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Increasing number of industry in Indonesia lead to produce large amount of waste. If the waste is not treated by phytoremediation, it will pollute the environment. One method to overcome this problem is phytoremediation process. Phytoremediation is the use of plant to reduce pollutants in both organic and inorganic compounds as well as to remove the contaminants. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of water hyacinth plant in absorbing paper industry liquid waste. Observations were made with phytoremediation of time 0, 7, 14, and 21 days with 2 treatment ie treatment covered by plastic and treatment not covered by plastic and by 4 concentration dilution ie 100% liquid waste, 75% liquid waste, 50% , and 25%. The result should that after 21 days of water hyacinth can reduce the COD level with the highest efficiency level of 1.63%, then BOD of 4.29%.

Environmental and open public health aspects have an important and increasing role, especially in the exploration of natural fibers from recycle materials. The aim of this study is to synthesis cellulose from office waste paper and use it as a reinforcement filler to develop biocomposites. Epoxy reinforced kenaf fiber and cellulose composite were prepared in this study using polymer casting technique consisting of grinded kenaf fibre (natural fibre) 5% and epoxy 95% as reinforcement element. Cellulose was synthesized from recycled office papers and used as a filler to prepare cellulose/kenaf reinforced epoxy composite. Effect of cellulose to the mechanical properties of the composite were investigated. Samples were fabricated by weight percentage of 0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0% of cellulose content. For mechanical properties impact test, Rockwell harness and tensile testings were conducted.

This paper reports the properties of newly developed electrically conductive natural fiber paper sheet made up of kenaf fiber (KF) incorporated with polyaniline coated kenaf fiber (KF-PANI). This study proposed on dispersion of conductive filler in different amount (wt %) into kenaf pulp for developing different electrical conductivity. The conductive sheet (KF/KF-PANI) revealed a percolation concentration at 25 wt% of KF-PANI. Its scanning electron micrograph showed good paper formation with no significant damages.

Une technique d'extraction rapide d'ADN a ete utilisee pour la detection de T. cruzi dans des excrements secs d'insectes obtenus sur papier filtre et analyses par PCR. Cinquante T. infestans ont ete nourris dans des souris Balb/C infectees experimentalement par T. cruzi (haute parasitemie), divises dans cinq groupes de dix triatomines et 100 triatomines ont ete infectees (faible parasitemie) et divises dans cinq groupes de 20 triatomines. Un petit rond de papier filtre a ete analyse par groupe aux premier, second, troisieme, quatrieme et cinquieme jours apres l'infection. L'amplification de la sequence TCZ de T. cruzi a ete positive des le quatrieme jour dans les deux modeles (haute et faible parasitemie). La technique d'extraction d'ADN proposee suivie par PCR est appropriee pour la detection de T. cruzi sur papier filtre et pourrait etre utilisee dans des travaux de terrain.

Options for incorporating wood quality in British Columbia’s hemlock breeding program were investigated. Seventy half-sib families were examined. Attention was given to quantitative variation in tracheid characteristics and its effects on pulp and paper properties. Based on the existing knowledge of relationships between fibre properties and paper quality, the potential gain in yield and wood quality was estimated for different selection strategies. Improvement without much trade-off was possible for volume and tensile strength of pulp and paper. Significant trade–offs would be required to improve the volume, tear strength of paper and strength of mechanical pulp. Therefore, multiobjective optimization would be beneficial. Conservative selection strategies seem realistic, and compromises with gain in volume growth may be profitable. The potential loss arising from the uncertainty about economic values for objectives can be overcome by using different selection indices in multiple breeding populations., Nous avons étudié plusieurs stratégies d’introduction de la qualité du bois dans le programme d’amélioration génétique de Tsuga heterophylla en Colombie Britannique. Soixante-dix familles de demi-frères ont été examinées. Nous avons observé la variation quantitative des caractéristiques des trachéides et analysé ses effets sur les propriétés de la pâte et du papier. En nous basant sur la connaissance des liens entre les propriétés des fibres et la qualité du papier, nous avons estimé le gain potentiel pour le rendement et la qualité du bois pour différentes stratégies de sélection. Il est possible d’améliorer simultanément sans faire beaucoup de compromis le volume et la résistance à la traction de la pâte et du papier. Des compromis importants sont nécessaires pour améliorer simultanément le volume, la résistance à la déchirure du papier, et la résistance à la tension de la pâte TMP. En conséquence, l’optimisation multi-objectifs parait intéressante. Les incertitudes sur les poids économiques des caractères, potentiellement responsables de pertes, peuvent être écartées si on utilise des index de sélection différents sur des populations d’amélioration multiples.

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This paper provides the analysis of results of biogas and methane yield for: maize silage (MS), pig slurry (PS), waste potatoes (WP) and sugar beet pulp (SB). The results show that maize silage is the most energy substrate (among the samples tested), providing a cumulative methane yield from 595 to 631 m-3 Mg VS (VS – volatile solids). The study was carried out in a laboratory scale using anaerobic batch reactors, at controlled (mesophilic) temperature and pH conditions. This paper is Part I of a report of an experiment carried out, in the laboratory scale and in the commercial scale (in parallel) The purpose of the experiment was to verify differences in biomethane yields of the same materials in the two scales. Moreover, this paper is an introduction to a presentation of the method to determine the biochemical methane potential correction coefficient (BMPCC), the details of which will be explained in Part II.

In this paper a kinetic study is performed on the drying process of beet pulp with additions of macro-elements (Ca2+, Mg 2+, PO42+) from hydrated lime, hydrated dolomite lime, phosphoric acid and microelements (Co2+, Zn 2+, Fe2+, Mn2+), with the purpose of obtaining premixes with substantially improved value for animal feed. The experimental measurements made served to elaborate the mathematical model by means of which the speed with which the drying process is carried out is described, thus being able to calculate the stationing time of the material in the dryer. The equations for calculating the stationary time of the material in the dryer can be used for designing dryers (sizing them).

