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Background: Intelligent food packaging that can monitor food quality and safety is essential in modern commercial trade. Research on the fabrication of environmentally friendly colorimetric labels that can indicate the freshness of food through color changes are needed. Methods: In this study, paper-based colorimetric labels were prepared using filter paper dipped into a solution of Roselle flower extract, and their performance in monitoring shrimp spoilage was investigated. Results: The labels’ response to ammonia vapor shows a distinct color variation from red to greenish-grey, corresponding to a sharp increase in the total color difference (ΔE = 32). The labels are relatively stable during storage at 4°C for up to 20 days. In shrimp freshness monitoring, the color changes from red to purple, which corresponds to increasing levels of total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), and can be observed easily with the naked eye. Conclusion: This suggests that our paper-based colorimetric labels impregnated with Roselle extract show superior performance in detecting shrimp spoilage.

In this work, electrodes based on laser-scribed reduced graphene oxide were fabricated using filter paper as the substrate. To fabricate the electrodes, a water suspension of graphene oxide was filtered to produce a continuous and uniform film of graphene oxide on the filter paper surface. Subsequently, a CO2 laser was used to "write" the working, counter and reference eelctroes by reducing graphene oxide in specific areas to define complete sensors. Referecnce electrodes were then coated with a commercial Ag/AgCl conductive paste to produce a quasi Ag/AgCl reference. As fabricated devices were employed as electrochemical sensors for detection of phosphate ions in water by employing the molybdenum blue method. This method exploits the reaction between molybdate and phosphate ions in acidic media leading to a Keggin-type complex (PMo12O3 40) which, being electrochemically active, enables the indiret detection of phosphate ions. Sensors exhibited high selectivity and sensitive detection of phosphate ions in a wide linear range, from 1 to 20 & mu;M; with a limit of detection of 0.4 & mu;M. To demonstrate that sensors could be utilized for in-situ phosphate ion detection, paper substrate was first pre-loaded with sul-phuric acid and molybdate ions. During analysis, these chemicals were then desorbed directly into the test sample eliminating the need for any kind of external manipulation or reagent addition. Thus, this paper presents the fabrication of a portable, easy-to-use, biodegradable and fast phosphate ions sensor for in situ and real-time monitoring of water quality.

WOS:000967659000009 The utilization of plant extraction products from Oeneanthe pimpinelloides (Apiaceae family) seeds were investigated in terms of their use as an insecticide control of packaging materials. The aim was to investigate their insecticidal effects against the flour beetle Tribolium castaneum. The Oeneanthe pimpinelloides seeds were extracted with methanol. By using the liquid-liquid extraction method, the hexane extract (II) was separated from the methanol extract (I) and hexane and methanol were evaporated. Then, the chemical composition of each sample was determined via gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The methanol extract predominantly contained tetrahydrofuran, 1-methoxy-2-propanol, 1-methoxy, 2-butoxyethanol, 1-phenylethanone, cyclohexene carboxylate derivative, (3-phenyl-2-propynylidene) cyclopropane, diphenyldiazene, and dihydroxypropyl ester components, while the hexane fraction contained nonane, 1-octanol, decane, undecane, tridecane, alkyl benzene, benzene sulfonic acid, benzoxazine, and hexadecanoic acid components, as well as some derivatives of them. Each fraction was dissolved in DMSO for impregnation on filter paper. The insecticide effects of the paper samples were determined against Tribolium castneum. According to the results, the mortality started after 3 d for each fraction. After 4 d, the hexane fraction indicated total mortality in comparison with the methanol fraction, which showed partial mortality (3/5).

Background Huntington’s disease is a complex neurodegenerative hereditary disease with symptoms in all domains of a person’s functioning. It begins after a healthy start in life and leads through the relentless progression over many years to complete care dependency and finally death. To date, the disease is incurable. The long progressive complex nature of the disease demands multiple disciplines for treatment and care of patient and family. These health care providers need inter- and multidisciplinary collaboration to persevere and be efficacious in this devastating disease trajectory. Discussion The position paper outlines current knowledge and experience alongside the experience and consensus of a recognised group of HD multidisciplinary experts. Additionally the patient’s voice is clear and calls for health care providers with a holistic view on patient and family. Building long-term trust is a cornerstone of the network around the patient. This paper describes a managed care network comprising all the needed professionals and services. In the health care system, the role of a central coordinator or case manager is of key importance but lacks an appropriate guideline. Other disciplines currently without guidelines are general practitioners, nurses, psychologists, and social workers. Guidelines for neurologists, psychiatrists, geneticists, occupational therapists, speech and language therapists, physiotherapists, dieticians, and dentists are being discussed. Apart from all these profession-specific guidelines, distinctive inter- and multidisciplinary collaboration requirements must be met. Conclusions and recommendations The complex nature of Huntington's disease demands multidisciplinary treatment and care endorsed by international regulations and the lay association. Available guidelines as reviewed in this paper should be used, made available by a central body, and updated every 3–5 years. Time needs to be invested in developing missing guidelines but the lack of this ‘proof’ should not prevent the ‘doing’ of good care.

From the end of the nineteenth century and one hundred years onward, home sewing was an important part of many women’s duties, but it was also a pleasure, something that existed parallel with the emerging mass-produced ready-to-wear industry. The paper patterns used for home dressmaking were often sold and distributed through women’s magazines. These pattern sections were both a kind of reader service and a conscious strategy to capture the female target group. This article, based on an analysis of three Swedish magazines, is the first in-depth survey of patterns for home sewing of women’s clothes in Sweden. The study shows how the magazines adapted to changes in society with increasingly easier patterns and ready-cut fabric for their readers. By highlighting women making their clothes in the home, this article contributes to an often-neglected area of women’s memory and fashion history.

