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The research is to explore the changes in solar heating buildings under energy-saving structural design. This paper analyzes the changes in solar heating buildings under energy-saving structural design by constructing a numerical simulation method. It mainly studies the effects of the space temperature of the house, different thermal insulation methods, and wall thermal resistance on solar heating buildings. The energy-saving structural design mainly includes expanding the area of exterior windows, increasing heat retainers, adopting energy-saving walls, and improving the building envelope. The results show that after the energy-saving structural design, the indoor temperature of the solar heating building after the renovation has been greatly increased, with an average increase of about 6 ℃. Compared with the external insulation and internal insulation modes, the solar heating building under the sandwich insulation mode has the best effect, and the room temperature increases the most. Also, it shows that the east wall, west wall, and north wall of the building are increasing the energy saving per unit area of the wall as the wall thermal resistance increases. The difference is that the increasing range of the north wall has significant advantages over the east wall and the west wall. The energy-saving structural design for solar heating buildings under the numerical simulation method has significantly improved the utilization efficiency of solar energy. It reduces the consumption of traditional fossil resources and improves the quality of the environment. This paper's research has a positive effect on subsequent research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to show the current state of energy consumption and accompanying energy indicators in the public building sector in the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, Serbia. The public building energy consumption data (healthcare, administration and schools) was collected by surveys supported by on-site measurements, calculations and interviews with people responsible for energy monitoring. Statistical processing of the collected data on the real extent and manner of energy usage in public buildings in Vojvodina was used. This paper presents energy indicators which are on average three times higher than allowed by Serbian Ordinance and what is currently present in neighboring European Countries. It is of the utmost importance to use this data and its implications as a catalyst for the implementation of energy management in the public building sector and an increase in energy efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Through the analysis and application of building heating and thermal energy management system, this paper proposes a new thermal energy control strategy to improve the automation level of building heating optimization. Method: This study analyzes the principle of indoor heat balance in buildings. Aiming at the different heating needs of different buildings, a new control strategy is proposed by combining neural network models and fuzzy control theory. Finally, this strategy is applied to the actual building heating, and the practical application value of the strategy proposed by this study is verified through experiments. Result: In the heating stage, after applying the control strategy, the maximum relative error of the temperature is 0.047, and the average error is 0.013. In the antifreeze stage, the maximum error is 0.143 and the average error is 0.09. After the implementation of the control strategy, the temperature fluctuations in the room change little and remain almost between 19 ℃ and 21 ℃. Buildings consume less heat with the highest energy saving rate of 14.37% and the average energy saving rate of 9.23%. Conclusion: The control strategy proposed in this study can adjust the indoor temperature according to the actual situation and achieve the purpose of reasonable heat use. Moreover, it has certain energy-saving effects and can be applied to building heating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy costs are rapidly rising around the world and it is important to find a way to reduce energy consumption. Energy consumption in buildings can account for up to 40% of total energy consumption in developed European countries due to an increase in living space per person, an increase in the need for air conditioning, an increase in the number of appliances used in households, and other factors. Due to the increasingly frequent high temperatures during the summer and the increase in electricity consumption, it is very important to find a way to decrease indoor temperatures in urban residential buildings without using more energy, given the severe energy crisis that has engulfed Europe and the high percentage of energy and electricity consumption in the residential sector. Installation of phase changeable materials is one method for improving the thermal envelope of a building by increasing the thermal capacity of the envelope and thus affecting the reduction of indoor temperature oscillations and, consequently, reduction of summer electricity consumption. In this study, the TRNSYS software package was used to simulate and compare the indoor air temperature in typical detached houses built in period 1946 and 1970 in the Belgrade area, for both, the case without and the case with installed phase change (PCM). It was shown that incorporating a PCM with a melting temperature of 25 °C into the inter-floor construction of the house could significantly improve comfort conditions by reduce indoor temperature fluctuations during the warm period without consuming additional energy. When the temperature outside is around 30 °C, the maximum air temperature in the house drops by about 2 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following the guidance set by the Directive on the energy performance of buildings (recast) (EPBD2), current regulations in Serbia which refer to the issue of energy efficiency and energy certification of buildings provides an opportunity of certification of selected unit of a building, such as a dwelling. This measure was set in order to make it possible for owners or tenants of the building or the building unit to assess and compare its energy performance. From the user's perspective this measure is very important since, apart from reviewing the quality or the deficiencies of space in which they live, it would be an important parameter of economic evaluation of the apartment in the future. As energy performance of the apartment is not a priori identical to that of the whole building, the paper will analyze and compare these values for different positions in a horizontal and vertical plan of the same apartment within the building. Comparison of the results obtained for individual dwellings and for a building as a whole, will provide insight into the extent to which the disposition and the orientation of the apartment affect its energy performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a simplified graphical modeling tool, which in some extent can be considered in halfway between detailed physical and data driven dynamic models, has been developed. This model is based on Bond Graphs approach. This approach has the potential to display explicitly the nature of power in a building system, such as a phenomenon of storage, processing, and dissipating energy such as heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning systems. This paper represents the developed models of two transient heat conduction problems corresponding to the most practical cases in building envelope, such as the heat transfer through vertical walls, roofs, and slabs. The validation procedure consists of comparing the results obtained with this model with analytical solution. It has shown very good agreement between measured data and Bond Graphs model simulation. The Bond Graphs technique is then used to model the building dynamic thermal behavior over a single zone building structure and compared with a set of experimental data. An evaluation of indoor temperature was carried out in order to check our Bond Graphs model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phase change energy storage plays an important role in the green, efficient, and sustainable use of energy. Solar energy is stored by phase change materials to realize the time and space displacement