Lignocellulose is the most abundant renewable biomass resource in nature. Pretreatment of lignocellulose can improve the accessibility of cellulase to cellulose raw materials, reduce the ineffective adsorption of cellulase, reduce the crystallinity and obtain higher reducing sugar. In this paper, several practical pretreatment technologies of lignocellulose are summarized, and the methods, principles, advantages and disadvantages of each pretreatment technology are summarized, and then the development prospect of lignocellulose pretreatment methods is prospected.

This paper presents preliminary research of lignocellulosic biomass torrefaction by using microwave heating. The experimental setup was developed using a microwave oven with 2.45 GHz frequency. The torrefaction effect was studied by varying the microwave power level (160-480 W) and reaction time (5-30 min). The two Polish biomass feedstock, agricultural residue (wheat straw) and energy crop (Miscanthus giganteus) were used in this study. Fuel properties like H/C and O/C ratio were assessed from elemental composition. Mass yield and energy yield of the torrefied fuels were also determined. It was found that higher microwave power levels contributed to higher heating rate and reaction temperature, and thus produced the torrefied biomass with higher heating value and lower H/C and O/C ratios.

Biogas production is one of the means to manage the cassava pulp waste obtained from the cassava processing plants. The success of the process is determined by the hydrolysis in an anaerobic digester. When the digester failure is found, the new microbial consortium inoculum is introduced to the system with the long period of set up time. This research aimed to construct the endemic microbial consortium by re-cultivating the cellulolytic microbial consortia obtained from cassava pulp and digester wastewater with the expected shorter set up time. Modifications of enrichment and re-cultivation methods by varying the nutrients, pH and temperature improved the enzymatic hydrolysis yields, as reducing sugars, of CMC, rice straw and cassava pulp substrates approximately 9, 3, and 13 times, respectively. To analyze the enzymatic activities of the selected microbial consortia, the cellulase enzyme was extracted, partially purified and analyzed on CMC-zymogram. The ~130 kDa-sized cellulase enzyme was identified with endocellulase activity, and it was considered as a relatively large molecular size molecule compared to most bacterial endocellulases. The selected microbial consortia were tested for their biomass degradation capacities, and the optimal operational condition was obtained at pH 7.0 and 30 °C. This optimal condition showed the proof of the concept that this re-cultivated consortium could be applied in on-site digester with high efficiency.

MYB10, bHLH and WD40 are correlative regulatory factors of anthocyanin. In this paper, the expression of MYB10, bHLH and WD40 in the peel and the pulp of two plum cultivars were analyzed with the materials of ‘Cuihongli’ and ‘Qiangcuili’. The results showed that, with the development of the fruit of ‘Cuihongli’, the expression of MYB10 in the peel was downregulated firstly then upregulated, and the expression of MYB10 was not detected in the flesh of ‘Cuihongli’s pulp and the peel and the pulp of the ‘Qiangcuili’. The expression of bHLH and WD40 showed that the they had no significant correlation with the accumulation of anthocyanin in the two cultivars. It is suggested that the deletion of MYB10 gene expression result in the lack of anthocyanin in the flesh of ‘Qiangcuili’ .

During the period of water shortage in the Republic, modern resource-saving irrigation methods and the use of purified and industrial waters and their reuse in irrigation is an urgent problem in ecology. Among the methods for treating industrial wastewater in a cheaper, cost effective way is the biological treatment method. It is the study of the effectiveness of biological treatment of industrial wastewater from primary winemaking using selected strains of aquatic plants (pistia). The object of wastewater research is selecting a Pistia algae strain, carrying out biochemical, hydrochemical analyses of wastewater before and after treatment, and the chemical composition of the Pistia algae biomass. All studies were carried out according to the standard studies of UzGOST for waste and drinking water and algological methods used by the Institute of Botany of ANRUz, State Enterprise "Institute GIDROINGEO", etc. The efficiency of biological purification of wastewaters of primary winemaking by higher aquatic plants of the pistia was established. With the help of the research carried out, the wastewater treatment of the food plant, in particular, the Kibray wine station with the Pistia algae, was established: the optimal parameters of growth, development and purification capacity of pistia algae were established for various variants of experiments and wastewater samples; designed and assembled a semi-industrial plant for biological wastewater treatment of the Kibray wine station and carried out work on industrial wastewater treatment. Wastewater from the Kibray wine station contains organic compounds, namely yeast sediments, proteins, fats, carbohydrates, fiber, which are food for Pistia algae. Pistia biomass obtained after cultivation in wastewater after sterilization can be used as feed in livestock and poultry farming, as it contains a large number of proteins, fats and carbohydrates.

Indonesia has the biggest sago palm forest and cultivation as well as its rich of genetic diversities. Sago planting area in Indonesia has a land area more than 5.5 million hectare (85% of world’s sago land area). Currently, the use of sago only focuses on the starch contained in it. Sago hampas is starchy lignocellulosic by-product generated from pith of sago palm after starch extraction. Sago hampas in Indonesia is very abundant, cheaply and not used optimally. Due to its fiber and starch content, sago hampas could be utilized as animal feed especially for ruminants. Sago hampas are limited in their use in making ruminants feed, because it has a high crude fiber and low protein content. Therefore, before the sago hampas is given as ruminant feed, the quality of sago hampas needs to be improve by processing technology. One method of processing sago hampas that can be applied is fermentation. The present study showed that of the utilization of sago hampas had a positive effect on ruminants performance. This review aims to examine the potential of sago hampas as basal feed ruminant as well as efforts to improve their nutritional value.

