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Copyright of Restaurator is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Restaurator is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article comments on the discovery of several paper scrolls and other materials found inside a mid-15th century lacquered Chinese Buddha sculpture. It discusses the origin of the scrolls, believed to have part of a consecration ritual, and written in the Tibetan ucan script. Other topics explored include a description of the Buddha sculpture, a history of consecration deposits, and analysis of the condition of the scrolls.

This article (which is dedicated to the German professor Alfred Haverkamp) focuses on the expulsions of Jews in Europe during the Middle Ages. Several topics are discussed, including how the Prussian King Frederick II wrote letters protecting Jews after his ancestor Rupert II expelled the Prussian Jews, how the French Kings Philip II, August, and Louis VIII all mistreated the Jews when they first came into power, and how Jewish communities and Jewish individuals were often expelled without warning or reason during the Middle Ages.

The essay analyses several ways and forms of 'writing philosophy' in the view of a history of practices which seems still to be a derivate in the emerging fields of writing and science studies. Jean Paul, the writer, and his philosophical mentor Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi discuss contemporary philosophy, namely the works of Johann Gottlieb Fichte, a philosophical writer who refused first to publish his ideas, in a specific way of exchange of marginalia, notes, papers and writing tools. It is so to be shown how such aspects are at work in the kind of a 'philosophy as writing'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: For the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the journal Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine ( CCLM), an historic overview of papers that the journal has published in the field of laboratory hematology (LH) is presented. Methods: All past volumes of CCLM were screened for papers on LH and these were categorized. Bibliographic data of these papers were also analyzed. Results: CCLM published in total 387 LH papers. The absolute number of LH papers published annually showed a significant increase over the years since 1985. Also the share of LH papers demonstrated a steady increase (overall mean 5%, but mean 8% over the past 4 years). The most frequent category was coagulation and fibrinolysis (23.5%). Authors from Germany contributed the most LH papers to the journal (22.7%), followed by the Netherlands and Italy (16.3 and 13.2%, respectively). Recent citation data indicated that other publications cited LH review papers much more frequently than other types of papers. Conclusions: The history of the journal reflects the emergence and development of laboratory hematology as a separate discipline of laboratory medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Soziale Systeme is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

At present, Hong Kong does not have a publicly-managed mandatory contributory retirement protection scheme. The Hong Kong Government launched a consultation on the universal pension scheme in 2015. The Government's plan provoked many controversies and eventually failed. This paper will examine the problem of the welfare ideology and system in Hong Kong from a historical perspective, taking the universal pension scheme as an example. This paper argues that the reason for the failure of the universal pension scheme was that Hong Kong people do not have a complete sense of citizenship and hold a distorted welfare ideology for historical reasons. This paper is one of the first to offer some reflections on the question of poverty and lack of social justice from a historical perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the third part of his famous 1926 paper 'Quantisierung als Eigenwertproblem', Schrödinger came across a certain parametrized family of tridiagonal matrices whose eigenvalues he conjectured. A 1991 paper wrongly suggested that his conjecture is a direct consequence of an 1854 result put forth by Sylvester. Here we recount some of the arguments that led Schrödinger to consider this particular matrix and what might have led to the wrong suggestion. We then give a self-contained elementary (though computational) proof which would have been accessible to Schrödinger. It needs only partial fraction decomposition. We conclude this paper by giving an outline of the connection established in recent decades between orthogonal polynomial systems of the Hahn class and certain tridiagonal matrices with fractional entries. It also allows to prove Schrödinger's conjecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the 1880s, the Norwegian linguist Amund Bredesen Larsen (1849- 1928) discovered a special socio-psychological mechanism in linguistic change which is today referred to in the literature as hyperdialectism. Larsen named the mechanism naboopposition [neighbour opposition, in modern Norwegian: naboopposisjon]. This paper gives an account of Larsen's discovery, and shows that this mechanism was rediscovered an entire century later and then integrated into sociolinguistic theory. It describes how Larsen presented his theory in 1886, and went on to provide more detail in a fundamental paper in 1917. It then accounts for Peter Trudgill's rediscovery of the mechanism in the early 1980s, and shows that Trudgill coined the term hyperdialectism in the years between 1981 and 1985. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our focus in this paper is on a somewhat curious feature of evolutionary economic geography, namely that although concerned with evolution – with processes of historical change and transformation – evolutionary economic geography seems not to take history as seriously as it would be expected to do. We argue that evolutionary economic geography is inescapably an historical social science, and that as such would benefit from exploring the different ways in which history can be used in causal investigation, from problematising the different temporalities of economic change and transformation, and from giving more attention to appreciative theorising and narrative case study over variable-centred approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The morpheme dāk 得 has a broad range of functions in modern Cantonese, including being used as a particle introducing an adverbial construction, as a particle introducing the so-called 'potential complement' (we refer to this as the 'long potential') and as a verbal (quasi-)suffix (the 'short potential'), which indicates that the state of affairs denoted by the verb may happen. In this paper, we first offer a general introduction on dāk 得 in modern Cantonese, which we then compare with Mandarin de 得 and parallel acquisitive modals in Lao, Vietnamese, and Zhuang, also with a focus on their modal meanings. We will then provide a diachronic overview of Cantonese dāk 得 based on a sample of texts from the 19th and early 20th century written in Cantonese by Western scholars, missionaries, and officers. The historical Cantonese data will be analyzed and compared to the development of the cognate morpheme de 得 in mainstream Chinese written sources: because of the limited diachronic depth of Cantonese data, this is necessary to delve further into the history of this item and of the related constructions. We will argue that: a. all the contemporary Cantonese (and Mandarin) uses seem to derive from the attainment sense of postverbal de/dāk 得; b. the vast majority of possible word order configurations were attested at some point in the recorded history of Chinese, but there appear to be also some patterns which could be specific to Cantonese; c. there seems to be a (partial) structural and semantic split between the 'short' potential and the 'long' potential; d. the adverbial construction probably had a more straightforward development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores register variation in diaries and travel journals during the early and late Modern English periods (1500–1900), based on the case study of preposition placement, specifically preposition stranding (which I refer to) and preposition pied piping (to which I refer). Findings show that diaries and travel journals in general have a similar frequency of stranded and pied-piped prepositions, but that sharp differences emerge in their diachronic evolution. The trends suggest that the two registers generally follow the same historical drift towards oral styles previously observed in non-specialised registers, albeit at different rates and with only a moderately oral-like pattern in the nineteenth century. Also of note is that the frequency of stranded prepositions in diaries is lower than expected. I will argue that, although norms on ‘proper’ style and eighteenth-century prescriptive norms of ‘correct’ English play an important role, especially in the second half of the eighteenth century, one should also take into account register-specific characteristics such as the topic and purpose of the text, the setting in which it is produced (private/public), the participants involved and the production circumstances of the text. Likewise, idiolectal differences should not be underestimated, since they can on occasions skew results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From von Harnack's speech-writing for Kaiser Wilhelm II to the 'Manifesto of the Ninety-Three', theologians played an important role in justifying the defence of Kultur in the early stages of the First World War. This paper uses the war-pamphlet collection of William Sanday in the library of The Queen's College to explore how English - and particularly Oxford - theologians responded to, and publically justified, British involvement in the war. Asserting that Oxford theologians were hesitantly nationalist by comparison with their German colleagues, this paper suggests that this dissimilarity cannot be explained purely by reference to the intellectual - some said, Nietzschean - arrogance of German theological liberals. Rather, the more cautious relationship of theologians in Britain to political and wider ecclesiastical discourse can, to some degree, be viewed through the lens of significant institutional differences between German and British theological faculties at the outbreak of the war. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fortbildungsveranstaltungen zur Dokumentation wurden vom Lehrinstitut für Dokumentation (LID) in der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Dokumentation (DGD) von 1974 bis 1991 angeboten. Themen waren u. a. die dokumentarische Methodik, Arbeitsabläufe, Dienstleistungsangebote, Produkte und neuesten Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien sowie der Umgang mit den dadurch ausgelösten Veränderungen ggf. auch aus Leitungsperspektive. Die Strukturen, Entwicklungsphasen, Themenschwerpunkte, Kooperationen – insbesondere mit Partnereinrichtungen aus der Mediendokumentation, aber auch mit regionalen Organisationen von Informationsspezialist*innen innerhalb und außerhalb der DGD – und der Stellenwert der LID-Fortbildung im Rahmen der Qualifizierungsangebote der DGD werden in diesem Beitrag beschrieben und analysiert. Training courses on documentation were offered by the Lehrinstitut für Dokumentation (LID) in the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Dokumentation (German Society for Documentation, DGD) from 1974 to 1991. Topics included documentary methodology, work processes, service offerings, products and the latest information and communication technologies, as well as dealing with change caused by these developments, if necessary also