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174,542 results

83. A facile solution-based metallisation method without harsh conditions and expensive activators for paper substrate and its application in flexible supercapacitor

Author

Chun Huang, Jian Zhang, Qia Zhang, JianXiong Zou, Zhiwei Gong, and Ling Kang

Subjects
Supercapacitor, Fabrication, Materials science, Mechanical Engineering, chemistry.chemical_element, engineering.material, chemistry.chemical_compound, Nickel, chemistry, Chemical engineering, Mechanics of Materials, Metallisation, Plating, Galvanic cell, engineering, TA401-492, General Materials Science, Noble metal, Cellulose, Electroless plating processes, Paper substrate, Materials of engineering and construction. Mechanics of materials, Sheet resistance
Abstract

Sustainable and low-cost cellulose-based metallisation is the prerequisite for wearable and disposable electronics fabrication. In this paper, to realize the simplified, low-cost and high efficient metallisation, a new method had been proposed without both the noble metal activators and the corrosive chemicals. The modified electroless plating processes had been employed in activation and deposition procedure. The nickel ions were first physiadsorbed on the cellulose paper (CP) fibers and then reduced into clusters by reducing agent which can act as the seeds to initiate the electroless plating process. The gold galvanic displacement was conducted further to modify the nickel surface. Via these processes, the cellulose paper was metallised with Ni-P and Au/Ni-P successfully. The morphological and microstructural properties of the resulted Ni-P/CP and Au/Ni-P/CP hybrids were evaluated. The Ni-P/CP composites had a low surface resistance below 0.5 Ω sq-1 while the Au/Ni-P/CP composites are below 0.1 Ω sq-1. The relationship between the mechanical and electrical properties with the plating parameters is discussed. The results indicated that Au/Ni-P/CP had good electrical conductivity and mechanical flexibility. Finally, the application demonstration for supercapacitor with the modified metallisation method was exhibited. This work offers a facile and non-toxic path to develop high-performance metallisation for functional cellulose-based materials.

Published
2021

84. Environmental performance of end-of-life handling alternatives for paper-and-pulp-mill sludge: Using digestate as a source of energy or for biochar production

Author

Samieh Eskandari, Tommy Dalgaard, Ali Mohammadi, Stephen Joseph, Govindarajan Venkatesh, Karin Granström, and Maria Sandberg

Subjects
Pulp mill, 020209 energy, Ash, 02 engineering and technology, engineering.material, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, 020401 chemical engineering, Anaerobic digestion, Biochar, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Forest soils, 0204 chemical engineering, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Life-cycle assessment, Civil and Structural Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Pulp (paper), Building and Construction, Pulp and paper industry, Pollution, General Energy, Heavy metals, Digestate, engineering, Environmental science
Abstract

This paper evaluates the environmental impacts of different alternatives for handling of sludge from paper and pulp mills in Sweden, using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). The common practice of incineration of biosludge with energy recovery followed by landfilling of ash (System A) was compared with the alternative of digesting sludge anaerobically to produce biogas using different digestate residue management options. The digestate produced from anaerobic digestion (AD) was assumed to be incinerated for heat energy recovery in System B or pyrolyzed for biochar production in System C to be mixed with forest soils. The impact categories considered in this work are climate change, non-renewable energy use, mineral extraction, aquatic ecotoxicity, carcinogens and non-carcinogens. The LCA results demonstrate that the two proposed systems significantly reduce the environmental impacts of biosludge management relative to incineration. An 85% reduction in the aquatic ecotoxicity impact is achieved in System C, due to the reduced mobility of heavy metals in biochar relative to ash. System C, on the whole, outperformed the other two, leading the authors to the recommendation that the use of pulp and paper mill biosludge in biogas-biochar production systems is preferable to merely recovering energy from it.

Published
2019