POME or palm oil mill effluent is currently still a waste problem that has not been utilized optimally. POME waste has the potential for renewable energy in the form of biogas, but some research results have shown that production is not optimal, so the addition of cow dung needs to be done to increase biogas production because methanogen bacteria found in cow dung help to maximize the anaerobic fermentation process and methane production. This research was conducted to determine the potential for biogas production from a mixture of POME and cow dung for 25 days by conducting a study of the biogas production process. The results of this study indicate that the biogas pressure increases with the addition of the loading rate, which is 101.102 N/m2/day to 101.107 N/m2/day with a daily biogas production of 0, 24247 liters/day with a total accumulation of biogas production for 25 days of 6.1 liters.

Scaevola taccada is a coastal plant. This plant lives in gravel sandy soil and can prevent erosion that occurs on the beach. In the Riau Islands, it is still very rare, not even a few do not know the benefits of this plant, especially the fruit. The study aimed to determine the antioxidant activity of young, old, and mixed fruit extracts of S. taccada using the DPPH method which was stated to be IC50. The research methods include extraction, phytochemical test, antioxidant test and vitamin C test. The yield of pulp and water extract of young fruit was 55% and 41.4%, pulp and water extract of old fruit was 33.33% and 42.9%, respectively. Phytochemical bioactive analysis was found to be positive for saponin parameters, indicated by the presence of stable foam for 30 minutes. Antioxidant activity using DPPH method obtained IC50 19,524 young fruit extract, IC50 50,664 old fruit extract, and IC50 35.518 mixed fruit. Analysis of Vitamin C in old S. taccada fruit yielded 5.28 mg, young fruit yielded 20.24 mg, and mixed fruit yielded 35.20 mg. The conclusion of this study is the presence of antioxidants and vitamin C in Scaevola taccada fruit.

The study of the processes of the influence of capping and packaging on the quality of finished products during storage is an important component of maintaining the stable quality of wines. It has been found that packaging has a significant impact on the evolution of wine during storage. It was found that the variation in the content of total sulfur dioxide and dissolved oxygen depending on the type of packing has an inverse relationship. The dissolved oxygen content was higher in wines bottled in glass bottles and PET (polyethylene terephthalate) bottles compared to products in composite packaging. These results are metrics to consider when choosing the packaging depending on the intended distribution and marketing method. The closures are the source of a variety of microbiological and chemical substances in wine. The nomenclature depends on the kind and the type of used plugs. Natural cork, in most cases, enriches the wine with substances of microbiological origin, as well as their waste products. Synthetic closures introduce chemical components that are not inherent in the nature of wine, thereby disrupting the aroma and color of the product.

An integrated plant protection system must focus on the biologization of this process. Used phytohormones and phytofungicides have a biostimulating and fungicidal effect on potato plants. The biological products used to one degree or another increase the adaptogenic capabilities of plants. Biological preparations have provided a high level of immunity of potato plants to major diseases. The fungicidal properties of the preparations were well appeared. No increase in infection or spread was observed in experiments using biofungicides. To a greater extent, the preparations acted as prophylactic ones, preventing the penetration of the phytopathogen into plants. At the same time, there is a long period of suppression of its development, the formation of resistance to late blight. The immunostimulating effect of Zircon and Epin extra in relation to late blight is found to a lesser extent in comparison with the Trichodermin, Rizoplan and Baktofit biofungicides. The fungicidal action of these preparations proved to be highly effective.

The sugar beet pulp from the sugar production is, thanks to the easily assimilable carbohydrate content, an important source of feed, especially for polygastric animals. Its efficiency in terms of assimilation and biological effect can be substantially improved by the addition of macroelements (Ca, Mg, P) and microelements (Zn, Co, Fe, Mn, Cu). These elements react with the sugar beet pulp compounds to form specific chelates. In order to preserve and maintain the nutritional value of the premix, the realization process involves a drying operation. In view of this, experiments have been carried out to determine the maximum moisture content that ensures preservation and optimum drying conditions. This paper presents how the percentage of micro-and macro-elements used and the drying temperature influence the drying speed of the premix

A combination of upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) and downflow hanging sponge (DHS) reactor has emerged as an interesting alternative wastewater treatment process. The combined system not only exhibited good organic removal performance in pilot scale experiment, moreover, several studies in the last decades also showed the good efficiency and robustness of DHS reactor in full-scale operation for wastewater treatment. This paper provides a review on the basic concept, historical process development and application of the DHS reactor for wastewater treatment. Over twenty-year development of DHS technology suggests that DHS reactor had become a viable alternative not only solving the sanitation problems in developing countries but also great further potential development in the field of resources recovery technologies from wastewater.

In order to study the effect of different planting areas on the color of Pomelo cv. Huangjinmiyou fruit, Pujiang and Guang’an Pomelo cv. Huangjinmiyou were used in this experiment. Brightness, red and green deviation and blue and yellow deviation of exocarp, mesocarp and pulp parts in the test samples were measured, and the composite index of color difference was calculated. The results showed that the comprehensive index of color difference in the exocarp and pulp of Pomelo cv. Huangjinmiyou from the two planting areas changed almost synchronously. But it was negative at 90 days after anthesis and positive at 120 days after anthesis in the mesocarp of Pujiang pomelo. It was still negative at 150 days after anthesis in the mesocarp of Guang’an pomelo until 180 days after anthesis. It reflects the comprehensive index of fruit color displayed by the accumulation of carotenoids. The external environment stimulates the accumulation of carotenoids. Therefore, color variation difference may be caused by different environmental factors in the two regions.