from a management perspective. The structures, development phases, main topics, cooperations – especially with partners from media documentation, but also with regional organizations of information specialists within and outside the DGD – and the significance of LID training within the framework of the DGD's qualification lines are described and analyzed in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both narrative semiotics and semio-narratology are concerned with the relationship between "history" and "structure," and consequently the academic focus in these areas has shifted to time. Do "temporal signs" exist? How is time semiotized by signs in narration? How do the narrative functions of temporal signs work? This paper answers these questions and explores semio-narratology, in a break with the ahistorical discourses of narrative semiotics, by way of a detailed analysis of The True Story of Ah Q and other works of modern fiction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper offers a detailed quantitative account of industrial development in West Germany between 1938 and 1955. It presents value-added, labour and capital input, labour productivity and TFP at industry level. Even though productivity growth was rapid by historical standards in the reconstruction phase after 1948, the expansion of industrial production between 1938 and 1955 was entirely input-driven. The resulting backlog in productivity growth allowed German industry to retain remarkably high growth rates until the end of the Golden Age. The post-war productivity gap took a decade to close after 1945 because the economy remained dislocated for much longer than previously thought. The main dislocating factors besides labour misallocation resulting from the war-induced urban housing shortage were structural disproportions in industrial production caused by the division of Germany. During the Wirtschaftswunder, industrial recovery could tap into surplus capacity and increased market potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exploring a series of fraudulent Holocaust memoirs - Herman Rosenblat's Angel at the Fence, Misha Defonseca's Misha: A Mémoire of the Holocaust, Binjamin Wilkomirski's Fragments and Helen Demidenko's The Hand That Signed the Paper - , this paper argues that fakes are not some 'bogus Other' (Ruthven 3) of 'genuine' literature but in fact parodic works that reflect on the tenuous nature of both the past and the notion of self. Indeed, the revelation of a fraudulent memoir exposes the investments of a public culture in notions of the real - firstly, in terms of an authentic identity and secondly, in relation to a genuine literary experience. The Holocaust frauds perpetuated by Rosenblat, Defonseca, Demidenko and Wilkomirski, in exploiting an historical phenomena regarded as sacrosanct, highlight and utilise the commodification of trauma in both public and literary arenas, manipulating discourses of victimhood and authenticity in order to interrogate the boundaries of the real and the unreal and, indeed, to reveal the faultlines in literary culture per se. Less interested in literary classifications, however, than in notions of history and identity, this paper contends that the scandals surrounding fakes are fundamental to understanding anxieties about the connection between word and world, and the strange expectation that literature is able to provide access to something 'true'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the Brazilian physician Henrique da Rocha Lima's (1879-1956) activism in favour of German-Brazilian scientific relations from 1919 to 1927. From 1909 to 1927 Rocha Lima worked at the Institute for Maritime and Tropical Diseases in Hamburg, where he engaged in the most prolific phase of his scientific career. In Hamburg he achieved international standing and was successfully integrated into the German academic community, thus making it possible for him to promote intellectual exchange between Germany and Brazil. As a member of both these academic and social environments, he had the skills necessary to synchronize the interests of German cultural diplomacy, intensified after the First World War and the Treaty of Versailles, with the demands of the Brazilian scientific community, which was acquiring increased specialization and professionalization. This role brought him into close contact with German diplomatic circles, which were seeking to harness scientific relations to the benefit of foreign cultural policy. Rocha Lima's activity as a “scientist-diplomat" was thus motivated by institutional, political and individual motivations on both sides of the Atlantic. Through this dense web of relationships and personal and institutional reputations, scientific perspectives and agendas, economic exchanges and political agreements (and disagreements) were framed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A question that should be asked in all cases of proposed convergence areas is whether the observed similarities do in fact reflect convergent developments or are due to chance. This paper presents three case studies from South Asia which demonstrate that accidental similarities are more common than is often acknowledged. To rule out chance similarities, convergence accounts must be supported by fine-grained examinations of the geographical and historical evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores Alan Bennett's Single Spies (1988), an espionage double bill comprising "An Englishman Abroad" and "A Question of Attribution," proposing that the personalizing of social, political, and historical themes, as well as the astute documentation of a decaying Englishness and its class system in both plays, are representative of the work of a playwright whose output deserves serious critical attention. The study focuses on how Bennett historicizes the actions of his infamous protagonists (Guy Burgess and Anthony