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As proposed at the Second International Symposium on Fructan, a paper for discussion has been prepared which suggests alternative schemes based on that by A. L. Waterhouse circulated at the Symposium. This scheme has itself been modified in collaboration with N. J. Chatterton and published together with a glossary of terms. This glossary, also slightly modified, is reproduced here. The principal alternative (and additional) proposals have been made by N. C. Carpita, C. J. Pollock and D. H. Lewis, and compiled and edited by the last of this trio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on all the papers submitted at the Third International Fructan Symposium held at the Utah State University Campus in Logan, USA, from July 21 to July 24, 1996. As for the previous symposium, all aspects of the physiology, biochemistry, chemistry and molecular biology of fructans in plants and micro-organisms were covered in a series of reviews and research presentations. On this occasion, however, only research papers were considered for publication by "The New Phytologist," resulting in a volume, which gives a comprehensive and detailed account of current research in this area.

The article presents information on the jubilee symposium convened to mark the 25th Anniversary of the founding of Unit of Comparative Plant Ecology at Sheffield University in Sheffield, England, which fell on October 1, 1986. Topics discussed were a reflection of the Unit's current interests and included overviews of recent work and predictions for the future, both from past and present members of the Unit and from invited speakers. Seventeen papers presented here were delivered to 160 delegates from 15 countries. The main theme of papers presented was interspecific variation in the form and functions of plants, particularly in relation to environmental factor.

Information about several papers discussed at a meeting held August 2011 sponsored by the Ecological Society of America on experiments which examine the effects of global change on carbon storage and exchange is presented. Topics include the comparison between autotrophic and heterotrophic respiration, temporal variation and non-linear responses, and the complexity of changes in the environment. The meeting featured several researchers including Vidya Suseela of Purdue University in the U.S.

Information about several papers discussed at the recent gathering of the International Parasitic Plant Society on the specialized anatomy and communication exhibited by parasitic plants is presented. Topics include the signalling molecule detected by some parasitic plants to locate their hosts which turned out to be a new plant hormone. The gathering featured several researchers including Jay Bolin, Kaori Yoneyama, and Anna Hoeniges.

Information about several papers discussed at a symposium titled "Crassulacean Acid Metabolism Plant Species as Markers of Global Climatic Change," within the Second National Ecology Meeting, and sponsered by the Mexican Scientific Society of Ecology is presented. Topics include discussions regarding the expansion of the range of crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) plants due to climate change. The symposium featured several speakers including Drs. Louis S. Santiago and Erick De la Barrera.

The article discusses the highlights of the biennial International Union of Forest Research Organization's Tree Biotechnology meeting that was held in Azores, Portugal, on June 2007. According to the author, the event gathered a diverse community of scientists poised to face the new research challenges. Tree biotechnology research is becoming more diversified, transecting levels of organization that range from community and ecosystem studies to cellular and subcellular biology.

Information about several papers discussed at the Forestry Workshop of the Plant and Animal Genome XV Conference, held in January 2007 in San Diego, California is presented. The event focused on the genomics and evolution of forest trees, including topics on adaptive polymorphisms, quantitative trait locus analysis and tree life style. It featured presentations by Emanuele De Paoli, Gail Taylor and Gerald Tuskan.

Information about several papers discussed at the polyploidy workshop of the Plant and Animal Genome XV Conference, held in January 2007 in San Diego, California is presented. The event covered several topics such as ancient polyploidy events in Glycine, expression evolution of duplicate genes, gene expression changes, hybridization barriers in Arabidopsis and tissue-specific and stress-induced expression patterns of duplicate genes in cotton and hybrid Populus.

Information about several papers discussed at the Fungal Genomics Workshop: Plant and Animal Genome XV Conference, held in January 2007 in San Diego, California is presented. The event focused on comparative genomics and global functional analyses in relation to fungi and oomycetes. It featured presentations by Sophien Kamoun, Gert Kema and Gary Payne.

Information about several papers discussed at the event Population Genetics and Genomics of Forest Trees: From Gene Function to Evolutionary Dynamics and Conservation, held in Madrid, Spain in October 2006 is presented. The ecological and evolutionary genetics of forest trees and associated organisms comprise a microcosm within this field. A major trend emerging in forest genetics research is the establishment of research programmes directed at the level of biological communities rather than single tree species.

This article comments on various issues related to biogeography. Several factors likely contribute to the lack of understanding of the biogeography of plant chemistry. Among these important factors are climate, geomorphology, vegetation type and site history. There has been an increase or renewal of interest in the biogeography and the stoichiometry of ecological chemistry. The Rhizosphere 2004 Congress held in Munich, Germany, was organized to mark the centenary of the publication of a paper by Lorenz Hiltner in which he introduced the term rhizosphere that was defined as the soil compartment influenced by the root.

