefully revised and corrected by his wife Mary. This book reveals a detailed and fascinating picture of the way of life of the late Victorian intelligentsia and provides interesting glimpses of many well-known figures of English public life who were relatives and friends of the Booths, such as Macaulay and the Webbs. It will be of particular interest to students of Victorian social history.

Here is a description of a lively and unusual tour of industrial Britain in the period which reached its public climax in the Great Exhibition of 1851. Professor Fay sets his tour in the heart of the'stream of industrial invention'in the fields of metals, machinery, transportation, and industrial arts such as spinning, weaving, and paper-making. We travel with him through the industrial sections of Britain, observing conditions in the steel industries of Sheffield, the mines of Merthyr Tydfil, the shipyards of the Clyde, and the factories of Bradford. We see social, economic, and financial conditions in these areas, presented often through contemporary documents, and meet such significant, colourful figures as Adam Smith, Faraday, and Robert Owen.

Using interviews of Nazi officials and German publishers, as well as printed and manuscript sources, Mr. Hale tells how the Nazi party developed its own insignificant party press into mass circulation newspapers, and how it forced the transfer of ownership of important papers to camouflaged holding companies controlled by the party's central publishing house.Contents: Introduction. I. The Völkischer Beobachter—Central Organ of the Nazi Party. II. The Nazi Party Press, 1925-1933. III. The Organization of Total Control. IV. The Party and the Publishing Industry, 1933-1934. V. The Final Solution—The Amann Ordinances. VI. Political and Economic Cleansing of the Press. VII. The Captive Publishing Industry, 1936-1939. VIII. The German Press in Wartime. Index.Originally published in 1964.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

First published in 1973 Macaulay explores important aspects of the interrelationship between Macaulay's literary and political careers, sets his achievements as an author within the context of his achievements as a public man, and examines some of the sources of his popularity and success. In doing so, it draws extensively on Macaulay's journals and other papers at Trinity College, Cambridge and elsewhere. The emphases of the book are critical, not biographical, its essential aims the exploration of the range and quality of Macaulay's writing and the demonstration of the validity of continuing to approach him- above all in mature essays and the History of England - as a narrative artist. This book is a must read for students of education, history of education, and British history.

First published in 1963, Pethick-Lawrence is a detailed biography of the life and career of Frederick William Pethick-Lawrence. Written by Vera Brittain, a close friend of Pethick-Lawrence during the last twenty-five years of his life, the book is a thorough and affectionate record of his personality and achievements. It makes extensive use of Pethick-Lawrence's well-organised personal papers to provide a detailed account of his activities, both public and private, and traces his life from birth, through his schooling, his meeting with Emmeline and involvement with the suffrage movement, his political career and role as Secretary of State for India, his marriage to Helen, and his death in 1961. Pethick-Lawrence is a personal view into the life of Frederick William Pethick-Lawrence, and twentieth-century society and politics.

Nine papers consider problems in American, French, and British history that range from economic history to political behavior and social structure.Originally published in 1972.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

Samuel Pepys (1633-1703) made a significant contribution to British history by his work as a naval administrator, and he bequeathed to Magdalen College, Cambridge its greatest treasure – his library, a unique collection of 3,000 books and manuscripts, still preserved as he left it. There are 250 volumes of manuscripts and these NRS volumes published selected documents from the collection.In this volume Tanner gives a lengthy general introduction to Pepys's career as a naval administrator and to the papers he left at his death, and also prints from them lists of ships and officers from 1660 to 1688.

Virtually all of Bulgaria's Jewish citizens escaped the horrors of the Polish death camps and survived either to migrate to Israel or to remain in their homeland. Frederick Chary relates the history of the Bulgarian government's policy toward the Jews and how the determination and moral courage of a small country could successfully thwart the Final Solution.Dr. Chary uses the German diplomatic papers captured at the end of the war, published and unpublished Bulgarian sources, archives in Bulgaria and Israel, as well as personal interviews with survivors and former diplomats and officials to reveal intensely dramatic and moving stories-the still mysterious death of King Boris, the intrigues by which Bulgaria stalled deportation, the expulsion of Jews from the new territories, and examples of guilt, appeasement, and courage.

