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Objective: Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is characterised by acute kidney injury, hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia. In children, it is mostly related with diarrhea (D+). In this paper, we aimed to determine clinical parameters and prognostic factors in D+HUS. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study was conducted with D+HUS 15 pediatric patients in a pediatric intensive care unit between March 2019 and August 2020. Patients demographics, initial vital signs, laboratory parameters (hemoglobine, hematocrit, white blood cell, platellets, creatinine, urea, uric acid, lactat dehydrogenase, aspartat aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, amilase, albumine, C3 and C4), plasma therapy, plasma exchange, RRT type and duration, and the need for blood products were evaluated. Therefore, extra-renal involvement, eculizumab treatment and last follow-up were recorded. Results: The study group consisted of 9 males (60%) and the median age was calculated as 18 months. In 60% of the patients, RRT was implemented. Peritoneal dialysis (in 5) was the most preferded dialysis method. Five patients (33%) had extra-renal involvement. Nine patients (60%) had completely recovered, therefore proteinuria, chronic kidney disease, end-stage kidney disease and neurologic sequel developed in 3 (20%), 1 (6.6%), 1 (6.6%) and 1 (6.6%), respectively. Hospitalization and oligoanuria duration had a significant impact on sequel development [Hospitalization duration: OR:1.28 (%95 CI:0.77-0.98) (p=0.04), Oligoanuria duration: OR:1.46 (%95 CI:0.94-1) (p=0.04)]. Conclusion: In this study, we showed that hospitalization and oligoanuria duration had a significant impact on sequel development. We believe that there is a need for more clinical studies to delinate more precise mechanisms of the disease and eliminate worse outcomes of D+HUS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most commonly performed blood test is complete blood cell count. This test includes hemoglobin, white blood cell count, platelet count, and detailed red blood cell indices. Automated complete blood count also give information for "differential" which gives information about percentages and absolute numbers of different subgroups of white blood cells. This test is necessary in diagnosing anemia, hematological cancers, infections, acute hemorrhagic states, allergies, and immunodeficiencies. Also it is used for monitoring side effects of certain drugs. A pediatrician is frequently challenged for evaluating complete blood count as a part patient's assessment. An enhanced and complete understanding of this laboratory test is essential for providing quality care of sick and normal children. Here in this paper, we want to share key laboratory interpretation strategies for complete blood count and some clues for differentiating normal from deviations and true problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compared to adult studies, there are a limited number of pediatric studies exploring the effects of hypercalciuria on bone mineral density. The aim of this paper was to report a case of low-energy multilevel vertebral fracture in a pediatric patient during follow-up for idiopathic hypercalciuria (IH); it was also attempted to remind clinicians that IH-induced fractures may also occur in children. A 10-year-old male child presented to our outpatient clinic with back pain after jumping off from a height of approximately 50 cm. History of the patient showed that the patient had been followed-up for idiopathic hypercalciuria for 8 years and his father had renal stones and hypercalciuria. There was no abnormality on physical examination, with an exception for tenderness and limitation of movement in lower thoracic and lumbar vertebrae. Complete blood count and biochemical parameters were normal except for an elevated alkaline phosphatase level. Dorsal and lumbar lateral plain graphs showed compression fractures of T4, T6, T8, and L3 vertebrae, therefore, lumbar and dorsal vertebral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), bone mineral densitometry (BMD), and vitamin D level measurement were ordered. MRI revealed acute compression fracture and medullary edema in L3; there were also chronic osteoporotic fractures in T4, T6, and T8. BMD showed a lumbar total Z score of -2.9 and the Vitamin D level was 13.7 ng/mL (10-24 ng/mL indicates moderate deficiency). A control renal ultrasonography revealed no kidney stones or calcification. The patient was prescribed polyethylene mold thoracolumbar corset and vitamin D support at a dose not to enhance hypercalciuria and nephrocalcinosis. His pain was alleviated at follow-up. Considering that most of the total bone mass is acquired at childhood, identification of causative factors and taking necessary measures at an early stage may prevent future complications of IH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APECED) syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by autoimmune multiorgan attack. The disease is caused by mutations in the autoimmune regulator (AIRE) gene. The classic triad is composed by mucocutaneous candidiasis, primary hypoparathyroidism and autoimmune adrenal failure. The clinical diagnosis is based on the presence of at least two of the three major components of the disease. Very few patients with APECED syndrome were reported from Turkey and the diagnosis based on clinical findings by most of them. In this paper we presented two sisters with APECED syndrome who were diagnosed through clinical findings where the diagnosis was proved by molecular genetic testing in index case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prevalence of primary cardiac tumors has been reported to be between 0.19% and 0.0017%. Cardiac tumors are usually intracavitary lesions and more than 75% of them are benign. Myxomas are rare in childhood and constitute 10% of all pediatric cardiac tumors. Myxomas localized in the right ventricle are very rare in children. In this paper, we describe a 14-year-old boy with right ventricular myxoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social cognition represents the mental processes of social interaction between oneself and others. In recent years, the interest in social cognition skills has increased in cases with eating disorders. Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder that is associated with the multiple factors in etiology. Treatment of anorexia nervosa is still controversial. The youths diagnosed with anorexia nervosa are known to be as the most difficult group in eating disorders for building therapeutic relations. Studies, mostly suggests that there are difficulties in social cognitive functions in patients with anorexia nervosa. However, there are studies that reported different results. It seems that, the majority of studies which evaluate the social cognitive functions in patients with anorexia nervosa, are carried out with the adult age group. There are limited number of studies in child and adolescent age group. The purpose of this paper was to examine the studies of social cognitive skills in children and adolescents diagnosed with anorexia nervosa and present the general characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Symptomatic primary genital herpes infection is very rare in early childhood. Herpes simplex virus 1 type is the infectious agent in 20-50% percent of primery infections. Sexual abuse should be considered when genital herpes is seen in a person before sexual active age. It is mild and self limiting unless the patient is immune compramised. In this paper we discussed a 17 months old patient with genital herpes and approach to genital herpes in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hereditary multiple exostoses is an autosomal dominant disease with abnormal bone formation especially at the long bones. Osteochondromas, which occur in the course of the disease, can cause growth disturbances in affected children. Due to pressure effects of osteochondromas, compression of vessels, nerves and tendons, restriction of joint motion, and neurologic compromise as well as painful local symptoms can be seen. Here, we aimed to present two siblings who had generalized pain and swelling in different parts of the body. We detected multiple osteochondromas in different parts of their bodies, especially at the long bones. Our patients had painful local symptoms. There was no growth retardation, but the presence of many osteochondromas led us to contemplate that it was serious form of the disease. Their father had lesser number of osteochondromas. In this paper, we aimed to emphasize the necessity of close follow-up for the risk of malignant transformation of osteochondromas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The physical and sexual abuse of children keep on being major mental health problems. Abuse and its complications are the important part of child and adolescent psychiatry services. Abused children are at risk of serious behavioral and emotional disorders. In many locations nationwide, multidisciplinary teams have been created to evaluate concerns of child abuse. In this paper, it is aimed to discuss risk factors for abuse, diagnosis and therapy of mental disorders, and multidisciplinary approach in a case who seriously exposed to physical and sexual abuse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comorbid psychiatric disorders, frequent hospitalization, multiple outpatient treatment, prior history of hypertension, obesity and lipid dysregulation are associated with higher risk of metabolic syndrome in children. Side effects of antipsychotic drugs and their management have recently become a major subject of research due to enhanced antipsychotic drug usage in child and adolescents. Prevention strategies are usually preferred to secondary or tertiary strategies in the management of metabolic syndrome associated with antipsychotic drugs. Clinicians should present multidisciplinary approach to endocrine and metabolic side effects due to antipsychotic use in pediatric patient groups and avoid multiple drug use in such patients. In this paper, we briefly reviewed metabolic side effects of second generation antipsychotic drugs in child and adolescent population, possible mechanisms of susceptibility to metabolic syndrome and pharmacological and non pharmacological treatment approach to prevention of weight gain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, as well as the Turks, ancient Rome, Prussia, Germany, Poland and Switzerland, and even Indian, Armenian, and Slavic Mansi nations have an important role in the belief systems of the stork, on the basis of beliefs about the birth of the babies were examined. The detections and evaluations show that stork belief that has a place in our world can not be neglected; "white lies" about the babies' being brought by storks to the world is related to the female soul Umay's being accepted within a bird form that gave way to the perception of human soul's resembling to the bird. This relationship turned aout tobe the relation between the baby and stork in Anatolia. This mythological root about storks are reflected today with some of the jokes, idioms, ethereal folk songs, children's playground rhymes, fairy tales, birth rituals, evil practices and so on. The tasks given to Umay about creation are still continued by some symbols. If Umay as the protector of children do not obey the mythological rules she becomes to Black Umay/Imay. Black Umay ca take soul back as the punishment. Eggs, nests, brood, "bala" naming common origin looks as background of this mythical bird-soul of icebergs. All of these icons and images are integral to the characteristics of Turkish mythological thinking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nutcracker syndrome caused by compression of the left renal vein between the abdominal aorta and the superior mesenteric artery is a rare anatomo-pathological condition. The patients have symptoms such as hematuria, proteinuria, and left flank pain. In this paper, we report a 13-year-old boy who presented with macroscopic haematuria. Routine laboratory tests for the evaluation of hematuria were normal. Abdominal computed tomography revealed that the left renal vein was compressed between the aorta and the superior mesenteric artery. A diagnosis of nutcracker syndrome was established. If Nutcracker syndrome is considered in the differential diagnosis of haematuria, it is easily diagnosed by imaging techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paralytic ileus (intestinal pseudo-obstruction) is a clinical condition caused by autonomic dysregulation. Acute paralytic ileus which can develop following surgery, takes the name chronic pseudo-obstruction if the clinical findings recur or become continuous. Atoni-intestinal motor activity disorder is the basic pathology of the disease. Among the diseases that cause this autonomic imbalance, the most frequently seen are trauma, electrolyte imbalance, bacterial or viral gastroenteritis, surgical procedures and mesentery ischemia. The most common symptoms are abdominal pain, abdominal distension, vomiting, gas, and reduced fecal output. In diagnostic evaluation the first step is abdominal radiography taken while the patient is standing. In this paper, two cases that were hospitalized due to acute gastroenteritis and who developed paralytic ileus during follow-up are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ascariasis which is created by Ascaris lumbricoides is one of the most common helminthic infections. Ascariasis is more frequently seen in children than adults, developing more serious complications. Gallbladder ascariasis is one of the rare clinical type of ascariasis. In this paper we present a 9-year-old male patient which was diagnosed with gallbladder ascariasis while he was being examined due to his chronic abdominal pain and we aimed to highlight this rare type of ascariasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]