The number of papers submitted to the journal "New Phytologist," by authors working in North America has increased significantly in recent years. The periodical is able to offer those authors a better service, because, from this month, they will be able to submit their papers direct to new office of the periodical in the U.S., this is being supervised by one of the Editors, Richard Norby, and is located at Oak Ridge, Tennessee. The North American input to the periodical is being strengthened in two further ways. First, annual symposium "Root Dynamics and Global Change: An Ecosystem Perspective," is being held in the U.S. Second in strengthening the editorial team, the author welcomes Maria Harrion onto the Board of Editors.

Man's activities pose a number of threats to the functioning, structure and diversity of natural and semi-natural ecosystems. One of the main threats is the increase in concatenations in air pollutants in this century. This paper is a commentary on the effects of tropospheric ozone and airborne nitrogen deposition and reduced ammonia compounds on natural and semi-natural ecosystems, based upon the oral presentations and the discussions during the Symposium of the periodical "New Phytologist," in England, extended with a personal overview and some suggestions about future challenges for research. The most important effects of these air pollutants on natural and semi-natural vegetation are summarized and evaluated in ecological terms, with respect to the functioning and structure of unaffected systems.

Information about several papers discussed at the 16th International Congress on Nitrogen Fixation (ICNF) which was held in Big Sky, Montana in June 2009 is presented. Topics included genotypic interaction among legume hosts, anti-pathogenic adaptations of nitrogen-fixing symbionts, harsh environments, further development of legume production for food, and other wider benefits of legumes. It featured several nitrogen fixation researchers including J. Ardley, J. Howieson, and B. Boddey.

Information about several papers discussed at a symposium concerning the field of ectomycorrhizal ecology is presented. Topics discussed include the use of population genetics in gaining autecological knowledge, a meta-analysis of the influence that host-plant richness has on ectomycorrhizal community structure and diversity, and the role that environmental conditions and biotic interactions play in the assembly and dynamics of animal and plant communities.

The article reports on the Rothamsted, Great Britain 150th Anniversary Conference held from July 12, 1993 to July 14, 1993. The Rothamsted 150th Anniversary Conference entitled "Insight from Foresight: Contributions of Long-Term Field Research and Continuous Data Sets to Agricultural and Ecological Sciences" was held in Rothamsted's Fowden Conference Hall. A total of 181 scientists from 22 different countries participated. All talks were by invitation but there was a poster session for non-invited contributions at which 39 papers were presented.

Information about several papers discussed at the Plant Genome Dynamics Meeting held in Banyuls-sur-Mer, France on September 12-13, 2013 is presented. Topics include the whole genome duplication, evolutionary impact of transposable elements, and effect of genome architecture on distribution of genetic variation within species and populations. The meeting featured several speakers including Eric Schranz, Marie Mirouze, and Michael Purugganan.

Information about several papers discussed at the 6th New Phytologist Workshop called "Bridging Mycorrhizal Genomics, Metagenomics and Forest Ecology" held on November 15-16, 2012 in Nancy, France is presented. Topics at the meeting includes sequencing mycorrhizal fungal species, contributions of fungal genomics, and fungal ecology. The workshop featured several experts in fungal genomics including Alan Kuo, Jan Colpaert, and Dan Cullen.

Information about several papers discussed at the 29th New Phytologist Symposium: Stomata in Manchester, England in July 2012 on the global impact of stomatic pores and guard cells is presented. Topics include stomatal development and evolution, climate models and improved crop production. Its logo is also provided which shows the role of such cells in regulating worldwide issues such as climate change and breeding of sustainable crop.

Information about several papers discussed at a meeting held August 2011 sponsored by the Ecological Society of America on drought-induced forest mortality is presented. Topics include the patterns of mortality across landscapes, the involvement of tree stress and biotic agents such as pests and diseases, and investigations of physiological mechanisms of drought-induced tree mortality. The meeting featured several researchers including Henry Adams from University of Arizona in Tucson, Arizona.

The article discusses the highlights of The XIII International Congress on Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions held in Sorrento, Italy in July 2007. Aside from symbiosis, advances in the understanding of plant-pathogen interactions and how these are shifting the paradigms of disease resistance in plants are discussed at the meeting. Two research groups have shown that resistance (R) genes specific to oomycete effector proteins can inhibit the growth of bacterial pathogens when these bacteria are engineered to deliver oomycete effectors.