Decentralized Wastewater Treatment Systems (DWTS) based on natural mechanisms of purification are appropriate for Indian conditions. Biorack constructed wetland are recent developments in the domestic wastewater treatment. In the present study the concept of biorack wetland is extended to Hybrid Biorack Constructed Wetland (HBCW) in which bioracks are supplemented by brickbat as support medium for wetland vegetation. Three separate HBCW reactors were developed with Typha angustifolia, Canna indica and dual-species (Typha angustifolia and Canna indica). Batch studies were carried out on these reactors for secondary treatment of domestic wastewater. COD removal was determined for feed wastewater strength of 100 to 200 mg COD/L by these developed reactors. The growth of vegetation was also monitored. Typha angustifolia and Canna indica were found to be an appropriate combination as dual-species. The COD removal by dual-species is 5 to 10% greater than mono-species under similar conditions of feed and support medium. HBCW is efficient to an extent of 65 to 75% for COD removal. This is preliminary study conducted on HBCW. Further studies on pilot/field scale will provide better insight to assess its suitability as an alternative biological treatment.

Activated sludge process is one of the wastewater treatment method that is applied for many wastewater types including painting process wastewater of automotive industry. This wastewater is well-known to have high heavy metals concentration which could deteriorate water environment if appropriate performance of the wastewater treatment could not be achieved. In this study, we monitored microbial community diversity in a Painting Biological Treatment (PBT) system. We applied a combination of cultivation and genotypic biological methods based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis to identify the diversity of active microbial community. The results showed that active microbes that could grow in this activated sludge system were dominated by Gram-negative bacteria. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis, it was revealed that their microbial diversity has close association with Bacterium strain E286, Isosphaera pallida, Lycinibacillus fusiformis, Microbacterium sp., Orchobactrum sp., Pseudomonas guariconensis, Pseudomonas sp. strain MR84, Pseudomonas sp. MC 54, Serpens sp., Stenotrophomonas acidaminiphila, and Xylella fastidiosa with similarity of 86 – 99%. This findings reflects that microbial community in a Painting Biological Treatment (PBT) system using activated sludge process could adapt with xenobiotics in the wastewater and has a wide range of diversity indicating a complex metabolism mechanism in the treatment process.

Polymers and associated composite materials play an increasingly prominent role among structural materials. The relevance of the use of bioplastics as an alternative to synthetic polymers increases year by year. In this regard, the paper describes the production of a ligno-filled polymer material based on polyhydroxyalkanoates to be used in the production of building materials. The studies allowed us to produce the material from wood hydrolyzates. The highest yield of reducing substances in course of pine sawdust hydrolysis with 4% sulfurous acid occurred at 170°C. To obtain a biopolymer in liquid wood hydrolyzate medium, the Cupriavidus necator strain was used, which after 50 hours of cultivation gave a biopolymer yield of up to 15 g/l. The studies of the strength characteristics of the composite based on the obtained bioplastic and dried solid wood hydrolysates allowed us to produce a balanced composition for subsequent use in construction.

The most important stage in the production of tinctures and aromatic alcohols is the extraction process. The paper aims to study the process of extracting target compounds from fruit and berry raw materials for the production of alcoholic tinctures. The research was carried out using a Soxhlet extractor. The experimental results were processed using the method of multiple regression analysis. As a result of processing the experimental data, the optimal technological regime parameters for the production of aromatic cranberry alcoholic tincture were selected. The cranberry tinctures produced at these parameters have a high content of target substances and reach maximum scores for taste, aroma and color. The obtained regression equations allow predetermining the quality of the resulting drink with a confidentiality of more than 90%. The use of the Soxhlet extractor allowed reducing the duration of the preparation of the cranberry tincture to 15 minutes, which is by times different from the classic method of tincture production. The use of the Soxhlet extractor allows reducing the consumed amount of solvent and raw materials, due to the almost maximum rate of the extraction. All this, in turn, affects the cost of the final product and the costs of the manufacturer.

The paper presents the results of a study on the use of soda production sludge (SPS) as a lime soil conditioner. SPS with a less than 0.1 mm fraction is the most suitable in terms of physical, chemical, and toxicological properties and meets the requirements of GOST-14050-93 «Limestone (dolomite) dust. Specifications» on the content of the active substance, the mass fraction of calcium and magnesium carbonates. Reclamative properties of SPS were studied on soil samples taken in the territory removed from the sanitary protection zone of the oil refinery. It was found that all soil samples have a phytotoxic effect on pea seedlings. The introduction of SPS in amount of 1-3 g per kg of soil stimulates the development of the ground part and roots of oats and peas, and also increases the germination energy of oat and pea seeds in the initial soil samples by 2÷10 times. The introduction of SPS into the samples of the studied soils at a dose of 1-3 g/kg stimulates the development of colonies of Azotobacter bacteria and leads to an increase in the total number of soil microorganisms. The introduction of SPS in an amount of 3 g per kilo of soil leads to a slight increase in the environment reaction and an increase in the content of water-soluble salts in the soil up to 2 times. In view of this, it is necessary to control that the content of water-soluble salts does not exceed the established standards. Based on the results obtained, we consider it expedient to use soda production sludge as a lime soil conditioner and for the reclamation of industry-disturbed soils.

Biomass is doubtless a very significant source of renewable energy being worldwide abundant with high energy potential. This paper deals with assessment energy consumption at especially grinding and briquetting processes, which should result in essential economy of energy at solid biofuel production. Various types of raw materials were used at the experiment such as hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) biomass, two species of Miscanthus (Miscanthus sinensis, Miscanthus x gigantheus) and apple wood biomass. These materials were dried, grinded and pressed by piston press having pressing chamber diameter of 65 mm. Materials were grinded into three fractions (4 mm, 8 mm and 12 mm). Material throughput (kg.h-1) and energy consumption (kWh.t-1) were registered. As to results: the highest throughput at both grinding cases as well as briquetting was found at apple wood biomass; however the energy consumption during briquetting of apple wood was relatively high. The worst results concerning throughput and energy consumption (especially at briquetting) were found at hemp biomass. Nevertheless, briquettes made of hemp had the best mechanical durability. Both Miscunthus species (herbaceous biomass) have very similar parameters and showed quite good relation between throughput and energy consumption at the used machines.

