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The paper makes o short review over the main aspects of drug compensation in EU. There are mentioned the procedures of including medicines in the compensation system according to the European legislation and comparative situations in EU countries in regard to the length of negotiation process to obtain the compensation, the modality and percent of compensation. We may conclude that there isn't a unitary policy of compensation in the EU countries, differences being significant and dictated by every country by itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Firms sometimes collude by agreeing on increases in list prices. Yet, the efficacy of such list price collusion is subject to discussion as colluding firms might, in principle, deviate secretly from the elevated prices by granting their customers discounts. This article reviews cases of list price collusion in the USA and Europe, and it presents a theory of harm suggesting that a combination of anchoring, orientation on reference points, and loss aversion may render list price collusion effective in raising transaction prices—even if firms set transaction prices in a non-coordinated fashion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author reflects on the pharmaceutical pricing schemes in Europe based on a third-party payer's perspective as of May 2016. The conceptual approaches to pricing are explored which are cost, reference, and value-based as well as reference pricing in Western European countries. Also discussed are the pricing trends and policy implications.