In the paper by Inna Ganschow, the camp experience in the Soviet Union as a result of forced conscription will be treated, specifically in its artistic processing: secretly written diaries and letters by Luxembourg Wehrmacht soldiers. Contemporary historical research today calls them ego documents – private, handwritten texts of a personal nature. The range of texts to be examined in the lecture ranges from the smuggled out notes and letters that their released comrades took with them to Luxembourg, through diaries, speeches and self-made dictionaries to poems, short stories and drawings, some of which were in the camp and some immediately after the return from Tambov and other camps in the Soviet Union. The focus is on the question of dealing with the thesis of the Auschwitz concentration camp survivor Viktor Frankl, psychiatrist and neurologist from Vienna, that the meaning of camp life - logotherapy - can have a self-healing effect and increase the self-healing powers, which increases the chances of survival.

研究ノート

本研究は日本の大学2 回生が初めて書く英語によるアカデミックペーパーにおいて、文献参照をどのように行っているかを分析したものである。分析には先行研究で提示された5種類の指標を用いた。その指標とはcitation category, integral/non-integral, reportingstructure, rhetorical functions, writer’s stance である。その結果、対象ペーパーの全体の傾向は、同じく学生のペーパーを対象とした類似研究とほぼ共通した特徴を示していることが分かった。また、ライティング経験がより高い対象を分析した先行研究とは、若干の相違点が認められた。

本稿では、製紙業界の新市場開拓に向けたイノベーションの効果について寡占市場を前提に理論的に捉え、新市場の拡大が企業の生産性・効率性にどのように影響するのか、大王製紙を例にしてシミュレーション・データによる実証分析を試みた。その結果、新市場の開拓は、長期的に製紙企業の効率性を向上させる効果があり、大王製紙のケースでは、2050年時点の効率性は、好景気であった1990年の効率水準に並ぶことが明らかになった。, This paper takes a theoretical view of the effect of innovation on the development of new markets in the paper industry, assuming an oligopoly market, and attempts an empirical analysis of how the expansion of new markets affects the productivity and efficiency of companies, using Daio Paper as an example, through simulation data. The results showed that the development of new markets has the effect of improving the efficiency of paper companies over the long term, and in the case of Daio Paper Corporation, the efficiency in 2050 is on par with the efficiency level in 1990, when the economy was booming., 特集 経済制度と社会秩序の形成に関する理論実証分析, Special issue: Theoretical and empirical studies on the evolution of economic institutions and social order, 論説(Article)

This is a proposal for publishing resource papers as registered reports in the Northern European Journal of Language Technology. The idea is that authors write a data collection plan with a full data statement, to the extent that it can be written before data collection starts. Once the proposal is approved, publication of the final resource paper is guaranteed, as long as the data collection plan is followed (modulo reasonable changes due to unforeseen circumstances). This proposal changes the reviewing process from an antagonistic to a collaborative enterprise, and hopefully encourages NLP resources to develop and publish more high-quality datasets. The key advantage of this proposal is that it helps to promote responsible resource development (through constructive peer review) and to avoid research waste.

寿岳文章(1900-92)は，関西学院高等学部や京都帝国大学文学部選科で学び，英国詩人ウィリアム・ブレイクの研究やダンテ『神曲』の研究で知られる英文学者，書誌学者である。妻の静子も文筆家であり，夫妻は1933年に京都郊外の西向日町住宅地に居宅向日庵を新築し，そこへ転居する前後から夫妻協力して私版の書物の制作をはじめる。やがて向日庵を拠点としてはじめたのが，北海道を除く本州，四国，九州の和紙漉場調査であった。紙業調査は，寿岳がかねてより師事する言語学者新村出の勧めによるもので，帝国学士院の推薦により，有栖川宮記念学術奨励金を得て実現した。1937年10月から1940年3月までの間に，15回の旅行で96ヵ町村の漉場を実地に訪れている。調査計画の作成と実施には，民藝同人として親交のあった内閣統計局労働課長水谷良一の協力を得た。調査旅行の多くに妻静子が同行し，旅先の風景や紙漉村の描写は静子が，紙漉きに関する専門的な記述は文章が担当し，日々の調査記録が作成された。調査地では文章自ら写真をとり，紙を収集し持ち帰った。紙漉きの沿革や統計資料も集め，実地調査と併行して行われた文献調査の成果と合わせて，紙業調査資料としてまとめてファイルに整理された。漉場調査の成果については，寿岳は調査期間中からの早い段階から，既調査地について『工藝』や『和紙研究』などに論考を発表している。調査の集大成が，私版の向日庵本として制作した文章・静子共著『紙漉村旅日記』である。造本で評価が高いが，訪れた多くの紙漉場ごとに整理された調査項目に従い記述され，紙業調査資料に基づく統計なども含めた科学的な内容を持つ。寿岳はその著作で，化学材料を使い効率化を図る当時流行の改良漉を繰り返し批判する。紙を工藝の視点からみる寿岳は，まざりけない材料で古法を守り漉かれる紙を評価するが，産業としての製紙業とは開きがある。, Bunsho Jugaku (1900-92) is an English scholar and bibliographer known for his research on William Blake and Dante’s Divine Comedy. His wife Shizuko is also a writer. Based in their home, Koujitsu-an, the couple conducted a survey of washi mills in Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu. This research was realized with an academic scholarship at the recommendation of Izuru Shinmura, whom under Jugaku studied. From October 1937 to March 1940, Jugaku visited 96 towns and villages on 15 trips. Ryoichi Mizutani, Director of the Labor Division of the Cabinet Statistics Bureau, who was a fellow of Mingei, cooperated with the survey plan. In the survey, Shizuko recorded the scenery of her travels, and Jugaku recorded the professional papermaking process. Jugaku took pictures, collected papers, and brought them home. The culmination of their research is “Papermaking Village Travel Diary” by Jugaku Bunsho and Shizuko. It is highly regarded for its excellent binding. It has scientifically researched and described contents about papermaking at that time. Jugaku strongly criticizes the use of chemical materials to make paper more efficient. Jugaku, who sees paper as a craft, appreciates paper made by old methods using materials that cannot be mixed, but there is a gap between paper manufacturing as an industry and as a craft., 特集 : 近代京都と文化, Special Issue : Modern Kyoto Culture

Foam-assisted web forming and chemical application technologies have great potential to improve manufacturing efficiency and product quality in the paper and nonwovens industries. In this study, the benefits of foam forming and foam-assisted application of chemicals were demonstrated in a pilot machine trial. Uniform high-bulk webs of unrefined bleached softwood kraft pulp (BSKP) and viscose fibers were manufactured by foam forming. It was shown that foam formed low-grammage and high-bulk viscose fiber webs can be strengthened by foam-assisted application of latex onto the wet web. Correspondingly, foam-assisted application of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and anionic polyacrylamide (A-PAM) improved the strength of the foam formed low-grammage and high-bulk BSKP web. Overall, the pilot machine results indicated that material cost savings could be achieved and a high-performance product could be manufactured with foam-based technologies.

