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Energy consumption is of great importance for the sustainable development of a country in terms of economic, social and environmental aspects. In financial development, it is an important factor for a country's economic growth, stability and prosperity. In the paper, the nexus among energy consumption, financial development, economic growth and trade openness were tested using the ARDL method for the period 1980-2020. In the study, the square of financial development was also included in the analysis, and the nonlinear relationship between energy consumption and financial development was also examined. The findings showed that there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between energy consumption and financial development. Accordingly, initially, financial development increases energy consumption, but after a certain point, energy consumption begins to decrease. In addition, it has been determined that economic growth positively effects energy consumption in both the short and long term, while trade openness negatively effects. Analysis of the relationship between financial development and energy consumption will be an important step to understand the economic, environmental and social effects of energy policies and to build a sustainable energy future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After graduating from the École des Ponts et Chaussées in Paris, Aram Margossian (1853-1931) started working as an engineer in the Ottoman Ministry of Public Affairs, where he was later promoted to director of the railway administration. While working in this ministry, he lectured on mathematics and engineering at the Hendese-i Mülkiye, the school of civil engineering in Istanbul, and published books on these topics. In addition to his positions as a civil engineer, bureaucrat, and university teacher, he was also a distinguished amateur mathematician. Margosyan wrote a book on magic squares in French, which became the key to his fame. Part of Margosyan’s book was included in the French version of a book on recreational mathematics. Both books comprise what is known today as the Margossian Method. In his first paper published in the journal Sphinx-Œdipe, Margossian (1912) claimed to have solved an open problem. He also was one of the founders of Sphinx-Œdipe, a French journal of mathematics, at which point he sent two letters to the Journal of Ottoman Society of Engineers and Architects, in which he underlined the fact that he no longer was the director of the Ottoman Railways. The present article analyzes the content of these letters which he’d written after establishing his expertise in mathematics. The letters’ stress on the importance of statistical inference presents a good example of Margosyan’s deep understanding of mathematics. The current article also analyzes his views on the mathematical underpinnings of statistical inference and attempts to understand his rationale for writing these letters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Determination of Environmental Distanced Pollution Load by Poultry of Bursa Region Abstract: Manure is the most critical problem in livestock farms. Increasing the amount of manure and increasing production intensity brings the problem to a more profound dimension. If manure's storage, management and operation process is not planned and applied correctly, it triggers important environmental problems in underground and surface water resources. For this reason, it is imperative to determine the manure pollution load, analyze its effects well, and apply the right strategies to prevent them. This paper is aimed to determine and evaluate the amount of waste and pollution load caused by manure resulting from poultry production in Bursa province for the decade. According to the results of the study, Karacabey and Mustafakemalpasa are the districts with the highest pollution potential due to poultry production in Bursa, while Gürsu has the lowest. It has been determined that the potential for diffuse pollution is higher when compared to laying hen, broiler and turkey breeding. Nitrogen pollution constitutes 88% of the pollution potential, while phosphorus pollution constitutes 12%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of this paper is to demonstrate the dynamic interaction between urbanization and transportation. This paper provides an empirical evaluation of dynamic connectedness between urbanization and air transportation mobility. The empirical part uses annual time-series data for Turkey, Germany, France, Italy, and United Kingdom according to data availability for the period 1970-2019. The variable of interest includes the share of urban population as urbanization, and the mobility of freight and passenger with air transportation. Urbanization and transportation measures have been obtained from World Bank statistical database. Dynamic connectedness approach provides various spillover parameters such as, from one to all, from all to one, net, pairwise, and total connectedness indexes, which might bring different perspective to the determination of the linkage between air transportation mobility and urbanization. Our findings show that air transportation is related to urbanization in terms of freight and passengers. According to the dynamic nature of transportation with urbanization and the spreading results, while transportation is receiver, urbanization is in a transmitter position. The fact that there is a transfer from urbanization to transportation is especially important in terms of the effectiveness of transportation policies in urban areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since knowledge today is the most powerful core source for individuals, society and states, it is becoming an essential leverage that affects profoundly the dynamics of all parties. For this reason, information gains a nature that will affect all dynamics of individual and social life. Moreover, the fact that there is no boundary for knowledge is very convenient for states that want to expand their power and efficiency. Due to that, they allocate a huge number of resources on producing knowledge. Commercializing the strategic knowledge is also an affirmative determinant for this allocation. Higher education institutions are places where qualified information is processed and transferred. For this reason, it is only possible to reach qualified information by receiving education in higher education institutions that provide this