The fruits of a unique cultural exchange are brought together in this unusual book. Twenty-eight of the most eminent men and women of our generation – philosophers, historians, and scientists from nineteen countries – here discuss what they consider the most vital issues of our day. Paul-Henri Spaak, Barbara Ward, Gunnar Mydral, Linus Pauling, and many others participated in the Noranda lecture series at Expo 67 in Montreal, and each is concerned here with a special aspect of Expo's theme: Man and His World. The approaches to the theme are as varied as the backgrounds of the speakers. Some of the essays give a revealing and optimistic description of the national and international efforts to ensure a future for mankind; others, less optimistic, stress the increasing insanity of the world and draw attention to the poverty, starvation, hatred, waste, and war which destroy what creative men have built. One group of papers deals with the idea of progress. André Leroi Gourhan offers a panoramic description of man's cultural evolution and sketches the vast possibilities of future development; Karl Löwith questions the very notion of progress and observes that much'progressive'development has resulted in nothing but destruction; Félix Houphouët-Boigny, president of the Ivory Coast Republic, describes progress in one section of the world – Africa, and the Ivory Coast in particular. Other lectures deal with such diverse topics as the proper role of government, the modern scientist, formal and informal aspects of education, the history of architecture, recent biological contributions of chemistry, the population explosion, new advances in physics, and the world as a separate entity from man.'The world as universe is not made by man,'Professor Löwith reminds us.'It is there, even without us, existing for and by itself.'Originally sponsored by Noranda Mines Ltd., the lectures attracted wide attention at the time of their delivery and again later when some of them were broadcast on radio and television. Collected in this book, they offer a distillation of some of the most significant thinking of today – clear and cogent presentations of ideas that have won Nobel prizes for some of their creators and international recognition for all. In her Introduction, Helen Hogg writes,'It is a book to be sipped and savoured, to be dipped into again and again. Such an approach will enable the reader best to appreciate the penetrating commentaries of some of the world's greatest figures.'

In providing a detailed account of the leftist opposition and its bloody repression in Brazil during the Old Republic and the early years of the Vargas regime, John W. F. Dulles gives considerable attention to the labor movement, generally neglected by historians. This study focuses on the formation and activities of anarchists and Communists, the two most important radical groups working within Brazilian labor. Relying on a wide variety of sources, including interviews and personal papers, Dulles supplies information that for the most part is unavailable in English and not easily accessible in Portuguese. The struggles of Brazilian workers—usually against an alliance of company owners, state and federal troops, and state and federal governments—suffered reverses in 1920 and 1921. These setbacks were cited by Astrogildo Pereira and other admirers of Bolshevism as reasons for the proletariat to forsake anarchism and adhere to the Communist Party, Brazilian Section of the Communist International. Anarchists and Communists, struggling against each other in the labor unions in the mid 1920's, joined opposition journalists and politicians in supporting military rebels in a romantic uprising marked by adventure and suffering, jailbreaks and long marches, and death in the backlands. Slowly, Brazilian Communism gained strength during the latter part of the 1920's, but 1930 brought the beginnings of failure. Worse for the Party than the government crackdown and the Trotskyite dissidence was the growing attraction of the Aliança Liberal, the oppositionist political movement that brought Getúlio Vargas to power. While workers and Party members flocked to the Aliança in defiance of Party orders, sectarian edicts from Moscow resulted in the expulsion or demotion of the Party's former leaders and in the condemnation of intellectuals. Luís Carlos Prestes, “the Cavalier of Hope” who had led the military rebels in the mid-1920's, turned to Communism—only to find himself not welcome in the Party. Taken to Russia by the Communist International in 1931, he was finally accepted into the Brazilian Party in absentia in 1934. Later that year, misled in Moscow by optimistic reports brought by Brazilian Communists, he agreed to lead a rebellion in Brazil. That decision and its consequences in 1935 were disastrous to Brazilian Communism. The struggles among anarchists, Stalinists, and Trotskyites in Brazil were reflections of a worldwide struggle. This study discloses and assesses the effects of Moscow policy changes on Communism in Brazil and contributes to an understanding of Moscow's policies throughout Latin America during this period.