Cellulose-based materials represent a renewable, biodegradable, and environmentally friendly alternative to plastic from fossil resources. Nanopaper is a strong and lightweight material formed from cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs). Paper and nanopaper have been considered as excellent alternatives to plastics for use in agriculture and for packaging applications. However, common for both paper and nanopaper is their hydrophilic character, and consequently, poor water-resistance properties. ORMOCER®s are a class of inorganic–organic polymers with excellent barrier and protective properties used for a range of coating applications. Here we present ORMOCER®-coated paper and nanopaper. The coated papers and nanopapers are characterized, both in terms of their morphology, hydrophobicity, and mechanical properties. We demonstrate that the pressure used during the pressing and drying of paper and nanopaper influence their tear and tensile—properties, and that the morphology of the coated nanopaper differs significantly from that of the coated paper. While the ORMOCER® was impregnated within the porous network of the paper, a well-defined two-layered morphology was obtained with the coated nanopaper. Further, the biodegradability of the nanopaper with and without coating was assessed. The degradation study demonstrated that both the pressure used during the pressing and drying of the nanopaper, and the composition of the ORMOCER®, influenced the rate of degradation. Taken together, ORMOCER®-coated paper and nanopaper are promising for the preparation of materials that are both water-resistant, renewable, and biodegradable.

This study looked at how using small or large pieces of Rice Husk Ash and Waste Paper Sludge Ash can affect how strong and how much the concrete shrinks when it dries. When Rice Husk Ash (RHA) and Waste Paper Sludge Ash (WPSA) were added to concrete, more water was needed. However, the mechanical properties of the concrete were similar or better than the concrete made with just Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). Finer RHA and WPSA gave the best improvements. Rice husk and waste paper ash made things shrink a lot because of tiny particles that cause it to happen. This research looked at using waste paper sludge ash instead of some of the cement in a kind of concrete called M20 mix. They tested different amounts of the ash (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%) to see how strong it made the concrete. They tested the strength of the concrete up to 28 days after it was made and compared it to normal concrete. Waste paper sludge can be used as fuel because it has a lot of heat energy. Afterwards, the remaining ash can be used to replace some of the cement.

We propose a unique form of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), paper DSSCs based on carbon-nanotube (CNT) composite papers, and the use of a gel electrolyte for the paper DSSC. In our previous study, we succeeded in developing the paper DSSC. However, its performance and lifetime were not sufficient. We considered that the problem was the use of liquid-type electrolyte. To improve the performance of the paper DSSC, a gel electrolyte was introduced to increase safety and durability. Here, a polymer gel electrolyte was synthesized using a copolymer of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) as a matrix, mixed with iodine and potassium iodide. The resulting paper DSSC had a fill factor (FF, a performance indicator) of 0.248 and a conversion efficiency of 2.43 × 10−5% with an extended working time (lifetime) of more than 110 min. Further modifications were made to the metallic CNT composite paper and the gel electrolyte, resulting in an increased conversion efficiency of 2.02 × 10−3%. This study suggests the potential of gel electrolytes in enhancing the performance of paper DSSCs, providing new insights for their future applications.

The aim of this study is to propose a test method for the determination of the quality of transformer paper insulation. For this purpose, the oil/cellulose insulation systems were exposed to various accelerated aging tests. The results of the aging experiments of normal Kraft and thermally upgraded papers, two different types of transformer oil (mineral and natural ester), and copper are shown. Aging was carried out in various experiments at 150 °C, 160 °C, 170 °C, and 180 °C with dry (initial values ≤ 0.5%) and moistened cellulose insulation (initial values 3–3.5%). Following insulating oil and paper, degradation markers were measured: the degree of polymerization, tensile strength, furan derivates, methanol/ethanol, acidity, interfacial tension, and dissipation factor. It was found that the aging of cellulose insulation in cycles was 1.5–1.6 times faster in comparison to continuous aging, due to the more pronounced effect of hydrolytic mechanism in cyclic aging owing to the produced and absorbed water. Furthermore, it was observed that the high initial water content in cellulose increases the aging rate two to three times more than in the dry experimental setup. The proposed aging test in cycles can be used to achieve faster aging and to compare the quality of different insulating papers.

Purpose: The aim of this research work is to analyze and compare profitability performance of selected paper companies in India. Approach/Methodology/Design: An analytical study method is employed in this research work by relying on secondary data. In this research work 12 paper companies are selected as a sample based on their higher net sales and the study period are last10 financial years from 2012-13 to 2021-22. Ratio Analysis is used as an accounting tool in which six profitability ratios are employed. One-way ANOVA technique of parametric test is used as a statistical tool to identify the difference among sample means. Findings: The major finding of the research work indicates that in all the selected paper companies the profitability performance of shows fluctuating trend during the study period of 10 years. The overall performance was good and satisfactory in Satia Industries Ltd., JK paper Ltd., Seshasayee Paper and Board Ltd. and NR Agarwal Industries Ltd. and it was low and dissatisfactory in Orient Paper & Industries Ltd. and Astron Paper & Board Mill Ltd. for all the selected profitability ratio during the study period. The results of statistical test revealed that in gross profit ratio, operating profit ratio and return on assets ratio formulated null hypotheses are rejected and in net profit ratio, return on net worth ratio and return on capital employed ratio formulated null hypotheses are accepted. Originality/value: In this research work profitability analysis is carried out which is helpful to know the profitability performance of selected paper companies. The result would help investors to make right choice of investment in selected companies. It would also identify that how efficiently a business can generates profit and value for its shareholders from its sales or operations, shareholders' fund or balance sheet’s assets.

