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In order to fully consider the random variation of sieving process parameters,this paper constructs the reliability-based optimization model for reconstituted tobacco process parameters,which taking the percentage of fibers below 12 mesh as the optimization objective,water flow rate and pulp concentration as the design parameters, and the percentage of fibers over 50 mesh as the probabilistic constraint. Firstly, the current process parameters are used as inheritance points for Latin hypercube sampling and screening experiments. Based on this, an initial Kriging model is constructed to fit the implicit relationship between water flow velocity, smoke slurry solid content, and the proportion of fiber mass below 12 mesh and above 50 mesh. And local adaptive sampling (LAS) was carried out to update the Kriging model to ensure the approximate accuracy of key positions at optimization iteration. Finally,Monte Carlo simulation (MCS)-Sequential quadratic programming (SQP) was used to solve the optimization model of screening process parameters. The results indicated that the optimized water flow rate and pulp concentration were 6.31 L/ min and 0.53%, respectively. Under this process parameter, the proportion of fiber below 12 mesh was 13.72%, which was 7.19% higher than before optimization. The proportion of fibers over 50 mesh was 17.65%, which was a decrease of 4.13% compared to before optimization. This method could meet the optimization requirements of screening process parameters for paper making reconstituted tobacco leaves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of South China University of Technology (Natural Science Edition) is the property of South China University of Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Shanghai Jiao Tong University (1006-2467) is the property of Journal of Shanghai Jiao Tong University Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To investigate the dynamic characteristics of fluid inside a conical plug valve and to optimize the valve structure, this paper used the open-source software OpenFOAM based on the k-ε turbulence model and the PIMPLE algorithm. The study simulated and analyzed the flow performance of the conical plug valve under different openings and different valve core fillet radii. The variation of fluid velocity, pressure drop, streamlines, flow coefficient, and resistance coefficient during the valve core closing process as the rotation angle increased were investigated, and relevant curves were plotted. The changes in fluid velocity and flow coefficient curves under different fillet radii were analyzed. The results showed that as the rotation angle of the plug valve increased, the pressure difference before and after the valve increased, resulting in greater flow loss. The flow coefficient decreased with the increase of the valve opening and increased with the increase of the valve core fillet radius at the same opening, which can provide a reference for the optimization of the conical plug valve structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Rural Water & Hydropower is the property of China Rural Water & Hydropower Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of East China University of Science & Technology is the property of Journal of East China University of Science & Technology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of South China University of Technology (Natural Science Edition) is the property of South China University of Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In order to explore the effect of well spacing on the uranium leaching efficiency in acid in-situ leaching, taking the Bayan Ula mining area as an example, and using the finite element method to establish a numerical model for acid in-situ leaching uranium mining, and discuss the coverage and flow rate of the leaching solution. Through the comparison and analysis of 26 schemes, the influence of different well spacing on uranium leaching was discussed from three aspects; well site cost, uranium leaching cycle, and leaching dead angle. The results show that; 1) The fixed cost of the mining area varies with the well. 2) The characteristic flow velocity in the mining area decreases with the increase of the well spacing, and the relative uranium leaching period increases with the increase of the well spacing; 3) With the increase of the well spacing, the volume of the leaching dead angle increases approximately exponentially. Comprehensive consideration, under the simulation conditions in this paper, it is considered that 26 meters to 30 meters is the optimal well spacing for uranium leaching. The results can provide a reference for the reasonable layout of subsequent ground leaching process hoes in this mine area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The opposite side vertical joint fishway has the characteristics of better adaptation to water level changes, obvious energy dissipation effect and better flow pattern of water. According to the design guidelines, the fish passage in the study area is designed in body shape. In this paper, the effect of different vertical slit positions on the flow structure of the chamber is investigated by numerical simulation, including the hydraulic characteristics of the main flow area, the hydraulic characteristics of the return flow area and the flow velocity distribution of the vertical slit position, and the vertical slit position of the fish passage suitable for the fish in the study area is analyzed. The simulation results show that: the vertical slit position has almost no effect