of energy. This article reviews the classification of phase change materials and commonly used phase change materials in the direction of energy storage. Commonly used phase change materials in construction and their packaging methods are listed according to the properties of phase change materials. Through different packaging methods to enhance heat exchange, this work solves the problem of material leakage and summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of those methods through comparative analysis. The impact of macro-encapsulation and micro-encapsulation on material encapsulation are also outlined. The simulation and model construction methods of different packaging methods are reviewed. This research is dedicated to the comparative analysis of the selection of phase change materials and packaging methods in buildings a to actively promote the promotion and application of phase change energy storage in buildings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the quest for a better use of energy resources, energy integration, and cogeneration strategies have been employed in the industrial and commercial sectors with considerable benefits realized. However, the residential sector remains underexplored. An optimization procedure should be carried out whenever there is a need to ensure or verify the economic viability of an energy system. This study uses Mixed Integer Linear Programming to optimize the energy supply to a residential building, with 20 floors and 40 apartments, located in the city of Joao Pessoa (northeast Brazil). The equipment available includes gas engines, electric and natural gas boilers, heat exchangers, cooling towers, and absorption and mechanical chillers. The optimization establishes the optimal system configuration and operational strategy (operation throughout the year). Economic, technical, and legal aspects were considered in the minimization of the total annual costs associated with the building's energy supply. The energy demands were calculated on an hourly basis, throughout one year, by the EnergyPlus software and corresponded to hot water (83 MWh per year), electricity (171 MWh per year), and cooling (242 MWh per year) demands. The optimal system was entirely reliant on the electric grid to meet the electricity demand directly and to satisfy heating and cooling demands by means of an electric hot water boiler and a mechanical chiller. The optimal solution is tested by varying, within reasonable limits, selected parameters: natural gas and electricity tariffs, the behavior of residents, amortization factor, and relationship between the tariffs of electricity and natural gas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To explore the role and influence of thermal energy management system on building heating, by building a thermal energy management system based on the Internet of Things, the situation of heating system and building heating is analyzed, the heat utilization rate of building heating, the stability of heating temperature, the change of heating energy consumption are mainly studied, and the energy consumption of building and the comprehensive effect of thermal energy management system and residents' satisfaction are analyzed. The research results show that through the role of the Internet of Things thermal energy management system, the heat utilization rate of heating buildings has increased from about 65% to about 80%, about 15%. The fluctuation of heating water temperature is reduced from 12 ℃ before the system is adopted to 4 ℃, which improves significantly. The coal consumption per hour of heating system is reduced from 63 kg/h to 50 kg/h, and the coal saving is about 15%. This not only saves resources but also reduces environmental pollution. The heat management system based on the Internet of Things has significantly improved the heating system and building heating. Through the application of thermal energy management system, not only the heat utilization rate is increased, but also the consumption of resources is reduced and the environment is protected. Meanwhile, it solves the problem of building heating and the maximization of efficiency in the operation of heating companies. The research on building heating and thermal energy management system has a positive effect on the follow-up research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work deals with an optimization model for selection of optimal heating structure in urban areas also considering the environmental aspects. The optimization model was established in order to facilitate the decision making during selection phase of heat sources locations and defining the boundaries of their action at the pre-design phase of heat supply schemes development of settlements. Within the model is performed comparative analysis between ten heating systems, whereas as leading criteria in the comparison procedure are considered heat load density per unit of area, techno-economic aspects, and environmental impact. The optimization result actually defines the optimal heating system type in regard of the heat load density per unit area. The model provides possibility in defining standard values of heat density indicators, according to which can be assessed the economic feasibility of implementing district heating system for the selected urban area. The less value of heat density in the system, the higher specific costs for generation, distribution, and transmission of heat energy. Furthermore, the model is applied and verified for the local urban, infrastructural, technical and environmental conditions of the city of Skopje. The process of determination of optimal heating structure has holistic approach, where, beside technoeconomic aspects and feasibility, the environmental aspect of different heating systems is considered as a major factor (threat) in air pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a two-dimensional model with a real size home composed of two-storey (ground and first floor spaces) separated by a slab, enveloped by a wall with rectangular section containing phase change material in order to minimize energy consumption in the buildings. The main objective of the phase change material- wall system is to decrease the temperature change from outdoor space before it reaches the indoor space during the daytime. The numerical approach uses effective heat capacity Ceff model with realistic outdoor climatic conditions of Tlemcen city, Algeria. The numerical results showed that by using phase change material in wall as energy storage components may reduce the room temperature by about 6 to 7 °C of temperature depending on the floor level (first floor spaces or ground floor spaces). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy mass materials used in building structures and architecture can significantly affect building energy performance and occupant comfort. The purpose of this study was to investigate if thermal mass can improve the internal environment of a building, resulting in lower energy requirements from the mechanical systems. The study was focused on passive building energy performance and compared annual space heating and cooling energy requirements for an office building in Belgrade with several different applications of thermal mass. A three-dimensional building model was generated to represent a typical office building. Building shape, orientation, glazing to wall ratio, envelope insulation thickness, and indoor design conditions were held constant while location and thickness of building mass (concrete) was varied between cases in a series of energy simulations. The results were compared and discussed in terms of the building space heating and cooling energy and demand affected by thermal mass. The simulation results indicated that with addition of thermal mass to the building envelope and structure: 100% of all simulated cases experienced reduced annual space heating energy requirements, 67% of all simulated cases experienced reduced annual space cooling energy requirements, 83% of all simulated cases experienced reduced peak space heating demand and 50% of all simulated cases experienced reduced peak space cooling demand. The study demonstrated that there exists a potential for reducing space heating and cooling energy requirements with heavy mass construction in the analyzed climate region (Belgrade, Serbia). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]