Currently, tissue product producers try to meet consumers’ requirements to retain their loyalty. In perforated products, such as toilet paper, these requirements involve the paper being portioned along the perforation line and not outside of it. Thus, it becomes necessary to enhance the behavior of the perforation line in perforated tissue papers. The current study aimed to verify if the perforation line for 0° (the solution found in commercial perforated products) is the best solution to maximize the perforation efficiency. A finite element (FE) simulation was used to validate the experimental data, where the deviations from the experiments were 5.2% for the case with a 4 mm perforation length and 8.8% for a perforation of 2 mm, and optimize the perforation efficiency using the genetic algorithm while considering two different cases. In the first case, the blank distance and the perforation line angle were varied, with the best configuration being achieved with a blank distance of 0.1 mm and an inclination angle of 0.56°. For the second case, the blank distance was fixed to 1.0 mm and the only variable to be optimized was the inclination angle of the perforation line. It was found that the best angle inclination was 0.67°. In both cases, it was verified that a slight inclination in the perforation line will favor partitioning and therefore the perforation efficiency.

Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC), due to its inherent nanometric scale and strength properties, can be considered as a good candidate to be used in papermaking. This work explored the possibility of using it in the production of fine paper as a wet-end component and for the paper coating. Filler-containing handsheet production was performed with and without the presence of common additives typically used in the furnish of office papers. It was found that, under optimized conditions, BNC mechanically treated by high-pressure homogenization could improve all the evaluated paper properties (mechanical, optical and structural) without impairing the filler retention. However, paper strength was improved only to a small extent (increase in the tensile index of 8% for a filler content of ca. 27.5%). On the other hand, when used at the paper surface, remarkable improvements in the gamut area of >25% in comparison to the base paper and of >40% in comparison to only-starch coated papers were achieved for a formulation having 50% BNC and 50% of carboxymethylcellulose. Overall, the present results highlight the possibility of using BNC as a paper component, particularly when applied at the paper substrate as a coating agent aiming at improving printing quality., Fundacão para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT), Portugal is acknowledged by SFRH/BDE/108095/2015 grant and Strategic Research Centre Project (UIDB/00102/2020). This work was also carried out under the Project Inpactus - innovative products and technologies from eucalyptus, Project N.º 21874 funded by Portugal 2020 through European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) in the frame of COMPETE 2020 nº246/AXIS II/2017, info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

In the research of the review of this creative and innovation area that can benefit community and nation. The review that had been picked in this research was the paper. The aim of this review is to explain about the advantages or the benefits of paper and also the used of the paper, also the improvement of the nation by the helps of the paper production and innovation. The methods that we going to describe in this review was the involvement of the paper production in many fields, such as for individuals, schools, medical centre and so on. There are a lot of information and new knowledges that we going to present and cite in this review. The conclusion of this article review was to be making sure that everyone knows the important and the properties of the paper in our country.