Henry Cavendish (1731-1810), the grandson of the second duke of Devonshire, wrote papers on electrical topics for the Royal Society, but the majority of his electrical experiments did not become known until they were collected and published by James Clerk Maxwell a century later, in 1879, long after other scientists had been credited with the same results. Among Cavendish's discoveries were the concept of electric potential, which he called the'degree of electrification'; an early unit of capacitance, that of a sphere one inch in diameter; the formula for the capacitance of a plate capacitor; the concept of the dielectric constant of a material; the relationship between electric potential and current, now called Ohm's Law; laws for the division of current in parallel circuits, now attributed to Charles Wheatstone; and the inverse square law of variation of electric force with distance, now called Coulomb's Law.

The first of two studies included is “Music in Kelantan, Malaysia and Some of Its Cultural Implications,” by William P. Malm. Kelantan is the northernmost province on the east coast of Malaysia. It is considered to be the most orthodox area in a nation whose state religion is Islam. At the same time it must be noted that it borders to the north with the Buddhist country of Thailand and to the west is the Malaysian province of Perak whose jungles and mountains contain many “pagan” tribal traditions. Beyond Perak is Kedah with its larger Indian and Chinese populations and to the south is Trengganu where some Indonesian traits are still to be found. It is in this context that Malm's study of music is made. The second study is “Professional Malay Story-Telling: Some Questions of Style and Presentation” by Amin Sweeney. In view of the hitherto almost exclusive concern with the content of such tales as those of Sang Kanchil or Pak Pandir, Sweeney throws some light on the form, style, and presentation of oral Malay literature, with special reference to that class of story-telling popularly known as penglipur lara, or what Winstedt termed “folk romances.”

This volume is a manifestation of the continuing interest of scholars at the University of Michigan in Philippine studies. Written by a generation of post-colonial scholars, it attempts to unravel some of the historical problems of the colonial era. Again and again the authors focus on the relationship of the ilustrados and the Americans, on the problems of continuity and discontinuity, and on the meaning of “modernization” in the Philippine context. As part of the Vietnam generation, these authors have looked at American imperialism with a new perspective, and yet their analysis is tempered, not strident, and reflective, not dogmatic. Perhaps the most central theme to emerge is the depth of the contradiction inherent in the American colonial experiment. [vi-vii]

Written over a hundred-year period, the letters of Zenas Bartlett and his family and friends capture the vitality that marked the expansion and development of Texas during the nineteenth century. Warm, humorous, and illuminating, these letters and other papers record the changes in a family and in a region as bustling towns replaced clusters of log cabins and the hardships of the frontier were gradually mellowed by the luxuries of settled life. The earliest letters describe the adventures of young Zenas Bartlett, who left his home in Maine and traveled first to Alabama and then to camps of the California Gold Rush. A new venture brought him to Marlin, Texas, in 1854. The transformation of a wilderness area into a prosperous community is the unifying theme of the rest of the collection. Churchill Jones, Bartlett's future father-in-law, writes about his struggles to establish a cotton plantation at the Falls of the Brazos River. Zenas'antebellum letters perceptively reveal the poignancy of his partner's death and the joys of his own fulfilling marriage. John Watkins, an associate in Bartlett's store, expresses the pride, loyalty, and eventual disillusionment of a soldier in the Civil War. Zenas'correspondence with his family in the East describes the privations endured by Marlin during Reconstruction. Beguiling Mollie Dickson's schoolgirl journal and the letters of Zenas'large family depict happier times during the eighties and nineties. The last letters were written by Lottie Barnes, a former servant who recalls the tranquil years following the turn of the century. An epilogue brings the story to conclusion, and selections from the author's delightful collection of family photographs illustrate the book. Frank Calvert Oltorf was reared on the “Marlin Compound,” the home where members of this singular family lived or visited and where many of the manuscripts included in this book were found. His comments bind the letters in a narrative of pioneering, which is also a humorous and human family history.