on the maximum flow velocity in the pool chamber of the opposite side vertical slit, and has less effect on the change of the maximum flow velocity along the main flow area. As the center of the vertical slit gradually approaches the center of the pool chamber, the decay of the maximum flow velocity along the main flow area takes the lead in gradually becoming larger and then tends to saturate. Most of the flow velocity in the return area of the upper left part of the main flow area gradually decreases and then increases, and most of the flow velocity in the return area of the lower right part gradually increases. The area ratio of the two sides of the reflux zone gradually decreases. The vertical slit position on the pool room mainstream area flow pattern and the flow velocity distribution of the return area has a significant impact, when 0.23≤l/B≤0.40, the pool room flow pattern is the best; when l/B≥0.37, the mainstream area along the maximum flow decay rate tends to saturate, when 0.37≤l/B≤0.40, the maximum turbulent kinetic energy in the pool room at l/B =0.40 minimum, and the area of the return area on the left and right sides. Therefore, when l/B=0.40, the migratory effect of semi-migratory fish in the study area can be significantly improved. The maximum variation of turbulent energy in the pool is between 0.074 and 0.116 m²/s² when the vertical slit is located at 0.13-0.50 of the width of the pool chamber from the side wall, and the flow pattern in the pool is the best when the vertical slit is located at 0.23-0.40 of the width of the pool chamber, which can significantly improve the migratory effect of semimigratory fish in the study area. The results of the study clarify the influence of the center position of the vertical joints on the water flow structure of the pool chamber and provide a reference for the subsequent design and research work of other related fish passage projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Tesla valve has a special structural form that can guide the flow entering from the reverse port into two sets of straight/curved channels, and dissipate energy through friction and collision at the end of the guide column, greatly weakening the flow velocity in the pool. This unique flow characteristic is very suitable for designing fishways. However, direct applying the original structure of Tesla valves as a fishway has been proven to have significant limitations. The original structure of the Tesla valve fishway is optimized in this paper. By adjusting the aspect ratio of the straight/curved channel in the fishway pool, hollowing out the guide column, and increasing the length of the opening end, a new Tesla valve fishway with relatively independent energy dissipation channels and fish upstream channels has been obtained. The hydraulic characteristics parameters of the optimized Tesla valve fishway are compared with the original structure using numerical simulation, with a focus on analyzing the flow velocity variation, flow field, and turbulent energy distribution of the new Tesla valve fishway. The results show that the new Tesla valve fishway has significant advantages compared to the original structure. While maintaining the same energy dissipation efficiency, it effectively improves the flow pattern in the pool, and the overall flow velocity and turbulent kinetic energy are smaller than the original structure. The new structure significantly increases the proportion of rest areas. When the pool bottom slope gradient from 1% to 3%, the proportion of rest areas in the original Tesla valve fishway is 8.5% to 1.2%, while the proportion of rest areas in the new Tesla valve fishway is 44.7% to 25.8%, increasing the possibility of successful fish upstream migration. The flow velocity and turbulent kinetic energy of the new structure increase with the increase of the bottom slope gradient, but the flow velocity remains low in the fish upstream channels, while the high flow velocity mainly occurs in the energy dissipation passage. The maximum flow rate increase rate in the energy dissipation channel of the first two stages of the pool is relatively high, while after the third stage of the pool, the increase rate tends to slow down. The overall turbulent kinetic energy in the fish upstream channels is relatively low. When the bottom slope gradient is less than 2.5%, the upstream conditions and economy of the fishway are better. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to explore the water movement characteristics of ball valve and DN63 tee combined deformation variant, this paper uses Fluent software to numerically calculate the combined deformation variant based on the Realizable k-ε turbulence model, and analyzes the effect of valve opening, Reynolds number and splitting ratio on the comprehensive resistance coefficient of combined deformation variant. The results show that when the flow velocity and splitting ratio are certain, the opening degree of the ball valve has a significant effect on the comprehensive loss of the combined deformation parts, with the increase in the opening degree, the flow velocity gradient in the spool decreases, and the vortex area is formed before and after the valve decreases. After the Reynolds number is more than 1.8 x 105, it tends to be stable. The most important factor causing the integrated local loss of the combined deformation is the size of the valve opening, followed by the variation of the shunt ratio and Reynolds number. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to solve the problem of sediment accumulation in the diversion canal, which adversely affects the water supply system, this paper designs a diversion and sand discharge system at the head of the canal to improve the efficiency of water use. According to the measured data of a section of the Yellow River Ningxia, a two-dimensional numerical simulation is used to construct a two-dimensional hydrodynamic model and a sediment model based on MIKE 21 for a section of the Yellow River Ningxia to simulate the water diversion at the head of the canal under two different working conditions. The results of the study show that the diversion channel changes the equilibrium of the hydrodynamic elements of the river, direct diversion canal (case 1) flow dynamics axis has oscillated 46.6m towards the concave bank, the average sand content of the channel is 0.6 kg/m³ and the maximum sand content is 0.89 kg/m³; the axis of flow dynamics in the sand reduction diversion channel (case 2) has oscillated 62.6 m towards the concave bank, the flow velocity at the head of the channel is in the range of 0.2~0.4 m/s, the average sand content of the channel is 0.2 kg/m³ and the maximum sand content is 0.6 kg/m³. Therefore, the design of the head of case 2 can improve the sediment deposition problem of the diversion canal and enhance the durability of the water intake system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the large-flow water transmission of the middle line of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project, some aqueducts experienced varying degrees of water level fluctuations, which had a certain impact on safety scheduling, especially the shorter the aqueduct body, the more obvious the phenomenon. In this paper, the RNG k-ε model and Tru-VOF method are used to establish several sets of full three-dimensional numerical models with different tank lengths for typical aqueducts, and explore the influence of tank length parameters on water level fluctuations. The results show that the Carmen vortex street formed at the exit of the tail pier downstream of the aqueduct is the source of fluctuations, and the vortex causes local water blockage, which in turn generates fluctuations to be transmitted upstream. With the increase in the length of the tank, the fluctuation transfer energy is gradually dissipated, the maximum flow velocity and the amplitude of water level fluctuation continue to decrease, and when the length exceeds 800 m, the water level fluctuation energy is basically dissipated. The results can provide a reference for the smooth scheduling and safe operation of the project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flow pattern is an important factor affecting fish collective behavior. In the reproductive season, schizothorax prenati will choose suitable flow area for migration, but the water conservancy project caused serious damage to its migration channel. The purpose of this study was to study the response of the collective behavior of Schizothorax prenati to the flow velocity and turbulent kinetic energy, to optimize the flow pattern and water management of the fish crossing facilities. In this paper, the Nearest Neighbor Distance (NND) and collective area were used to evaluate the cohesion of fish, and the Separation Swimming Index (SSI) was used to evaluate the repulsion of fish. In the experiment, 10 Schizothorax prenati with an average age of 3 years were selected from each group, a total of two groups, and each group was tested for 6 times. Each time allowed the fish to swim in a 3 m×14 m rectangular flume physical model (flow velocity decreased from 0.17 m/s on the left to 2.5 m/s on the right, and the turbulent energy was 0-0.225 m² /s2 ) and (16±1) ℃ water temperature. After shooting with the camera, the graph was collected to extract and analyze the swimming trajectory of the fish, at the same time, we observed the formation of fish in moving water and all collective indicators were calculated at 10-second intervals during the analysis of the fish. All coordinates recorded in a total of 12 tests were plotted as heat map, the darker the color, the more likely the fish were to cluster in that area, meanwhile, we calculated the NND, collective area and SSI of fish at all recorded times. Finally, by coupling the above three collective indexes with flow velocity and turbulent kinetic energy, the collective indexes under different hydraulics conditions were analyzed to evaluate the collective behavior of fish. The results showed that Schizothorax prenati had obvious collective behavior under specific hydraulic conditions, and its collective behavior was closely related to hydraulic factors. In this experiment, the fish mainly swam in the formation of “schooling” mode, and fish usually swam in a single partition in the experimental flume, showing a neatly arranged polar structure, and all individuals tended to swim in the same direction when the flow velocity was 0.27-0.70 m/s and the turbulent kinetic energy was 0.004-0.018 m² /s², the NND, collective area and SSI of the fish were 0-0.80 m, 0-5.00 m² and 0-1.20, and the collective behavior was the most compact and close, with better cohesion and repulsion. In the two typical swimming upstream routes, the average flow velocity and turbulence kinetic energy were basically consistent with the compact collective behavior hydraulic conditions of the Schizothorax prenati summarized in this paper, which verified the accuracy of this study. Therefore, it is recommended that engineering measures be taken to create a flow velocity of 0.27-0.70 m/s and a kinetic energy of 0.004-0.018 m² /s² in order to make the Schizothorax prenati mass migration, which allowed for a smaller flow velocity