Vrsta študij ugotavlja, da likovne dejavnosti prispevajo k razvoju različnega znanja in spretnosti. Študij, ki bi empirično preverjale in dokazovale tovrstno napredovanje, je sicer manj, kar je tudi eden od razlogov udejanjanja naše raziskave. Pestrost likovnih dejavnosti je povezana z različnimi vrstami veščin, zato smo raziskovanje omejili na enega od najpogosteje uporabljanih materialov v predšolskem obdobju, tj. papir. Otroci se v vrtcu vsakodnevno srečujejo in rokujejo s papirjem. Z razvojem fine motorike otroci usvojijo prstne spretnosti, ki so potrebne za obdelavo papirja. To so mečkanje, pregibanje, trganje in uporaba orodij za obdelovanje papirja (škarje in šablona ali ravnilo) (Kurikulum za vrtce, 1999). Nekoliko kasneje k razvijanju drobnih gibov prispeva tudi rezanje in oblikovanje majhnih koščkov papirja. Pri tem imajo pomembno vlogo izkušnje in vaja. Slednja je najučinkovitejša, če je zasnovana v obliki igre. Papir so iz rastlinskih vlaken izdelovali že stari Kitajci, v Evropi pa ga poznamo od 9. stoletja naprej. Papir pridobivajo pretežno iz rastlinskih vlaken, katerim očistijo necelulozne sestavine. Uporaba papirja v likovnih delih je bolj vsestranska, kot si morda mislimo (Čadež-Lapajne, 1983). Vsaka likovna tehnika potrebuje primerno vrsto papirja. Seveda je pri tem pomembnih več lastnosti, od vpojnosti, gramature, pa vse do videza in teksture. Pred uporabo je pomembno, da poznamo osnovne značilnosti papirja. Pri nekaterih likovnih tehnikah pomembno vlogo igra tudi potek vlaken. To vpliva na zgibanje, trganje, rezanje in tudi zvijanje (Brodek, 2013). Akvarelni papir, recikliran papir, papir za origamije in prosojni papir so le nekatere vrste papirja, ki se med seboj precej razlikujejo. V vrtcu so sprva bolj prisotne preproste tehnike obdelovanja papirja, s katerimi razvijamo soročne spretnosti, kot so: mečkanje, trganje, gubanje in pregibanje, kasneje pa tudi rezanje, in lepljenje ter celo prebadanje, luknjanje in spenjanje. Pri rezanju, lepljenju, luknjanju in spenjanju za obdelavo potrebujemo orodja, medtem ko ostale tehnike izvajamo brez orodij. V vrtcu največkrat uporabljamo otroške škarje, škarje z vzorcem, luknjač, spenjač in različna ravnila oziroma šablone (Milčinovič, 1997). Otroške škarje se razlikujejo po velikosti, obliki držala, barvi, dolžini in obliki rezil (imajo zaobljeno rezilo), lahko so desnoročne ali levoročne, nekatere imajo pomagalo za odpiranje škarij, ki olajšajo uporabo. Otroci v vrtcu ravnila uporabljajo redkeje. Poleg klasičnega ravnila poznamo še trikotna ravnila in ravnila krivih oblik za risanje krivih črt. Če imajo ravnila na podlagi prazne prostore, namenjene risanju različnih likov in oblik, jim pravimo šablone. Pri risanju črt z ravnilom je pomembno, da držimo konico svinčnika tik ob stranici ravnila. Ta mora biti nagnjena v smeri, kamor vlečemo črto (Fošnarič, Slukan, Virtič, Puncer, 2004). S pomočjo luknjača v papirnatih gradivih izsekamo odprtino. Poznamo luknjače, s katerimi s pomočjo kladiva na trdi podlagi izsekamo luknjo, in tiste, ki so avtomatski (prav tam). Izbira spenjača je odvisna od števila listov papirja, ki jih želimo naenkrat speti. Namizni pisarniški spenjači lahko spnejo od 2 do 50 listov. Tudi ročni spenjači ali spenjalne klešče spnejo od 2 do 40 listov. Več listov pa lahko spnejo električni spenjači. Za odstranjevanje sponk iz spetega gradiva pa uporabljamo razpenjač. A number of studies have found that art activities contribute to the development of different skills. There are fewer studies that empirically test and prove this kind of progression, which is one of the reasons I decided to investigate it. The variety of art activities is linked to different types of skills, so I have limited my research to one of the most commonly used materials in the preschool period, i.e. paper. Children in kindergarten encounter and handle paper on a daily basis. As children develop fine motor skills, they acquire the finger skills necessary for working with paper: creasing, folding, tearing and the use of paper tools (scissors and a jig or ruler) (Kindergarten Curriculum, 1999). A little later, cutting and shaping small pieces of paper also contributes to the development of fine motor skills (Curriculum for Kindergarten, 1999). Experience and practice play an important role here. The latter is most effective if it is designed in the form of a game. Paper was made from plant fibres by the ancient Chinese and has been known in Europe since the 9th century. Paper is mainly made from plant fibres, which are stripped of their non-cellulosic components. The use of paper in fine art is more versatile than we might think (Čadež-Lapanje, 1983). Each artistic technique needs a suitable type of paper. Of course, several properties are important, from absorbency, grammage, to appearance and texture. Before using it, it is important to know the basic characteristics of the paper. In some fine art techniques, the fibre course also plays an important role. This influences folding, tearing, cutting and even curling (Brodek, 2013). Watercolour paper, recycled paper, origami paper and transparency paper are just some of the types of paper that differ considerably from each other. In kindergarten, simple papermaking techniques are more prevalent at first, which helps us develop related skills such as creasing, tearing, folding and creasing. Later, we develop cutting, gluing and even punching, hole-punching and stapling.Cutting, gluing, punching and stapling require tools, while the other techniques are carried out without tools. In kindergarten, children's scissors, pattern scissors, hole punch, stapler and various rulers or stencils are most commonly used (Milčinovič, 1997). Children's scissors vary in size, shape of handle, colour, length and shape of blades (they have a rounded blade). They can be right-handed or left-handed, and some have a scissor opening aid to make them easier to use. Rulers are less frequently used by children in kindergarten. Beside classic ruler, we also know triangular rulers and curved rulers for drawing curved lines. If rulers have blank spaces on the base for drawing different shapes and figures, they are called stencils. When drawing lines with a ruler, it is important to hold the tip of the pencil right against the side of the ruler. This should be inclined in the direction where the line is drawn (Fošnarič, Slukan, Virtič, Puncer 2004). Using a hole punch helps us to cut an opening in paper materials. There are punches that use a hammer to punch a hole in a hard substrate and those that are automatic (ibid.). The choice of stapler depends on the number of sheets of paper to be stapled at one time. Desktop office staplers can staple from 2 to 50 sheets. Manual staplers or staplers can also staple from 2 to 40 sheets. Electric staplers can staple more sheets. Paper clip remover are used to remove staples from stapled material.

Developing a convenient detection method for dopamine holds a significant incentive due to its high clinical significance. Herein, we synthesize crystalline MnOOH nanowires (MNWs) via a simple solvothermal treatment of KMnO4 and demonstrate that they possess excellent oxidase-like activity owing to the presence of pure Mn3+ sites on the MNWs. Particularly, MNWs catalyze the rapid oxidation of dopamine into aminochromes, which show a vivid brown color. The dopamine oxidase-like activity of MNWs follows the typical Michaelis–Mentenkinetics with excellent storage stability. Based on the affirmative catalytic features, a paper dipstick incorporating MNWs in the detection zone is constructed for the one-step colorimetric detection of target dopamine. By immersing the dipstick into the sample solution for 30 min, the sample spontaneously moves to the detection zone due to capillary force, yielding a brown color proportional to the amount of dopamine, which is quantified from an image acquired using a smartphone. With the MNW-containing solution-based assay and MNW-incorporated paper dipstick, dopamine is successfully determined with high selectivity, sensitivity, and detection precision when using spiked human serum and pharmaceutical dopamine injection samples, respectively. Successful analytical values such as the dynamic linear ranges of 3–60 μM and 0.05–7 mM are achieved with the solution-based assay and paper dipstick, respectively, along with excellent detection accuracy (95–99%) and precision (1.0–3.1%). Hence, we developed a simple and efficient nanozyme-based paper dipstick biosensor for dopamine that can be used in point-of-care testing environments.