This paper presents the results of research on the influence of temperature on the course of phosphorus solubilization from sewage sludge using Bacillus megaterium bacteria. The research was performed on a sanitized sewage sludge from a biological-mechanical treatment plant, to which phosphorus bacteria were applied. The experiment was conducted in two different temperature conditions, i.e. 21 and 36°C throughout the period of 23 days. During this time, parameters such as pH value and the total count of mesophilic bacteria were measured. The performed analyzes revealed that phosphorus solubilization occurs in both cases, however, at 36°C the process occurs much faster.

Avocado (Persea americana Mill) is a popular fruit in Indonesia. Its popularity leads to high consumption of this fruit and wastes from its seed. In order to develop renewable energy and reducing wastes in the environment, P. americana seed may be extracted for its oil to create biodiesel fuel. In this study, P. americana seed is obtained through the soxhlet apparatus and transesterification process. After obtaining P. americana seed oil, the oil was mixed with pure petro-diesel with a ratio of 10:90 (B10 fuel) and 20:80 (B20 fuel), respectively. These fuels were tested for their fuel characteristics and engine performances, together with pure petro-diesel and palm oil biodiesel. The fuel characteristics results suggest positive characteristics of B10 and B20 compared to other fuels. For engine performance tests, B10 and B20 fuels have less engine performance than other fuels. However, the differences between these fuels results are small. Overall, the positive aspect of B10 and B20 fuels supersede small disadvantages they have and thus suitable to substitute pure petro-diesel and palm oil biodiesel.

Currently, Diponegoro University has been composting dry leaves with conventional methods through a facility called TPST. Even so, the processing which have been carried out has not been able to process all the organic waste in the location. Seeing these conditions, it is necessary to look for alternatives that are better and more economical to apply. Bioactivators are used from the leaves ofPterocarpus indicuswhich serve to accelerate the composting process. The bioactivators was made by making a solution of the leaves of Pterocarpus indicus which has been mashed, then mixed with molasses and rice flour and then left for 15 days. By using experimental method, the composting process is observed. This study aims to analyze the quality of compost with applicable standards. The quality of compost is assessed by looking at the pH, temperature, and macro nutrient percentage such as C-organic, N-total, and C / N ratio. During the composting process, variations in the stirring frequency are carried out, which is once every 2 days, 4 days and 7 days. After doing laboratory test, not all reactors meet the standards for pH, temperature, C-organic, N-total, and C / N ratio according to SNI 19-7030-2004.

The consumption salt industry produces wastewater in the raw material washing unit. The washing water generated if water concentration already exceeds 250Be, most of its water removed, usually dumped into the environment around the factory, with a volume of about 1.5 m3 per 10 tons of salt washed. Everyday industry wash 60-70 tons salt. So the environment would pollute, because there were metals and chemical contaminants, such as MgSO4, MgCl2, and CaSO4. The aims this research to produce iodized salt from the field and containing NaCl above 94 percent which combines technology with the injection iodized in farm and Haloferax bacteria so consumed salt industry will not need washing and iodizing again. Application experiment performed 3 times which 2 replication without and with using Haloferax bacteria and additional treatment KIO3 solution concentration of 70 and 80 ppm. Results showed that best treatment was addition KIO3 70 ppm and treatment of bacterial Haloferax with KIO3 51,89-56.58 ppm and NaCl were 94.44 to 94.95 percent. SEM EDX test results, salt cube-shaped or rectangle, treatment without addition the bacteria and the crystal morphology of appearing smaller.

Medicinal plant materials quality assessment of the Sanguisorba officinalis L. growing on the Kedrovsky coal mine dumps in Kemerovo region is given. The analysis of obtained burnet raw material quality indicators (moisture, total ash, insoluble in hydrochloric acid, quantitative content of tannins, heavy metals, radionuclides) showed that this vegetable raw material match with the requirements of PhI.2.5.0078.18 “Sanguisorba officinalis L. rhizome and roots”. Tannins average content in the burnet rhizomes and roots was 15.708 ± 0.307%, which is within the normal range (up to 14%). It was found that the heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Hg) content does not exceed the MPC adopted for medicinal plant raw materials (G.Ph.A.5.5.000.0009.15). The obtained indicators for the artificial radionuclides (Cs-137, Sr-90) content showed that their quantity in the raw material is also within the normal range and their actual content is several times less than the normalized one. From the point of radiological safety view the studied raw materials are not dangerous since they accumulate 0.36% Sr-90 and 0.42% Cs-137 from the levels established by regulatory documentation. Therefore, the burnet medicinal plant raw material harvested at the Kedrovsky open-pit coal mine on the territory of waste dump does not represent a danger to human health.

Biodiesel is one of the effective alternative fuels to overcome the problems associated with environmental issues and energy crisis. However, the production of biodiesel from edible oil has provoked the food versus fuel dispute. Thus, a non-edible crop, Annona muricata, is selected as the raw material to produce oil for biodiesel production. In this study, A. muricata oil was extracted with n-hexane at 70 °C for 6 h. Subsequently, the oil was transesterified with methanol and potassium hydroxide (KOH) to produce biodiesel. The significance of transesterification parameters including temperature, time, catalyst concentration, and oil-to-methanol ratio on biodiesel yield (%) was established through two-level factorial design. The factorial design shows that all parameters are significant. Besides, the high content of monounsaturated fatty acid (oleic acid) in the resultant biodiesel suggests that A. muricata biodiesel could display good fuel quality. This hypothesis is proven by the excellent calorific value (39.21 MJ kg-1).