The views generally held about the rise of the factory system in Britain derive from highly distorted accounts of the social consequences of that system—so say the distinguished economic historians whose papers make up this book. The authors offer documentary evidence to support their conclusion that under capitalism the workers, despite long hours and other hardships of factory life, were better off financially, had more opportunities, and led a better life than had been the case before the Industrial Revolution.

Ancient Greek Religion (1948) looks at the religious beliefs and practices of classical Greece. Completely different to the religions as practiced today, the religion of ancient Greece had no creed, nothing like a code or system of morality that worshippers had to adhere to; nor was there a system of ecclesiastical authority. These fundamentally different facets are examined, and the picture of ancient religion is clarified and expanded.

A History of the Greek World from 479 to 323 B.C. (1957) examines the period of Greek history – from the end of the Persian Wars to the death of Alexander the Great – which can claim to be unique in the history of the world. Into the brief space of five generations are crowded such a galaxy of great poets, artists, politicians and thinkers, whose creative achievements directly or indirectly exerted an unparalleled influence on Western civilisation since.

The Roman Villa in Britain (1969) is a comprehensive examination of Roman villas in Romano-Britain in a series of essays by six specialists. H.C. Bowen, well-known for his work on early field systems, examines the evidence for the native Celtic agriculture which was practised in pre-Roman Britain and continued to form the basis of the country's economy after the conquest. The ground plans of the villas, and their implications, are discussed by Sir Ian Richmond, while David Smith considers the mosaic pavements, both as implications of the wealth of their owners and as evidence for the existence of distinct local schools of mosaicists; Joan Liversidge deals with internal decoration and furnishing. A.L.F. Rivet reflects on the social and economic implications of the changing fortunes of the villas, and Graham Webster discusses the future of villa studies from the standpoint of the modern excavator.

Roy Lubove provides an analysis of three landmark documents in British social history: Edwin C. Chadwick's 1842 report The Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of England; the 1834 Report of the Royal Poor Law Commission; and the majority and minority Reports of the Royal Poor Law Commission of 1909. Chadwick's work was instrumental to developing modern public health and sanitary controls. The 1834 report shaped attitudes toward poverty and poor law institutions for nearly a century. The 1909 reports suggested major revisions to the 1834 document, particularly in transferring responsibility to local government, away from private institutions. Taken together, the three documents illustrate changing perceptions of poverty, the organization of welfare institutions, and the role of the state.

First published in 1951, The Malay Magician employs historical and comparative data to unravel the different elements – pagan, Hindu and Muslim – in a complex system of Malay magic, as it exists in the Federation of Malay in general and more specifically as it exists in the Malay States of Kelantan, Perak, Pahang, Selangor and Negri Sembilan. Tied up with the concept of magic is the Malay magician, whose many functions and roles in the society are discussed in detail. This book will be of interest to students of anthropology, sociology, history and cultural studies.

First Published in 1930, History of Japanese Religion shows the interaction of various forces which manifested their vitality more in combination than in opposition. A saying ascribed to Prince Shotoku, the founder of Japanese civilization, compares the three religious and moral systems found in Japan to the root, the stem and branches, and the flowers and fruits of a tree. Shinto is the root embedded in the soil of the people's character and national traditions; Confucianism is seen in the stem and branches of legal institutions, ethical codes, and educational systems; Buddhism made the flowers of religious sentiment bloom and gave the fruits of spiritual life. These sentences outlines the scheme of the work and achievement that has long maintained a high reputation among students and scholars. This important and frequently cited book has been out of print for many decades and thus increasingly difficult to access. It is therefore a privilege as well as a pleasure to make it available once again in a complete and unabridged reprint of the original. This is a must read for students of religion, Japanese culture and Japanese history.

First published in 1934, Late Tudor and Early Stuart Geography is a critical commentary on a chronologically arranged bibliography of nearly two thousand contemporary printed and manuscript works. Poets, preachers and philosophers, mathematicians, physicians and astrologers, sailors, merchants and company-promoters were contributors to the absorbing medley that comprises the geographical literature of the late Tudor and early Stuart period. For this was the fading twilight of that Golden Age of unspecialized learning when all knowledge lay within one man's compass. This book will be of interest to historians, economists, sociologists and litterateurs.