The reliability and performance of technological equipment largely depends on timely and reliable diagnostics of less durable assembly units, which include rolling bearings. An effective tool for determining state of the mechanical rotational systems on rolling bearings is vibration diagnostics. The variety vibration diagnostic method which are used on practise is due to the complexity extracting an informative component for estimation and predicting the state of rolling bearings from the general vibration signal of the study unit. The article is dedicated information content study of narrow frequency ranges of the vibration signal operation bearing assemblies paper machines and their use as diagnostic parameters for vibration diagnostics of rolling bearings. The paper presents the analysis results of vibration diagnostics existing methods of bearing assemblies of the technological equipment and establishes the determination defects in rolling bearings by changing the vibration level on the characteristic frequencies components of the vibration spectrum and the bypass spectrum provides more specific information about the nature damage of the bearing and its operation. On the processing experimental data base i.e. the average vibration velocity spectra signal taken from the bearing assembly paper machine, we offer a relative indicator for current state bearing estimation and its state prediction progress, which helps to make a decision on the suitability or unsuitability bearing, Надійність та продуктивність роботи технологічного обладнання значною мірою залежить від вчасної і надійної діагностики найменш довговічних складальних одиниць, до яких належать підшипники кочення. Ефективним інструментом визначення стану механічних обертових систем на підшипниках кочення є вібраційна діагностика. Різноманітність методів вібродіагностики, що застосовуються на практиці, обумовлена складністю виділення інформативної складової для оцінки і прогнозування стану підшипників кочення із загального вібраційного сигналу досліджуваного вузла. Стаття присвячена дослідженню інформативності вузьких діапазонів частот вібраційного сигналу роботи підшипникових вузлів папероробних машин та їх застосуванню як діагностичних параметрів для вібродіагностики підшипників кочення. У роботі наведено результати аналізу існуючих методів вібродіагностики підшипникових вузлів технологічного обладнання та встановлено, що визначення дефектів підшипників кочення за зміною рівня вібрацій на характерних частотах складових спектра вібрації та спектра обвідної надає більш конкретну інформацію щодо характеру пошкодження підшипника та його експлуатації. На підставі обробки експериментальних даних ‒ усереднених спектрів віброшвидкості сигналу, знятого з підшипникового вузла папероробної машини, – запропоновано відносний показник оцінки поточного стану підшипника та прогнозу розвитку його стану, з визначенням якого є можливість винесення рішення про придатність чи непридатність підшипника.

The aim of this white paper is to draw attention to the roles and responsibilities of higher education and research organisations in addressing gender-based violence. These roles and responsibilities may not be recognised or are downplayed, and this results in institutions failing to take appropriate action to ensure safe environments for students and staff. Secondly, the white paper aims to explicate the essential features and elements of effective policies and actions and lastly, to highlight the critical role of institutional leadership in making the policy frameworks and actions work. This white paper is primarily intended for: institutional leaders and top management; staff responsible for the design, adoption and implementation of institutional policies; staff appointed to support victims and survivors; and any other member of the academic community committed to ending gender-based violence. It builds on the results of the UniSAFE research, including the prevalence study (Lipinsky et al. 2022, Humbert et al. 2022), the institutional policy analysis (Huck et al. 2022), case studies (Ranea-Triviño et al. 2022), interviews (Blazyte and Pilinkaite 2022), and stakeholder and expert workshops (Yellow Window 2023a, 2023b), the purpose of which have been to gain insight into and test emerging policy solutions.

In the last two decades computer-based assessment has become an important part in support of teaching and learning. It is seen as a solution to implement assessment for learning in school and provide immediate feedback on students’ performance in real-time. Research literature on computer-based assessment suggests that every measurement instrument developer before implementation of a test has to provide evidence that computer-based and paper-based versions are equivalent and provide consistent measures. There is a risk that properties of computer-based assessment including unfamiliarity with the system and proficiency level of digital skills can seriously affect students’ performance. This paper focuses on computer-based diagnostic assessment system designed to support numeracy and literacy teaching and learning. The aim of this study is to confirm that literacy and numeracy learning measurement instruments elaborated in diagnostic assessment system provide consistent results as paper-based versions of both instruments. Data were collected administering four tests. Two of the assessments were computer-based literacy and numeracy diagnostic assessments and two were paper-based versions. By analyzing both versions of assessments using various statistical techniques we explore differences in students’ performance. Our results showed that at this development phase of the computer-based diagnostic assessment system the students who completed computer-based test versions showed similar or better performance than their counterparts who completed paper-based versions.

This paper reports on the levels of fatty acids and selected sterols in effluents and nearby water bodies at Mufindi Paper Mill (MPM), southern Tanzania. Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) was used for sample extraction, and analysis was performed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS). Fatty acids ranging from C11:0 to C25:0 were detected, with saturated fatty acids (SFA) being more abundant than unsaturated fatty acids (USFA). As for selected sterols, β-sitosterol and stigmastanol were more abundant than campesterol. The mean levels of SFA, USFA, β-sitosterol, stigmastanol, and campesterol (µg/L) were 538.28, 125.94, 1065.44, 1178.01, and 66.76, respectively, for untreated effluents, and 338.10, 139.03, 933.40, 153.92 and 57.82, respectively, for treated effluents. It was further established that the mean levels of SFA, USFA, β-sitosterol, stigmastanol, and campesterol (µg/L) were 321.29, 57.35, 58.37, 50.76, and 49.08, respectively, for effluents at the discharge point and 20.58, 17.72, 8.25, 10.55, and 6.05, respectively, at receiving water. Water bodies are therefore contaminated with lipophilic wood extractives since the mean concentration levels of USFA and sterols were above the lowest concentrations suspected to adversely affect fish (toxic limits (µg/L): USFA (2-8) and sterols (³10)).

In this short paper, we use a mix of scientometrics and DH methods to investigate a novel corpus of term papers from German students of the humanities, hoping to shed some light on undergrad citation practices.