Information about several papers discussed at The Biology of Transpiration: From Guard Cells to Globe, held at Snowbird Mountain Resort in Utah from October 10-14, 2006 is presented. At the event, two lecturers described various components of the pathway which involves a succession of related transcription factors necessary for the division and differentiation of stomatal cells. A number of speakers focused on the characterization of individual signalling components that affect the regulation of stomatal aperture.

The papers in this volume form the core of a meeting called Putting Plant Physiology on the Map, which took place at the University of Wales Bangor, in April 1997. The idea for the meeting came from professor Sid Thomas, and the scientific organization was done by him and his colleagues at the Institute for Grassland and Environmental Research, Aberystwyth. The aim was to convene a small group of physiologists and geneticists who are concerned with the genetic mapping of plant physiological traits, to produce a meeting and published volume which would summarize some of the methods and results of existing mapping programmes.

The article presents information related to the symposium being organized by the journal The New Phytologist, that will be taking place at the University of Wales, Bangor,Wales, in the month of April, 1997. The topic of the symposium will be putting plant physiology on the map, genetic analysis of developmental and adaptive traits. There is an international panel of invited speakers. The organizers invite both offers of paper and applications to participate from those with active interest in the field. The second symposium will be held in Bangor and will examine another rapidly developing area, the genetic mapping of the physiological character.

This article presents information related to symposium on plant physiology published in November 1, 1996 issue of the "New Phytologist." The symposium "Putting plant physiology on the map: genetic analysis of developmental and adaptive traits," will be held in the University of Wales, Bangor, from April 2 to 3, 1997. There is an international panel of invited speakers, including E. Belhassen, K. Bachman, R. Flavell, D. Lydiate, H. Nguyen, S. Quarrie, O. Rognli and S. Tanksley. The organizers invite both offers of papers and applications to participate from those with active interests in the field.

This article presents information on the second new phytologist symposium at University of Wales, Bangor, Wales during April 2-3, 1997. Symposium will examine rapidly developing area, the genetic mapping of physiological characters. There is an international panel of invited speakers, including E. Beihassen, K. Bachman, R. Flavell, D. Lydiate, H. Nguyen, S. Quarrie, O. Rognli and S. Tanksley. Additional places are limited but the organizers invite both offers of papers and applications to participate from those with active interests in the field.

In an attempt to study the influence of light on early metabolic events in seed germination, the rates of oxygen uptake of germinating seeds of five species were measured in relation to their germination response to light and to their loss of primary dormancy during dry storage. No significant effects of light on oxygen uptake prior to germination (i.e. prior to radicle protrusion) were detected. A difference in the initial rates of oxygen uptake prior to germination was observed when seeds were stored at low (8%) moisture contents suggesting that significant changes in their respiratory capacity occurred under these conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information on several papers discussed at the Mediterranean Ecosystems (MEDECOS) XII conference on fire as an evolutionary pressure shaping plant traits held in Los Angeles, California on September 2011 is presented. Topics include ecological science, role of fire in biome distribution, and micro-evolutionary approach to show the natural selection driven by fire. The conference features several presenters including William Bond, Susana Gómez-González, and Juli G. Pausas.

The article offers information on a conference to explore the eco-evolutionary and functional implications of host-microbiota interactions in all ecosystems in Paris, France from 19–21 April 2017. Topics discussed include issues related to holobiont systems; microbiota-associated host diseases and engineering of microbiota for improving host health; and the plant development.

The article discusses the highlights of the 9th International Conference on Mycorrhiza held in Prague, Czech Republic in August 2017. Topics discussed include an ancient symbiosis based on the exchange of resources between plant and fungal partners, and the evolution of the symbiosis and flexibility in lifestyles.

Information about several papers discussed at the Third International Powdery Mildew Workshop held at the University of Copenhagen in Copenhagen, Denmark in August 2013 is presented. Topics include the debate regarding the future directions on various aspects of analysis of plant-powdery mildew interactions and the evolutionary history of formae speciales of cereal powdery mildews. The workshop was attended by 50 participants from different countries.

The article discusses the 2017 Ecological Society of America's annual meeting in Portland, Oregon. The author discusses the three aspects of general theme that was widespread including the adaptive value of functional traits, the importance of including interactions with the environment when assessing how traits affect fitness, and whether there are one or two master traits that can describe the global dimensions of plant form and function.

The article discusses the highlights of the 3rd International Molecular Mycorrhiza Meeting held in Toulouse, France in July 2017. Topics discussed include discoveries in the field of molecular mycorrhizal biology, small-secreted proteins, early symbiotic signalling, lipid transfer and prevalence and perception of lipochitooligosaccharides.