The aim of the research was to establish quantitative and qualitative indicators of meat productivity of Simmental bull calves of various constitutional types when raised using the technology of beef cattle breeding. The maximum growth rate and the highest yield of meat products were obtained from Simmental bulls of the meat and dairy type when they were raised and fed according to the technology of beef cattle breeding. Receiving from the mothers for 205 days of the sucking period more fatty milk, they gave 1250 g of gain per day and reached 289.7 kg of live weight by the cut. Having retained a high growth rate in the future, they at the final fattening gave 1321 g of gain per day and at 20 months the live weight was 659.3 kg. The superiority of Simmentals over analogues was natural by 3.4–13.3% by weight of the steamed carcass, by 0.4–1.8% in slaughter yield, by 1.4–11.1 kg in terms of the amount of pulp in the carcass and pulp per bones by 0.1–0.3 kg, protein in meat by 0.12; 1.19; 2.59 kg and the amount of energy in the pulp by 0.14; 0.44; 1.75 MJ. Simmental bulls of the meat and dairy type also have a high ability to transform protein and feed energy into protein and energy from the pulp of the carcass.

The lack of raw materials to provide power plants with biofuel requires the search for new energy sources. In the European North of Russia, it is recommended to grow plantings of the willow (Salix L.) in the form of trees or tree-like shrubs, while ensuring a short interval between fellings. The studies show that the artificial cultivation of willow plantations on postagrogenic lands is economically more expedient than the exploitation of natural willow forests. This study examines the energy efficiency of willow wood, which is necessary when planning its use for the production of biofuel (wood chips or fuel pellets) and pellets obtained from torrefied hydrolytic lignin. A comprehensive study of the energy efficiency of willow chips, willow chips with bark, hydrolytic lignin pellets during the operation of the “Firematic 60” hot water boiler was carried out. The elemental composition of the fuels and the resulting ash was studied using an EDX-8000 X-ray fluorescence spectrometer and a Euro EA-3000 analyzer. The components of the heat balance and emission of harmful substances were determined. The emissions of particulate matter and the content of soot particles were studied.

Batik produced by craftsmen is categorized as a small and medium industry. The problem of Batik production is less attention to the environment because the craftsmen lived in the middle of a residential area that has inexperience. One of less attention to the environment is no treatment of wastewater that reaches up to 95 % (61.9 L each cloth). Thus it polluted the river. This research aimed to treat the wastewater of Batik production by using phytoremediation. In this study, phytoremediation was carried out in three tanks in series using Eichhornia crassipes and Pistia stratiotes which are abundant in Indonesia. The treated wastewater was evaluated for its ammonia and chromium (Cr). The results showed that ammonia reduced 78.36 % by E. crassipes, and 73.13 % P. stratiotes. While E. crassipes reduced Cr by 63.76 % and P. stratiotes by 83.39 %. This research concluded that E. crassipes and P. stratiotes are potential plants to reduce the pollutants in Batik wastewater.

Batch experiments were conducted to explore the effect of Anammox bacteria on the nitrate reduction efficiency of Fe0 under neutral conditions and to analyze the ways of its enhancement. The effects of Fe2+ concentration on the activity of Anammox bacteria in the system were investigated by detecting the nitrate content in the system under neutral conditions. The upflow reactor was set to verify the possibility of stable operation of Fe0/Anammox system in continuous flow. The results showed that in neutral environment, Anammox bacteria can significantly promote the reduction of nitrate by Fe0, and the denitration rate can reach more than 75% under the dual biological and chemical effects. In the continuous flow system of nitrate reduction by Fe0/Anammox bacteria, the stable treatment period was about 7 days. Through regular replacement of iron powder, the denitration rate can be maintained at more than 75% for a long time, and the effluent NH4+, NO2- concentration is low. The treatment of nitrate wastewater by zero-valent iron as a reducing agent has been widely paid attention, but the treatment effect is seriously affected by pH. Anammox bacteria were added to coupling with Fe0 can not only promote each other’s reactivity to adapt to more non-ideal environment, but also reduce secondary pollution, which provides a new idea for the practical application of nitrate wastewater treatment.

Hot air drying of palm fruit is a simple method but results in low grade palm oil. The steaming of palm fruit results in high grade palm oil but it requires a wastewater treatment process. Both methods have both advantages and disadvantages, therefore if they were combined, it can result in the better grades of oil, which should be encouraged for farmers in Thailand to apply. This research aimed to determine mechanical characteristics of semi-damp dryer for oil palm. The results of a compression and relative humidity tests were used as the criteria for the tests. The oil palm semi-damp dryer was used in this research. The oil palm semi-damp dryer used the aerosolized technique with 100 °C hot water as a sprayer and a humidifier for the oil palm in the dryer. The purpose was to reduced palm fruit hardness. The study use tenera palm from Prachinburi province and neighborhood of Thailand. The drying time for testing was 1, 2, 3 and 4 hours. The temperature for testing was 70, 90 and more than 100 °C. The results of the compression force of oil palm by using a semi-damp dryer were lower than using a hot air drying. The compression was lower than using hot air drying. The best of mechanical characteristics palm was baking with semi-damp dry at 90 °C in 3 hours. Compression force was 0.675 kN and relative humidity value was 57.18%. The palm oil was tested for the %FFA and DOBI and showed that the grade of palm oil by using semi-damp drying was fair but still edible grade.