service under appropriate conditions. The transformation of knowledge into a basic need for people and societies today significantly increases the demands for higher education. In countries that develop higher education institutions with their investments, the demands for these institutions are increasing day by day not only by the citizens of the countries but also by international students who cannot access qualified information in their countries for various reasons. In this sense, Turkey has become a centre of attraction in higher education seriously. It is vital for Turkey to successfully implement perpetually the Internationalization Strategy Document in Higher Education to meet fast increasing international student demands. This paper makes an effort to review the current situation of the internationalization strategy of higher education in Turkey, summarize its implementation, emphasize problems encountered, and propose very essential suggestions for the solutions of these problems. It will surely help Turkey’s effort to reach its target on the internationalization strategy of higher education, and to become an important centre of attraction for both international students and academic staffs. As suggested in this paper, this aim is acquired only under the condition of identifying problems, making decisions very fast for the solutions, and prosecuting the implementation of the decisions continuously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information World (Bilgi Dünyası) is one of the most important scientific and professional journals in library and ınformation science (information management) in Turkey. It has been supporting the librarianship and profession with its publishing life for 20 years. The aim of this study is to make a quantitative analysis of Information World in terms of publication types, author and subject elements between 2000-2019. Within the scope of the study carried out with the description method, refereed articles, reviews and opinion papers published in 40 issues along 20 years were examined. As a result of the study, a total of 436 articles, 229 of which were refereed articles, 97 were reviews, 88 were opinion papers, and 22 were other articles, between 2000 and 2019. An average of 5.5 refereed articles were published in each issue. It has been understood that the annual changes in the number of articles in the journal are not in a certain balance, and the annual subject changes vary largely depending on the authors' expertise and emerging issues in the field of librarianship. At the end of the study, it was proposed to professionalize and institutionalize the journal management structure as a strategic goal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Syrian refugees in Turkey constitute one of the crucial subjects in the country. One of the important consequences of the phenomenon of migration is social incidents. In certain Turkish cities, social incidents between refugees and local people had occasional distressing consequences. Social incidents, defined as the collective activities carried out by two or more people for a specific purpose, are critical cases that directly affect social life. It is seen that many studies have been carried out on the issue of refugees. However, studies that examine the issue of “social incidents,” which occurred occasionally between the local population and refugees, are quite limited. This paper aims to show the distribution of social incidents in terms of time and place, which took place between local people and refugees. Document analysis technique, one of the qualitative research methods, was used in the study. News on “social incident” about Syrian refugees constitute the main data source of the study. As a result, a quantitative and spatial situation assessment was created and related to social incidents between 2011 and 2020. Despite the increasing number of refugees in Turkey, it was found that there was a decrease in the number of social incidents. We can contend that the Turkish Government achieved a successful result on immigration concerning crisis management and organizational ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With increased and diversified mixed migration flows across the world, international human trafficking has become one of the most critical global challenges of the 21st century. The growing interest in the "global fight against human trafficking" rhetoric at times overshadows academic debates that provide an understanding of the concept based on factual/theoretical evidence. Main objective of this study is to overview the main conceptual and theoretical debates within the scope of international relations and international migration in an attempt to emphasise their significance in developing effective anti-trafficking strategies. Among other issues, the first part of the paper examines the conceptual relationship between human trafficking, migrant smuggling, and irregular migration. The second part addresses theoretical debates on human trafficking with reference to migration and security phenomena. The final part of the paper assesses the contribution of Turkey's newly reformed migration institutional and legal framework on the development of a victim-oriented anti-trafficking policy in line with international standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The language of managers is an essential factor at the process of employee motivation. Sullivan (1988) declared Motivational Language Theory and, his followers conducted researches about the importance of managerial usage of language at the process of motivation and leadership. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the role of motivational language of manager at the quality of leader-member exchange at automotive industry in Turkey. The motivational language scale developed by Mayfield, J., Mayfield, M & Kopf, J. (1995) and the leader-member exchange scale developed by Liden, R.C. & Maslyn, J.M. (1998) are used as assessment tools. Findings show that all dimensions of motivational language are related with all dimensions of leader-member exchange and, there is a significant effect of motivational language on the quality of leader-member exchange. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the Turkish Language Institute, smuggling is "a trade done contrary to the law of a state, the act of transferring secretly, surreptitiously". The same institution defines the smuggler as a person who commits "the act of secretly importing, exporting, buying and selling goods illegal to be traded and benefiting the same without paying any tax", or the act of "importing goods into the country through illegal secret routes and without paying any taxes". The act in question can be committed in the form of bringing commercial goods into country illegally or as human trafficking. When the smuggler traffics humans, it is certain that in his eyes, human becomes a commodity. Like all illegal acts of human beings, smuggling has also always been a common practice in almost every place and period in the world where human beings existed throughout history. Today it is still an act committed continuously. The Republic of Turkey, has been a state where smuggling has been committed throughout its history (and undoubtedly today as well) due to its geography. Being a center of attraction that connects the two continents, Anatolian peninsula could not escape from becoming a center for smuggling as it is a center for any commercial activities. Since the day it was founded, Republic of Turkey has been officially fighting against smuggling on its territory and borders just like its predecessor, the Ottoman Empire. This paper aims to evaluate the phenomenon of smuggling in Turkey during the early Republican period, on the basis of the official documents from the era in question, the smuggling activities in south of Turkey and its surroundings and the measures taken by the state to prevent smuggling in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Extended Techniques" are those untraditional music singing or playing techniques. Although the use of extended piano techniques were used through every period of music history their application in music since 1900's has become much more common. Many contemporary composers search different technical possibilities of instruments and these techniques increase the instrumental colors for contemporary works. Extended piano techniques are techniques for producing unique sounds. In this study, Mesruh Savaş's (1978) last two compositions which were composed for the project "Extended Piano Techniques and Teaching in Music Education Departments" was chosen as an example and were analyzed. Their contribution to music literature and their place and importance was examined and searched. Thus, it was observed that the extended techniques utilized in these pieces are playing pizzicato with right and left hands fingertips, glissando, using different tools like paper clips for achieving different colors and using different pedal techiques. According the limited literature about subject, like only one doctorate thesis, two article and two scientefic paper in Turkey, by making this analysis this study will make important contributions to the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Syrian conflict as a part of social movements called as Arab Spring has been turned into a civil war. As a result of this Turkey has come to face with the biggest refugee crisis of its entire history. Thus political parties have used different discourses on Syrian conflict and refugee crisis according to new social, economical and political conditions. In this paper political discourses used by Turkish political leaders between 2011-2015 are examined in the context of their politics for Syrian conflict and refugees. The main goal of this work is to contribute to a better contemplation on the Syrian conflict and refugee crisis by ascertaining political parties' approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: We aimed to provide information on world's economic and academic citation and to find the characteristics of overall, medical and particularly general surgical scientific paper production. Material and Method: Data form SCI were used in order to determine the progress of scientific production in the world. Forty countries with the highest H-index rank that constituted 90% of the world's economic and scientific production were analyzed. An economic- scientific ranking (ESR) was developed in terms of average ranking of eleven criteria of these countries. Additionally, comparison of proportionate areas like USA versus eight European countries and Turkey vs Russia, Mexico, Egypt and Iran was done. Results: A tendency of decline in citations per paper was observed despite a constant increase in the number of articles. There was a considerably high correlation between ESR and H-index and total number of citations. While the proportion of USA in total world citations decreased, eight European countries filled this gap and became leader in medicine and overall in science. Turkey, which has a relatively high rank in the production of scientific articles, is inadequate in terms of the H-index, and new developments are needed. Although the number of publications from Turkey is considerably high, it is observed that H-index and the number of citations are inadequate. Conclusion: The H-index and total number of citations have been proved to be important in indicating social development, along with scientific productivity. It was concluded that the government and scientific institutions should aim to increase the number of publications that may provide high levels of citations in Turkey that needs innovation and patent formation, i.e. qualificational evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 'Republic of Cyprus' established as under the guarantorship of Turkey, Greece and Britain, could only live until 1963 as the Greek Cypriots have increased their oppression on Turkish side. After the Cyprus Peace Operation implemented by Turkey according to the 'Guarantorship Agreement', Republic of Cyprus was divided into two separate parts, and an independent Turkish state under the name of Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus was established on the northern side of the island in 1983. This formation has carried the new developments which have basically economic and political dimensions, to the international platform. The membership of Southern Cyprus Greek Administration to the European Union under the name of Republic of Cyprus on May 1, 2004 and the continuation of Turkey's EU candidacy have brought the tensions to the highest level or final stage. In this paper the effect of Cyprus Problem on Turkey-EU relations is analyzed with a focus on EU Progress Reports prepared for Turkey and their reflections at EU Summits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to study government system debates with regards to presidential system proposal which submitted