Information about the 33rd New Phytologist Symposium held in Zürich, Switzerland in May 2014 is presented. The event featured four important topics pertaining to ecology and the evolution of symbiosis among plants and mycorrhizal fungi. The symposium also highlighted ideas offered by professor Alicia Montesinos-Navarro on the ecological network theory that illustrates the interaction between mycorrhizal fungi and plants.

The article focuses on the molecular approaches to the study of plant-microbe symbioses. The Trustees of the journal The New Phytologist recently decided that they would sponsor an annual symposium, the proceedings of which would be published in the journal. It includes consideration of both plant-parasite interactions and rhizobium and mycorrhizal associations. The questions asked range from the nature of the molecular signaling that occurs between the partners, to the role of biological diversity in ecosystem function.

The article focuses on the 4th International Botanical Microscopy meeting held in Durham, England between April 7-12, 1991. In recent years, confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) has significantly improved the imaging of biological specimens by optical microscopy, discussion about the technique took place in the meeting. Questions regarding reliability of the Lucifer Yellow-CH dye as a marker in plant cell biology has been examined during the meeting. Cryo-technique for plant biological studies has been also discussed in the meeting.

The article offers information on the 56th Annual Symposium of the International Association for Vegetation Science (IAVS), titled "Vegetation patterns and their underlying processes," which was held at the University of Tartu, Estonia, on June 26-30, 2013. The meeting was attended by moe than 450 participants from 41 countries. Researchers Adeline Bulot and Jasper Wubs discussed the use of soil transplantation as part of the process of restoration of specific steppe vegetation.

Information on issues discussed at the 28th New Phytologist Symposium held in Rhodes, Greece in May 2012 on the functions and ecology of the plant microbiome is presented. Topics include rhizosphere microbiology and biochemical cycling, soil microbial communities, and phyllosphere and endophytic microbial communities. The symposium featured several phytologists including Jeff Bennetzen, Julia Vorholt, and Phil Hugenholtz.

Information on the annual meeting of the Canadian Society of Plant Biologist (CSPB) in Edmonton, Alberta in June 2012 is presented. It says that the speakers at the meeting have agreed that there is a critical need for the synthesis of water relations research at the molecular, organ, and community scales. Moreover, a model exemplar with topics ranging from aquaporin-mediated water flow in Arabidopsis to water transport in the stems of giant conifers was provided by Barbara Lachenbruch.

Information on the 13th Congress of the European Society for Evolutionary Biology titled Polyploid ecological genomics held in Tuebingen, Germany in August 2011. Topics include the nature of polyploidy, evolutionary significance of polyploidy-induced genome changes, and the impact of polyploidy in ecological shifts. Moreover, K. J. F. Verhoeven and colleagues have showed that different ecological stresses can induce heritable methylation changes between genetically identical triploid dandelions.

Information about several topics discussed during the "European Science Foundation Exploratory Workshop" which was held in Innsbruck, Austria in September 2009 is presented. The symposium brought together scientists from across the globe to address insights on diurnal controls of soil respiratory fluxes. The presentors include Yakov Kuzyakov, Jorge Curiel Yuste, and Susan Trumbore.

The article offers information on the 6th International Symbiosis Society (ISS6) Congress held at the University of Wisconsin in Madison, Wisconsin on August 2009. Topics include the circumstances that makes a single root endophytic fungus become a mutualist or a pathogen, the global distribution of lichenized fungi, and seed-transmitted endophytes of grasses. The congress features several experts including Barabara Schulz, Francois Lutzoni, and Michael Poulson.

The article offers information on the insights that emerge from the ecological-evolutionary researches that were discussed at a symposium entitled "Eco-Evolutionary dynamics: Should Ecologists Care?" during the 2009 Annual Meeting of the Ecological Society of America. It provides an overview of the topics of the researches including how genetic and phenotypic variation influences ecological processes. Moreover, it notes that addressing question in the field of ecological and evolutionary dynamics is important in understanding the dynamic interplay of ecological and evolutionary processes that result from natural or human-driven environmental changes.

Information on the topic discussed in the Fire and Carbon Budgets Workshop in Canberra, Australian Capital Territory on November 2008 on the potential of carbon stocks for emission abatement is presented. It states that mitigation of wild fire activities is necessary to control the problem in Australian ecosystems. It notes that unplanned fires can be lessened by fuel consumption reduction of the prescribed burning. It also confirms that burning efficacy contributes to the potential emission.