First published in 1974, England and the Discovery of America places the early explorations of the English in North America in the broad context of 15th and 16th century history. Marshalling evidence that cannot be pushed aside and sifting a mass of fascinating detail (including problems of cartography and the Vinland Map controversy), Professor Quinn presents circumstantial indications pointing to 1481 as the date or the discovery of America by Bristol voyagers – fishermen seeking new sources of cod, and merchant sailors with maps carrying promise of unexploited Atlantic islands. Whereas England did little to follow up her early lead, Quinn demonstrates that English initiatives from the 1580s onward, though slow, were of great importance. He brings to life the men involved in a variety of rash and heroic experiments in colonization and casts new light on their fates. He makes it clear that it was this very profusion of trial and error and trail again, as well as the conviction that settlement in temperate latitudes in North America could be effective if tenaciously enough sought, that enabled the English to strike and maintain routes in their new American world. This book will be of interest to students of English history, American history, colonial history and naval history.

First published in 1937, The Morning Post, 1772-1937, is a history of the conservative British newspaper, The Morning Post, from its inception in 1772 to its merger with the Daily Telegraph in 1937. Its uprightness and downrightness had helped to make it possibly the best-written newspaper in England. The story of the Morning Post's rise to eminence is a story not only of British journalism, but of British life and letters as well, with contributors such as Dr. Johnson, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Charles Lamb and others. This book will be of interest to students of history, literature and sociology.

First published in 1974, Masks and Facades paints an authentic picture of John Vanbrugh as a man of character, talent, wit and charm, moving in an age where patronage held the key to worldly advancement. Yet against a backcloth of theatre, of the great palaces of the aristocracy, and the sycophancy which Court, rank and riches demanded, he always remained his own man. Whether imprisoned in the Bastille as the ‘guest'of Louis XIV, or in his long contest with the insufferable Sarah, Duchess of Marlborough over the building of Blenheim, he invariably retained his balance and good humour, and as he said of one of his own buildings, ‘presented a manly appearance.'This book will be of interest to students of history and literature.

First published in 1972, Sheridan is primarily a rounded, colourful portrait of Richard Brinsley Sheridan, his triumphs and failures, his ferocious duels and sudden romances, and his rise to oratorical fame in the arena of politics. But it is also something more: a wide canvas – sometimes frightening, sometimes amusing – depicting the extraordinarily turbulent and violent theatrical world of London and Dublin in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, when an irate audience could destroy a theatre. In this book, Madeleine Bingham explains why Sheridan relegated to second place that field of activity where his wit and satirical mind could have assured him an even greater measure of immortality, and even more of that money which he always needed and always spent so lavishly. Sheridan, his family and his whole world are vividly brought to life; and while his actions can sometimes be condemned, at other times it is clear that he was a prisoner of his heredity, his upbringing and his family's past. This book will be of interest to students of history and literature.

First published in 1947 Russian Zone is a record of the conditions Gordon Schaffer found in the Soviet-occupied zone of Germany during a stay of ten weeks. In that time, he had interviewed scores of Germans in positions of responsibility- ministers of the various provincial governments, leaders of the political parties, of the trade unions, the co-operatives, the cultural bodies, and a host of other organisations. He also met ministers of religion and shop stewards. He talked to the ordinary people in every walk of life. The author tries to set down a story of the Soviet zone which so far has not been told and which the world ought to know to understand the future of Germany and Europe better. This is a fascinating historical document for general readers.

First Published in 1971 The History of the Mongol Conquests presents a general history of the Mongols of the thirteenth century. By using primary and secondary sources, J. J. Saunders fills up a major gap in the English historical literature on the subject. It goes without saying that the Mongol conquests of the thirteenth century turned the world upside down. The book opens with a chapter on Eurasian nomadism and an account of the Turkish conquests, seven centuries before those of the Mongols. The author deals fully with Chingis Khan and his achievements both as a soldier and as an administrator and goes on to describe the Mongol drive into the Europe and the Christian response to it. Mongol rule in China and Persia and their dominance in Russia are also covered. Rich in archival sources, this book is a must read for scholars and researchers of Asian and Central Asian history.