to Turkish Grand National Assembly by Justice and Development Party in 2012. Firstly, there are arguments about seperation of powers, its relations with government systems and strengths and weaknesses of systems. Then, parliamentary system process is examined in terms of problems originated from discussions about process in Turkey. In the last chapter, presidential system proposal of Justice and Development Party and counter arguements to this proposal are given with details. This study is mainly composed of academic literature in field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, the characteristics of business groups running in different countries and characteristics of Turkish business groups included in "The Oxford Handbook of Business Groups" are examined by using a comparative analysis. The paper looks into differences and similarities of organisational forms of business group in different countries dealt in the Handbook, by using a holistic approach. This analysis based on five criteria. These criteria are (I) ownership and governance pattern, (II) strategy of industrial (or business) diversification and internationalization, (III) prevalent organizational structure, (IV) economic significance and (V) performance. Which business groups in different countries are more similar to Turkish business groups is shown by considering five criteria in this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trade policies have an important role on countries growth and development process. The export-led growth hypothesis assumes that there is a casual relationship between export and growth. In this paper the validity of export-led growth hypothesis was analysed with quarterly data for the period between 1999-2013. After implementing unit root, co-integration tests and Granger causality test which is based on error correction mechanism, we find an evidence to support the hypothesis that there is short-run bidirectional and long-run unidirectional causality between export and gross domestic product in Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Along with a growing elderly population in the world and in our country, elder abuse and neglect has been a major problem. The purpose of this study is to identify and systematically review the studies investigating elder abuse and neglect in Turkey. Evaluation of the studies on elder abuse and neglect in Turkey showed that the elderly are often abused by family members and they are often exposed to emotional, physical, economic and psychological abuse. All of the studies reviewed in this paper were descriptive cross-sectional studies investigating elder abuse and neglect. The studies reviewed presented significant results revealing the prevalence of elder abuse and neglect in Turkey. In conclusion, this systematic review revealed that research on this issue in Turkey is insufficient and there is a need for studies conducted with larger samples covering an entire city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electronic Records Management Systems are one of the crucial tools for institutional records management. The public institutions need information systems which enable them to systematically manage the records which they produce within their business processes and conduct such processes in electronic medium. Legislation and standards are being set forth for regulating intra-and inter-institutionalelectroniccommunicationssuchasofficialcorrespondence regulation of Turkey, Registered E-Mail (REM) web services, e-correspondence package, etc. The impact of activities for the purpose of realizing business-yield enhancing properties of ERM systems, were evaluated in this paper. An electronic records management (ERM) application of an institution provides optimal benefit to the extent that it serves to enhance business efficiency, rather than monitoring inbound and outbound records traffic of t hat institution. For this purpose, a preliminary evaluation has been undertaken, regarding measurable benefits of an ERM application in the example of a public institution. It was also conducted a questionnaire to the executive officials who use the system as well as those who are in charge of records management for the purpose of revealing administrative level benefits of the ERM application, used by Ministry of Development. Besides, those benefits which cannot be quantified, were also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study attempts to debadeted general ideas on poverty and to determine the relationship between poverty and globalization. The reason of poverty in the globalization process are examined. This paper comperatively looks at poverty elimination stratejies in different contriyes to the extand that they would from examples for Turkey. In this contex what have done and what can be do to struggle poverty is analayzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the existence of nonlinear relationship between tertiary education and economic growth in the period of the Republic of Turkey, using annual time series data from 1924 to 2009. The econometric approach of this paper is based on the threshold autoregressive (TAR) model. The empirical results show evidence of one threshold value and the graduates of tertiary education have a positive contribution to economic growth above this value. The findings of this study exhibit that the government must be invest much more for the higher education to promote the development of the Turkish economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reading habit is the realization of reading activity in a continuous, systematic and critical way. In the essence of this habit, the marking approach is sustainability. Sustainable reading habit is that an individual continues with his/her reading activity at every of his/her life's phases, and in a permanent and proper form. It is known that, reading habit as a cultural attitude in Turkey is on the average lower than those being exercised in developed countries. This study aims at examining effects of this negative situation on university students. In the first part of the paper, conceptual analysis of reading habit is made and then, the intensity of the reading habit in Turkey is examined. Finally, the results of survey study conducted among Ankara University students are evaluated. Results reveal that although there seems to exist a relative developedness in reading habits of the sample, inadequacies are discernible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]