Verdigris sodi med najpomembnejše in pogosto uporabljene pigmente zelene oziroma modrozelene barve od antike do 19. stoletja. Njegova barva se spreminja s časom in v odvisnosti od atmosferskih pogojev. Kljub slabi obstojnosti je bil med umetniki zelo priljubljen. Ker je semitransparenten in ne prekriva tiskarskega črnila, ga najdemo na iluminacijah, ilustracijah knjig in zemljevidih. Poznamo dve vrsti verdigrisa, in sicer nevtralni in bazični verdigris. Verdigris ne spreminja zgolj svoje barve, ampak povzroča tudi razgradnjo nosilca, na katerega je nanesen. Ker so ogrožena tudi številna zgodovinska umetniška dela, so študije stabilizacije pigmenta in razvoj konservatorsko-restavratorskih postopkov izjemnega pomena. V magistrskem delu sem raziskovala razgradnjo in možnosti za stabilizacijo različnih modelnih papirjev z nanesenim pigmentom verdigris. Študirala sem tri različne modelne papirje, in sicer Whatman No. 1 filtrirni papir kot referenčni papir in dva različna ročno izdelana papirja, ki sta podobna zgodovinskim papirjem. Vzorce papirja s pigmentom verdigris sem izpostavila pogojem termično pospešene razgradnje pri 50 °C in 65 % relativne vlažnosti, ki poteka primerljivo z razgradnjo pri sobnih pogojih. Za študije stabilizacije papirja sem uporabila dva antioksidanta, ki sta se do sedaj izkazala za najbolj učinkovita, in sicer 1(H)-benzotriazol (BTA) in tetrabutilamonijev bromid (TBABr). Z atomsko absorpcijsko spektroskopijo sem določila vsebnost bakra v modelnih vzorcih papirja in ugotovila, da lahko z uporabo ročne pršilke pripravimo vzorce z enakomernim nanosom pigmenta na papir. S spremljanjem pH vrednosti vzorcev papirja sem ugotovila, da do pretvorbe nevtralnega v bazični verdigris pride v prvem mesecu termično pospešene razgradnje. pH vrednosti papirja so pokazale, da za stabilizacijo papirja zadostuje zgolj uporaba ustreznega antioksidanta, brez dodatka alkalije oziroma sredstva za razkislinjenje. Tudi meritve spremembe barve vzorcev papirja nakazujejo na dejstvo, da se nevtralni verdigris sčasoma pretvarja v različne zelene oblike bazičnega verdigrisa. Izmed obeh antioksidantov je z vidika barvne obstojnosti takoj po nanosu najbolj učinkovit TBABr, saj so bile spremembe barve minimalne, vendar so bile po treh mesecih termično pospešene razgradnje bolj izrazite kot pri vzorcih, obdelanih z BTA. Poleg tega so na nekaterih vzorcih nastale črne pike, kar ni zaželeno. S spremljanjem stopnje polimerizacije (DP) celuloze sem ugotovila, da je najbolj učinkovit antioksidant za stabilizacijo TBABr, saj je bila razgradnja papirja, obdelanega s TBABr, po treh mesecih termično pospešene razgradnje v povprečju manjša za 33 % v primerjavi z neobdelanimi papirji. V nasprotju pa BTA ni izkazal pozitivnih učinkov na stabilizacijo papirja. Primerjava DP vrednosti, določenih z velikostno izključitveno kromatografijo in z viskozimetrijo, kaže, da bi lahko bila viskozimetrija primerna za določanje DP vrednosti za papir z verdigrisom. Meritve mehanskih lastnosti so pokazale, da pri neobdelanih vzorcih papirja po treh mesecih termično pospešene razgradnje ni prišlo do tako izrazite izgube mehanskih lastnosti, kot bi lahko pričakovali glede na določene vrednosti stopnje polimerizacije celuloze. Z ramansko spektroskopijo smo potrdili, da smo za pripravo barve uporabili nevtralni verdigris, ki se s časom spreminja v različne oblike bazičnega verdigrisa, ne glede na to, ali je papir obdelan z antioksidantom ali ne. Za stabilizacijo papirja z nanesenim pigmentom verdigris je na osnovi rezultatov najbolj primeren antioksidant TBABr, saj je bil pri zaviranju razgradnje papirja najbolj učinkovit. Poleg tega ni imel negativnega vpliva na pH vrednost papirja in ni povzročil izrazitih sprememb barve takoj po nanosu. Negativni učinek se je pokazal zgolj po treh mesecih termično pospešene razgradnje, saj so na nekaterih vzorcih pojavile črne pike. Vzrok za to je potrebno pred uporabo postopka na originalnih dokumentih natančno raziskati. Verdigris is one of the most important and frequently used green or blue-green pigments from antiquity until the 19th century. Its colour changes with time and depending on atmospheric conditions. Despite its poor durability, it was extremely popular among artists. Because it is semi-transparent and does not obscure the printed ink, it can be found on illuminations, book illustrations and maps. There are two types of Verdigris, namely neutral and basic Verdigris. Verdigris does not only change its colour, but also causes the degradation of the substrate on which it is applied. Since many historical works of art are also at risk, studies of pigment stabilization and the development of conservation-restoration procedures are of utmost importance. In my master’s thesis I investigated the degradation and possibilities for stabilization of various model papers with applied pigment Verdigris. I studied three different model papers, namely Whatman No. 1 filter paper as a reference paper and two different handmade papers that resemble historical papers. Paper samples with pigment Verdigris were exposed to conditions of thermal accelerated degradation at 50 °C and 65 % relative humidity, which are comparable to the degradation of paper with pigment Verdigris at ambient conditions. For paper stabilization studies, two antioxidants that have proven to be the most effective so far, 1(H)-benzotriazole (BTA) and tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBABr), were used. The copper content in model paper samples was determined using atomic absorption spectroscopy. The results show that an even application of the pigment on paper samples can be obtained using a spray gun. Monitoring the pH value of paper samples showed that the alteration of neutral to basic Verdigris occurs in the first month of thermal accelerated degradation. The pH values of paper indicate that for the stabilization of paper the use of an appropriate antioxidant, without the addition of alkali or deacidification agent, is sufficient. Measurements of the colour change of paper samples also indicate the fact that the neutral Verdigris eventually transforms into various forms of basic Verdigris. From the point of view of colour persistence immediately after application, TBABr is the most effective of the two antioxidants, as colour changes were minimal, but after three months of thermal accelerated degradation, the degradation was more pronounced than in samples treated with BTA. In addition, black spots appeared on some samples, which is not desirable. By monitoring the degree of polymerisation (DP) of cellulose, I found that the most suitable antioxidant for inhibiting cellulose degradation is TBABr, as the degradation of paper treated with TBABr was on average 33 % lower after three months of thermal accelerated degradation compared to untreated papers. In contrast, BTA did not show significant stabilization. Comparison of DP values, determined by size exclusion chromatography and by viscometry, indicates that viscometry may be suitable for determining DP values for Verdigris paper. Measurements of the mechanical properties showed that the untreated paper samples did not show as pronounced loss of mechanical properties after three months of thermal accelerated degradation as might be inferred from the determined values of the degree of polymerisation of cellulose. Using Raman spectroscopy, we confirmed that neutral Verdigris was used to prepare the colour, which changes over time into different forms of basic Verdigris, regardless of whether the paper is treated with an antioxidant or not. Based on the obtained results, the antioxidant TBABr is the most suitable for stabilizing paper with applied pigment Verdigris, as it was the most effective in inhibiting paper degradation. In addition, it had no negative effect on the pH value of paper and did not cause significant colour changes immediately after application. The negative effect became apparent only after three months of thermal accelerated degradation, as black dots appeared on some samples. The cause of the appearance of these black dots must be carefully studied before the treatment is used on original documents.