The article presents the evaluation results of varieties, samples, and breeding elites of quince from the gene pool of VIR named after N.I. Vavilov preserved at the Krymsk EBS, VIR Branch. The article presents generalized material based on the study of technical parameters, biochemical composition of quince fruits and products of technological processing (canned food: juice, compote, jam). Differences between varieties by fruit weight and in terms of biochemical indicators content were established: soluble dry substances, sugars, sum of organic acids, ascorbic acid. In the conditions of southern Russia, quince fruits contain relatively higher levels of soluble dry substances (1.2-1.8 times) and ascorbic acid (1.5-2.0 times) compared to apples. According to the research results, selectionally valuable sources of high commercial fruit quality were distinguished, including attractiveness of appearance, taste and density of pulp, organoleptic, biochemical parameters of fresh fruits and evaluation of conversion products: Vernaya, Zvezdnaya, Granitnaya, elite 21-4-51. Varieties - sources of high content of soluble dry substances (23.30-24.58%), organic acids (1.45-1.76%), sugars (13.30-14.90%), ascorbic acid (37.01-42.24 mg/100 g) were identified. For amateur gardening, quince species forms Kaunchi 8, Kaunchi 9, Jardem are proposed as they are juicy, soft, with good biochemical indicators.

Tamanu (Calophyllum inophyllum L.) oil is a non-food oil used in traditional medicine, and with potential applications in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry. However, this oil, obtained by pressing the nuts, is being used as crude oil, in spite of a variable but large amount of non-lipids (called resin) being entrained. Although these should not be seen as impurities owing to their known bioactivity in many fields, not only they are responsible for the poisonous nature impeding human consumption in addition to bad smell, but they contribute to the poor oil quality, especially low stability and associated short shelf life. The present study aimed at purifying a crude tamanu oil sample through a combination of simple steps: deresination with ethanol, degumming using hot water, neutralization (KOH), bleaching with activated carbon, and deodorization. Ethanol 96% was more efficient for deresinating, compared to methanol, resulting in the extraction of 44–46% w/w of resin within 10 min (temperature 40 °C; oil:ethanol 1:1.5 w/v). Oil quality was checked in the industrial crude sample and in the fully refined product. The applied process strongly improved the color from dark brown to light golden yellow, decreased the acid value (62 down to 0.11 mgKOH/g of oil), and the viscosity (181 to 130 mPa.s). The saponification value was lowered from 206 to 180 mgKOH/g oil. The peroxide value was only slightly lowered from 85 to 55 mgO2/kg oil, thus pointing out the peculiar chemical nature of tamanu oil. Improving this important quality parameter would require additional research work, together with fine-tuned optimization of experimental conditions for a panel of crude oil samples; this was out of the scope of present work. This preliminary study shows that refining steps widely applied at industrial scale could help improving the quality of tamanu oil – an underused natural feedstock – for enhanced application in health and cosmetic fields.

The palmyra palm (Borassus flabellifer Linn.) is a multipurpose tree. It is commonly found along the coasts of Africa, South Asia and Southeast Asia due to its strong tap root system’s ability to store a large volume of water and raise the water table level in the surrounding area. Several uses of this plant include beverages, food, medicine, fiber and timber. Unfortunately, due to the short shelf-life of palmyra palm fruit, more than 60% of the annual fruit yield is lost within 10 days of harvesting, and there is limited commercial use of ripe palm fruit. As a result, the physical properties, physicochemical properties, and proximate composition of value-added gummy jelly from palmyra palm were evaluated. The results showed that up to 26% (w/w) of fruit juice (prepared by mixing the mesocarp of ripe palmyra fruit with water (at a 1:1 w/w ratio) and then removing the insoluble pulp) can be added to the gummy jelly recipe with significant effects on textural and color characteristics, as well as changes in moisture, protein, carbohydrate and energy content.

International audience; Wood is one of our most important natural resources and has been exploited for many hundreds of years as fuel, building material and a source of paper. Its composition is variable among and within species. The ability to monitor the intra-specific variability is a prerequisite to improve wood and end-products properties. This paper describes a study of the genetic control of a large set of wood properties, including growth, timber quality traits, wood chemical composition, kraft pulp production parameters and pulp properties, in a 12 $\times$ 12 half diallel of maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.). While relatively high (h$^{2}_{\rm ns} > 0.3$) narrow-sense heritabilities were observed for density heterogeneity, lignin content, alpha-cellulose content and coarseness, no significant genetic effect was detected for hemi cellulose, water extractives, kraft pulp production parameters and pylodin. Slightly lower heritabilities ($0.15 < {\rm h}^{2}_{\rm ns} < 0.3$) were also obtained for wood density and fibre properties (length, width, curl, zero span). As a consequence and considering the phenotypic coefficient of variation obtained for these traits, improvement by selection of trees with outstanding wood quality is feasible. Nevertheless, it seems obvious that wood quality breeding can not be done without taking into account growth, and the only way to manage this constraint (negative correlation between growth and density) will be the constitution of elite "wood quality" populations in a already growth improved genetic population.; Déterminisme génétique des propriétés du bois impliquées dans la production papetière et la qualité du bois d'œuvre chez le Pin maritime (Pinus pinaster Ait.). Le bois, une des ressources naturelles les plus importantes, est exploité depuis des centaines d'années comme combustible, matériau de construction et source de papier. Sa composition est très variable, non seulement entre espèces mais aussi au niveau intra spécifique. La compréhension de cette variabilité intra spécifique est un pré-requis de l'amélioration des propriétés des produits à base de bois. L'objectif de l'étude présentée ici est la compréhension du déterminisme génétique de plusieurs caractères impliqués dans la composition chimique et les propriétés du bois (caractéristiques physiques, paramètres de production industrielle et propriétés de la pâte) grâce à l'étude d'un demi diallèle 12 $\times$ 12. Bien que des héritabilités au sens strict relativement élevées (h$^{2}_{\rm ns} >0,3$) aient été obtenues pour l'hétérogénéité de la densité, les contenus en lignine et en alpha-cellulose et la masse linéique, aucun effet génétique significatif n'a été mis en évidence pour le contenu en hémi-cellulose, les extractibles, les paramètres de production de pâtes kraft, et la densité estimée grâce au pilodyn. Des héritabilités plus faibles ($0.15 < {\rm h}^{2}_{\rm ns} < 0.3$) ont quant à elles été obtenues pour la densité du bois et les propriétés des fibres (longueur, largeur, courbure, rigidité). En conséquence, considérant les coefficients de variation phénotypiques obtenus pour ces caractères, des gains génétiques significatifs peuvent être attendus. Néanmoins, l'amélioration des propriétés du bois ne pourra pas se faire sans prendre en compte la croissance. Le seul moyen de gérer cette contrainte (induite par des corrélations négatives entre croissance et densité) sera la constitution de populations élites pour la qualité du bois au sein de bases génétiques déjà améliorées pour la croissance.