Blunt) while challenging assumptions regarding patriotism. Single Spies is a Cambridge Five franchise, demonstrating the playwright's characteristic wit, irony, and reflection on personal and national identity, illusion, and sacrifice. The one-act plays each deal with a key figure in the notorious Cambridge spy ring, enhancing the dramatic effect through the use of onstage theatrical and visual allusions. In the first play, references to William Shakespeare's Hamlet (c 1599), together with English music, highlight Burgess's duality and the bitter reality of his post-defection life in Russia, while the second play is notable for its use of two paintings (Titian and a Venetian Senator and Allegory of Prudence) as key images and conceits suggesting the gradual uncovering of the Cambridge Five. The paper therefore suggests that Bennett's ability to lift the veil of personal and institutional secrecy, while airing his own ambivalence, confirms him as a skillful, if academically undervalued, commentator on Englishness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Info DaF: Informationen Deutsch als Fremdsprache is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In 1980, the South Carolina Supreme Court noted, 'Paralegals are routinely employed by licensed attorneys to assist in the preparation of legal documents such as deeds and mortgages.' According to the court, the activities of a paralegal were of a preparatory nature, such as legal research, investigation, or the composition of legal documents. This assessment of paralegal utilization in 1980 might well have been surprising to many readers of the court's decision. As the delegation of legal work to non-lawyers evolved, so has the paralegal profession. The goal of this paper is to trace the transition of paralegals from a somewhat glorified - albeit very specialized - secretarial role to a professional position, emphasizing the period just before and after the creation of the ABA definition of the legal/assistant paralegal position. Legal professionals, rather than historians, provide most of historiography that is available. Historians appear to have focused on particular lawyers, especially those who became political leaders, and the efforts of persons other than white males to enter the profession with little mention of the personnel that supported those lawyers. Discussion of the historical development of paralegals and the paralegal profession has been limited to introductory chapters of practice manuals written by lawyers and paralegal educators for paralegals. The utilization of legal assistants from the 1970s to the present is well-documented, however, in contemporary writings by lawyers, law office managers, and social scientists. This paper is concerned with the development of the paralegal profession and the paralegal role in American law offices. This study examines writings from the twentieth century lawyers, paralegals, law office managers, paralegal educators, and social scientists to track the paralegal profession in five respects: (1) Definition of the nature of the role of the persons considered part of the occupation; (2) Establishment of educational requirements and forums; (3) Organization of professional associations; (4) Self-regulation; and, (5) Development of enforceable codes of professional conduct. In addition to the contemporary writings, the study uses information obtained through communications with paralegals, paralegal educators, and paralegal association directors who practiced during the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Quellen und Forschungen aus Italienischen Archiven und Bibliotheken is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper uses original survey data to explore the landscape of support for a number of aspects of what might be called "the American Dream:" the notion that hard work is rewarded, and individuals succeed and fail due primarily to their own efforts. In general, I find that Americans generally endorse the idea that hard work leads to success and that economic mobility is possible for those willing to put in the effort, but that there is significant individual and contextual variation in support for those beliefs. I find that most variation in support for meritocratic belief is a function of simple partisan politics: differences between liberals and conservatives, and between Democrats and Republicans, are far more important to explaining meritocratic belief than any other sociodemographic factor. But attributes of the context in which one lives matter as well. Among other things, this paper highlights the importance of local economic decline as an important topic for future research: those who live in communities that have seen their relative economic fortunes drop over the past decade are less likely to believe in meritocracy than those who have seen their communities thrive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper argues for a revision of the textual history of the Old Russian Skazanie o Drakulě. According to its editor Lur'e (1963) the text had been produced by Fedor Kuricyn in 1485 and transcribed by well-known copyist Efrosin in 1486 and in 1490. Lur'e characterises the Skazanie as a politically motivated description of a "cruel but righteous sovereign", produced by the diplomate Kuricyn and comparable to Western Renaissance political treatises. Lur'e's statements only argue ex negativo and fail to match the textual evidences. 1: Our paper shows in detail, that the two main redactions of the text, both datable in the 90's of the 15th c., display mutual dependencies and require a protograph as their common ancestor which needed much more time to develop than is left between Kuricyn's assumed return from Moldavia to Moscow in the middle or at the end of 1485 and Efrosin's first transcription in February 1486. While the textual history of the Skazanie cannot be historically aligned with Kuricyn's mission to Moldavia and his return to Moscow in 1485, there is no argument left to attach the name Kuricyn to the text at all. 2: The reception of the Skazanie until today is based on the assumption that the text would characterise the reign of 'cruel' Ivan IV. There is no objective argument for this suggestion, but numerous counterarguments. 