range than traditional fishway design methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Advances in Water Science / Shuikexue Jinzhan is the property of Editorial Board of Advances in Water Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Rural Water & Hydropower is the property of China Rural Water & Hydropower Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of South China University of Technology (Natural Science Edition) is the property of South China University of Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Atomic Energy Science & Technology is the property of Editorial Board of Atomic Energy Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The vertical slit fishway has the characteristics of simple partition type, good flow conditions of water, and clear mainstream position, making it suitable for fish migration in different water layers. It is currently the most widely used fish passage engineering. Under the same conditions of length to the width ratio, vertical seam position, and partition thickness of the pond, three types of fishway pond partition are preliminarily designed. Modeling software is used to build a mathematical model and numerically simulate the structure of the first type of fishway pool chamber. The numerical simulation process includes determining the model boundary conditions, meshing the model, inputting calculation parameters, and conducting solving calculations of model. The maximum flow velocity near the vertical joint of the 2-9 partition plate calculated by the mathematical model is compared with the water flow pattern of surface of the tank chamber with the maximum flow velocity near the vertical joint measured by the model experiment of physics and the water flow pattern of surface of the tank chamber, to verify the rationality of the optimization of the partition plate type and size in the mathematical model. The numerical simulation method is used to calculate three types of fishway tank structures, and the baffle type is optimized by analyzing the maximum flow velocity of the water along the main flow zone and trajectory of different tank structures, as well as the flow velocity at different depths near the vertical seam of the 5th baffle. A 1:5 scale local physical model test is conducted on the determined optimized partition type, which involves measuring the flow velocity with different vertical joints in different depths; a model test of physics is conducted on a scale of 1:20 for the determined optimized partition type, with measurements of the flow velocity at the vertical joint and the water depth along the way. The test results show that when the water depth at the outlet of the fishway is not less than the inlet water depth, i.e. in operating conditions 1 and 4, the flow velocity near the vertical joints of each partition is less than the design flow velocity of 1.2 m/s. Under operating conditions 1 and 4, where the water depth at the outlet of the fishway is equal to or greater than the inlet, and the flow velocity near the vertical joints of a partition at one's inlets is relatively high. The maximum current speed in these conditions is 1.319 meters per second, while for operating condition 3, it is 1.561 meters per second, with both maximum values more than 1.2 meters per second. This paper recommends operating the fishway under conditions 1 and 4. At the same time, the hydraulic properties of fishway under water are examined, and it is suggested that a 4-meter per second impact flow velocity value should be used to improve structural strength in the baffle and guide plate of this multi-stage water tank located at the head of that channel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The vertical distribution of debris flow velocity is one of the core research contents of debris flow dynamics, which is related to the calculation of important engineering design parameters such as debris flow accumulation, migration, impact force and motion friction. The quadratic rheological model was treated in sections, and the theoretical formula of vertical distribution of debris flow velocity was established in this paper. The model was verified by 17 sets of experimental data. The results show that the piecewise rheological model can fit the experimental data well. Based on the experimental data, the relationship between Karman constant and sediment content is established, and the relationship among the position where velocity is zero and the median particle size and sediment content is given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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By using the ANSYS FLUENT numerical simulation software, the Navier-Stokes equation as the governing equation, based on the finite volume method, this paper adopts the standard k -- ε turbulence model to establish a numerical analysis model. Under the condition of constant density, numerical simulation study is carried out on the water flow characteristics of three kinds of rigidly submerged vegetation open channels with thick stems. The results show that the experimental results are compared with the numerical simulation calculation results, and the calculated velocity values are in good agreement with the experimental values, which verifies the correctness and feasibility of the numerical simulation method. By analyzing the flow velocity distribution changes in the flow field, the increase in the thickness of the vegetation stems is obtained. By analyzing the vertical distribution of the flow velocity in the flow field, it is concluded that the slope close to vegetation has a smaller range of velocity change, and the water flow is more turbulent. As the distance from vegetation continues to increase, the vertical velocity change range increases significantly. The mixed turbulence effect of vegetation on the point flow field is weakened. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The quantity of rubble revetment works is huge and the dynamic characteristics are prominent in the rapidly changing area of the Yangtze River. It is of great significance to study the change of flow conditions in the river reach to evaluate the implementation effect of the project and analyze the influence of river regime change. In this paper, based on Delft3D software, the influence of the rubble revetment project on the water level, flow velocity and diversion ratio of the nearby reach is studied by using the planar two-dimensional flow mathematical model. The results show that after the implementation of the project, the variation range of water level is generally within 0.01 m, and the variation range of water level at the low-water slack is slightly higher than that at the high-water slack. The flow in the river is affected by run-off and presents a relatively regular water level change situation. The flow velocity changes are mainly concentrated on the rubble-throwing engineering area, regardless of the rising hour or the falling hour, and the maximum amplitude of the flow velocity is about 0.3 m/s, which mainly shows the law that the flow velocity in the rubble-throwing area decreases and the flow velocity in the deep groove increases. The implementation of the project impedes the flow of Liuhaisha Channel and reduces its diversion ratio. The diversion ratio of Rugao middle branch and Rugao left branch increases, and the influence of the project on the flood tide is greater than that of the ebb tide. The results can provide reference for the Yangtze River Channel management and planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Journal of Ordnance Equipment Engineering is the property of Chongqing University of Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Rural Water & Hydropower is the property of China Rural Water & Hydropower Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The main and branch channels are positioned vertically in irrigated areas, and damage occurs at the side wall structure near the bleeder, owing to scouring and deposition of sediment particles. The divergence and confluence angles of natural rivers typically acute. In this paper, the open channel at a 30° water separation angle was used as the research object. The three-dimensional instantaneous velocity was measured using an acoustic Doppler velocimeter, and the distribution of the average velocity, circulation intensity, turbulence intensity, turbulence kinetic energy and bed shear stress at typical cross-sections were analyzed. The experimental results showed that for the 30° water separation angle, the lateral velocity of the water flow at the water outlet varied significantly along the canal width, and easily formed circulations, causing local erosion and deposition. The turbulent intensity near the branch channel changed sharply and irregularly, and the maximum value was observed at the forefront section of the bleeder. The kinetic energy of the lower flow significantly exceeded that of the upper flow at the water outlet, and the higher value was mostly concentrated near the water inlet of the side channel. The bed shear stress at the end of the water diversion section of the main channel was high, eroding the side wall and reducing stability. Compared to the right bleeder, the 30° water separation angle adversely caused the sediment particles to enter the side channel and decreased the erosion rate of the water flow to the bottom and side walls of the channel. This study provides a reference for channel design and operation in irrigation areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The functional nitrogen heterocyclic carbene polymeric resin (PNO) was synthesized for the removal of Cu2+ from wastewater. Based on static and dynamic adsorption experiments, the adsorption effect of PNO on Cu2+ in wastewater was studied. The results showed that the optimal adsorption conditions of PNO for Cu2+ were as 100 mg of adsorbent dosage, 30 minutes of adsorption time, 4~5.9 of pH, a temperature of 298 K, and a rotational speed of 150 r/min. The maximum adsorption capacity was 51.55 mg/g. The adsorption process was consistent with the Langmuir and Freundlich isothermal adsorption models, as well as the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The dynamic adsorption capacity increased with the decrease in flow velocity, the increase in column height, and Cu2+ concentration. Thomas and Bohart-Adams models' results indicated that the predicted values were consistent with the experimental data (R²>0.92). After 5 rounds of static adsorption and desorption, and 3 cycles of dynamic regeneration, the removal rate still exceeded 96% of the initial cycle, indicating effective removal and regeneration capabilities. This study highlighted that PNO had a wide application prospect for the efficient treatment of copper-containing wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Textile Leader is the property of China Textile Information Center and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Liquid Crystal & Displays is the property of Chinese Journal of Liquid Crystal & Displays and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of South China Fisheries Science is the property of South China Fisheries Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)