With the increasing of water pollution, water eutrophication is seriously affecting people’s daily life and production. Therefore, it is particularly important to explore safe and efficient algae control technology. In the current algal bloom treatment methods, the physical method is not complete in algae dissolving, and the cost of algal control is high. The chemical method is easy to produce secondary pollution and toxic by-products, and the safety is not high. However, the biological method has the advantages of low cost, high ecological security and good ecological compatibility. It is considered to be a more promising method to remove algae and biological toxins, and it is also an inevitable trend to control water eutrophication in the future.

Red grapes are a better source of antioxidants. Although studies have reported the major antioxidant contents and activities of grape cultivars, but the literature lacks information on detailed antioxidant composition and capacities of grape cultivars grown with rain-shelter-cultivation in Chengdu plain, south of China. In the present study, the total phenolics content (TPC), total flavonoids content (TFC), total flavanols content (TFAC), total anthocyanins content (TMAC) and antioxidant activity (DPPH, ABTS and FRAP) were detected and the results will provide basic knowledge about antioxidants of six red skin grapes. The results indicated the content rank order as follow: seeds > skin > pulp. Furthermore, ‘Red Globe’, ‘Jintianmeizhi’ and ‘Hongbaladuo’ have more antioxidants than other cultivars. Our results will provide a basic theory basis for consumers and further utilization of antioxidants.

Scots pine (Pinus Sylvestris) is a very popular tree species in north-eastern Poland. Pines are frequently encountered in allotment gardens in the proximity of residential buildings. Pine biomass should not be composted because the produced humus has acidifying properties. For this reason, the management of pine waste biomass poses a problem. The article proposes a solution for managing pine waste biomass for heat generation. In the study, pine waste biomass was composed of needles, cones and dry branches. The biomass potential of Scots pine was determined. Waste biomass was harvested in spring when most allotment gardens are cleared after winter. The biomass yield of several trees was determined (in kg and dm3), and the average yield per tree was calculated. The average proportions of different biomass fractions in mixed waste biomass were also determined. The specific heat of different biomass fractions (needles, branches, cones) was determined for two scenarios. In the first scenario, waste biomass was harvested during a prolonged dry spell, and in the second scenario, waste biomass was harvested immediately after rainfall. The energy potential of waste biomass was determined. The harvested biomass was burned in an open fireplace in a cottage with an area of 48 m2. The time required to burn 10 m3 of biomass and the resulting increase in indoor temperature were measured. The environmental impact of burning Scots pine biomass was determined.

Biodiesel come into being used as an alternative source of energy as the diminishing of petroleum reserves. This fuel is typically stored in tanks that are commonly made from carbon steel, which is easily corroded by microorganisms. Recent studies have shown that bacteria aside from SRB may also be involved in corrosion. Therefore, this research was aimed to evaluate the effect of biodiesel concentration (15%, 20% and 30% v/v) mixed in diesel oil on the corrosion of carbon steel by S. marcescens that dominate biocorrosion on hydrocarbon products. In this study, the corrosion process was investigated by evaluation of biofilm morphology and composition, the rate of corrosion and the corrosion product of carbon steel which was exposed in the mixture of hydrocarbons and the presence of S. marcescens. It can be concluded that higher concentration of biodiesel in diesel oil leads to higher growth of bacteria in the biofilm and higher corrosion rate.

Bioconversion of C-1 carbon in syngas through microbial fermentation presents a huge potential to be further explored for ethanol production. Syngas can be obtained from the gasification of lignocellulosic biomass, by which most of carbon content of the biomass was converted into CO and CO2. These gases could be further utilized by carbon-fixing microorganism such as Clostridium sp. to produce ethanol as the end product. In order to obtain an optimum process, a robust and high performance strain is required and thus high ethanol yield as the main product can be expected. In this study, series of batch fermentation was carried out to select high performance strains for ethanol production. Bottle serum fermentations were performed using CO-gas as the sole carbon source to evaluate the potential of some Clostridia species such as Clostridium ljungdahlii, C. ragsdalei, and C. carboxidovorans in producing ethanol at various concentration of yeast extract as the organic nitrogen source, salt concentration, and buffer composition. Strain with the highest ethanol production in the optimum media will be further utilized in the upscale fermentation.

Under anaerobic low carbon source, the reactor was started-up by inoculating anaerobic sludge. The nitrogen removal efficiency and nitrogen conversion pathway during the start-up process were analyzed. At the same time, the structure succession of bacteria in the process of start-up was analyzed by PCR-DGGE technology from molecular biology level. The results showed that inoculated anaerobic sludge had a good effect on nitrogen removal under the condition of anaerobic low carbon source.