3: The paper characterises rhetoric strategies in the narratives about Drakula, showing, among others, a connection with a South German (Bavarian) episode, and pointing to the possible origin of a historically relevant question (the "sister" of the Hungarian King). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A couple of years ago Colette Bodelot (, Les propositions complétives dans la Chronique originale de Frédégaire (I.4, chap. 1-90). In Piera Molinelli, Pierluigi Cuzzolin & Chiara Fedriani (eds.), Latin vulgaire - Latin tardif, Vol.II, 183-203. Bergamo: Bergamo University Press, Sestante Ed.) discussed in a rich and worthy paper the use of direct and indirect speech by Fredegarius, one of the most representative Merovingian storytellers, and showed that he rather used the subjunctive instead of the Accusativus cum Infinitivo (AcI). Therefore, I decided to take again into account this author and his historical work which on the other hand had been object of a keen inquiry by Lyliane Sznajder (, Stratégies de prises en charge énonciatives dans le discours indirect. In G. Calboli (ed.), Papers on grammar IX, 2, Latina Lingua, 749-761. Roma: Herder.), and I started from these two papers. I myself had considered the direct and indirect discourse in Latin and Indo-European languages (Calboli, in print), however in that paper the core of my inquiry was rather the AcI as a peculiar construction of the indirect speech. In order to choose a specific text with all stylistic implications, I concentrate myself on the clash between the king Theuderich and saint Columbanus, where I could compare the Vita Columbani by Jonas and Fredegarius' Chronicle. I could therefore take into account also a kind of epic style proper of the Histories of Saints, which suggested the use of AcI, a typical construction of the most authoritative Latin. In this case Fredegarius' text was a reproduction of Jonas' text, but with some differences in the use of subordinate clause: Jonas employed AcI, Fredegarius the simple subjunctive. I took into account also the use of Gregor of Tour, and pointed out a fluctuation, in Banniard's (, Le latin classique existe-t-it. In Biville Frédérique, Marie-Karine Lhommé & Daniel Vallat (eds.), Latin vulgaire - Latin tardif IX, 57-78. Lyon: Maison de l'Orient et de la Méditerannée) sense, which produced in Merovingian Latin a larger frame of constructions than in classical and imperial Latin. This depended also upon the abandon of some constraints which in classical and postclassical Latin reduced the number of possible clauses. The following passage was the reduction of such a frame in Carolingian Latin. In previous Merovingian language, AcI was consistently challenged by subjunctive, both introduced by conjunctions of subordination ( quod, quia, quoniam, etc.) or without any conjunction in a kind of simple subjunctive. This phenomenon was connected with the expansion of subjunctive, in particular of pluperfect, which was extended in most Romance languages (cf. : 333, Handbuch zur lateinischen Sprache des Mittelalters. Vierter Band. Formenlehre, Syntax und Stilistik. München: C. H. Beck), and in Merovingian Latin was employed also instead of indicative (cf. : 224, Le latin des diplômes royaux et chartes privées de l'époque mérovingienne. Paris: Honoré Champion). Therefore, I highlighted that these uses in Merovingian Latin have to be considered variations and enlargements of the linguistic frame rather than mistakes as they would be considered from the point of view of classical Latin, though they were the product of a decomposition of Latin, in particular of the cases system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on rabbinic sources redacted in the early third and late fourth/ early fifth centuries, this paper tracks the intertwined lives of divine image-things and rabbis living in late Roman and Byzantine period Palestine. The paper argues that the religious image-things of others (or avodah zarah, in rabbinic terms) pressed in different ways on rabbinic notions of animation, materiality, agency, and representation, as well as on the boundaries between the thing, the human, and the divine. Additionally, the paper argues that while rabbis attempted to neutralize the claims of such image-things, in part by exposing their materiality, their excess nonetheless escaped such rabbinic efforts. Finally, the paper argues that in the fourth century, along with the 'material turn' in the Roman world inspired by Christian engagement, we find not only a greater sense of the excess in the things of avodah zarah, but also a concomitant thingification of the rabbinic sage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a number of recent works, verbs and expressions encoding causative alternations have been regarded as a possible test for measuring the basic valency orientation of a language. This paper focuses on the basic orientation of valency in Homeric Greek. The test applied for determining this parameter is that proposed by Nichols et al. (2004, Transitivizing and detransitivizing languages. Linguistic Typology 8(2). 149–211), focusing on 18 causative alternations. The investigation carried out in this paper shows that Homeric Greek belongs to the detransitivizing type, showing an active-middle alternation as the preferred pattern for expressing causative alternations. This study aims to enrich the typological literature on this topic and positions itself among other studies of valency orientation in ancient Indo-European languages, such as Old Hittite, Old Indo-Aryan, Proto-Germanic, and Proto-Slavic, which show transitivizing strategies along with voice alternation patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper focuses on the rediscovery of Misch's A History of Autobiography and its relevance to the problem of self-knowledge and self-esteem. Misch's work is used to reconstruct a new aspect of self-esteem and to demonstrate that self-esteem can be interpreted as an early historical form of self-knowledge. In particular, self-esteem is characterized as a kind of self-knowledge in the category of the Other, that is, self-esteem appears to be self-knowledge derived from the social perspective regarding the individual. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Literature consists of works of language, but it has never been able to function as literature without being part of a cluster of interconnected media. From time immemorial, oratures require performances to work and thus cannot exist without use of bodily signs or use of various tools and instruments. Today, of course, this extended media landscape is vaster and more complex and distributed through more differentiated and numerous agencies than ever before, which also changes the mutual relation among the media involved in the production, dissemination, and use of literature, as well as changing the position of literature in the media landscape. A growing anonymity of the agents for mediation also challenges the articulation of history and memory in today's cultures. The aim of the paper is to contribute to an understanding of the dynamics of the entire cluster of media with literature at its center, rather than making an account of the separate media involved. The canonical Anglo-Irish eighteenthcentury writer Jonathan Swift will serve as my primary material.

The aim of the present paper is to determine the category of locutions recognized by the Real Academia de la Lengua Española in the general academic dictionary, the Diccionario de la lengua española (DRAE). The research proves that throughout history the types of locutions established by the Academy have not been the same. On the contrary, classification changed over the years especially from the 19th edition dated 1970 up to the 23rd dated 2014, including the Diccionario esencial de la lengua española, dated 2006 (as it is indicated in the annex). The edition of 1970 was the first to establish a list of the types of locutions, with only five: adjectival, adverbial, conjunctive, prepositional, and interjective locutions. The edition of 2001 determines nine types of locutions: nominal, pronominal, verbal, adjectival, adverbial, conjunctive, prepositional, quantifier, and interjective locutions. The latest edition (2014) establishes eight types: nominal, pronominal, verbal, adjectival, adverbial, conjunctive, prepositional, and interjective locutions (the quantifier type is deleted). These hesitations are due to the unstable definition of "locution" given by the Academia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The idea of augmented or virtual reality in combination with head mounted display is being discussed already since at least 1968. However, for a long time, this topic was discussed mainly within the academic research area with only limited effect or uptake in the work place. Primary reason for this was the missing availability of robust and affordable hardware as well as the limited mobile graphics capabilities. This has changed recently with the availability of numerous affordable devices in combination with applications from the entertainment and gaming area. This Special Issue on Smart Glasses presents a mix of recent research papers and reports to provide an overview of ongoing research and developments in work place environments. In the remainder of this introductory paper we present an overview of the history of Smart Glasses and their applications over the last decades. We also clarify the term Augmented Reality in this historic context. Then we present a topology of current products as well as their intended application areas. Finally, we introduce the papers of this issue within this context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses various reports within the issue on topics including history of Indo-European languages, politeness in Anglo-Saxon and speech act of congratulations in Latin comedy.

Copyright of Historische Zeitschrift is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Today literary criticism contests the 'Volksbuch' as a genre since its criteria seem under-defined. This paper aims, from a functional point of view, to explain its historical success by tracing four histories of this genre. The under-definition of the genre turns out as the precondition of its manifold employments. What the different histories have in common is the imagination of the 'Volksbuch', which could unify the German nation. The 'Volksbuch', the paper will argue, is a virtual modern genre which imagines an anti-modern state of society and literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Udmurt, a Uralic language that has experienced long and extensive contact with the dominant Russian language, all four typologically relevant strategies of verbal borrowing are attested: direct and indirect insertion, light verbs, and paradigm insertion. This is unusual both cross-linguistically and for the Uralic family. The paper investigates these strategies and the factors that govern the choice between them. It turns out that, although free variation plays a major role in the distribution of strategies, there are also several important morphological, stylistic and areal factors. By analyzing these factors and the available historical data, I propose a diachronic explanation of the currently observed distribution. The study is mostly based on corpus data collected from contemporary Udmurt-language social media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]