Oil-impregnated paper condenser transformer bushings are an important part of transformer equipment, and partial discharge (PD) occurred when defects exist on the condenser aluminum foil layers. Firstly, to study the PD process of the oil-paper insulated capacitance graded bushing with the defect of broken aluminum foil, a defective oil-paper bushing discharge sample is constructed to study the PD parameters and capacitance, and to discharge carbonization traces at different voltage levels. Then, in order to verify the process of condenser aluminum foil layer discharge and the space charge variation in the oil-paper insulation system of a sample model, the surface flashovers of a needle-plane discharge model based on the bipolar charge transport model and the hydrodynamic model was built. The simulation, by Transport of Diluted Species physics of COMSOL Multiphysics software, points out the discharge process of aluminum foil electrode caused by space charge action and electric field distortion under an electric field at different voltages. The results of simulation and sample bushing experiments showed that the PD process of the defective condenser foil layer is mainly divided into three stages: tip corona discharge, streamer in oil, and surface flashovers. The voltage amplitude is larger the more electrical branches are discharged and the shorter the discharge time is. The findings of the article have important implications for the discharge of the foil layer inside the oil-paper bushing.

Transformers play a crucial role in power systems. In this respect, fault diagnosis and aging state assessment have garnered significant attention from researchers. Herein, accelerated thermal aging and Raman scattering experiments are conducted on oil–paper insulation samples to accurately detect aging states. The samples are categorized into different aging stages based on the polymerization degree of the insulating paper. Principal component analysis (PCA), multi-dimensional scale change method (MDS), and isometric mapping algorithm (Isomap) are employed to extract features from the Raman spectra. Subsequently, the XGBoost strong classifier, optimized through Bayesian hyperparameter optimization (BO-XGBoost), is utilized to distinguish between four and ten states among 175 groups of samples after feature extraction. The subsequent classification results of the three feature-extraction methods are compared. The results indicate that Isoamp, which pertains to the manifold dimension transformation, achieves the highest average discriminative accuracy after feature extraction. The discriminative accuracies for aging states four and ten are 97.0% and 95.1% respectively, demonstrating that Raman spectroscopy manifold dimension transformation enhances the distinctiveness between samples of different aging states in the feature-extraction process. The diagnostic model constructed with Isomap and BO-XGBoost enables accurate discrimination of the aging states of oil–paper insulation.

With the growing concern for environmental protection and personal health, utilizing bio-based impregnated resin has become a sustainable approach for producing aldehyde-free decorative paper and in-house decorations. Our current work focuses on the preparation of an aldehyde-free resin (AFR) by formulating quaternized cellulose nanofibrils (QCNFs, Ave. width 10 ± 3 nm, Ave. length of and >500 nm) with aqueous acrylate emulsion. We analyzed the synthesized QCNFs, acrylate emulsion, and AFR by using various methods, including FTIR, XPS, XRD, TGA/DTG, and rheometer, to evaluate their applicability for impregnated paper processing. At a low coating weight of 4.0 g/m2, a 30.8% increase and 4.9-times increase in tensile strength and contact angle were detected, respectively. Meanwhile, the free aldehyde emission from the AFR-coated paper was found to be 0.1 mg/L even at a high coating weight of 18.8 g/m2, which is far below the E0 level requirement in the JAS 234:2003 criteria. Therefore, the surface coating of the decorative base paper was found to be competitive in covering the porous structure of the paper, reinforcing its mechanical strength, and providing high water resistance. Moreover, the lower free aldehyde emission from the AFR-coated paper ensures its safety and potential application in house decoration products.

Printable biosensors have gained numerous exciting advancements towards downstream applications in fundamental biomedical research, healthcare, food safety, environmental monitoring and governance, and to name a few. Particularly, paper-based printable biosensors have gained rising popularity in providing affordable platforms due to their merits, such as cost-effective, accurate, simple, and efficient detection of diseases for clinical diagnosis. In addition to advantages and opportunities in point-of-care detection, printable biosensors are also facing challenges. Herein, this review aims to provide a systematic summary of the development of printable biosensors, with a special focus on paper-based printable biosensors. Different types of substrates for printable biosensors are highlighted first. Then we mainly focus on paper substrates with superior properties like low-cost, simple, flexible, lightweight, recyclable, etc. In addition, current printing technologies to fabricate paper-based sensors, including wax printing, photolithography, screen printing, inkjet printing, and laser printing summarize, are discussed, together with strategies for biomolecular fabrication on substrates and transducers. Finally, we also discuss the challenges and possible future perspectives, hoping to provide researchers and clinicians with informative insights into paper-based printable biosensors for a smart and effective point-of-care purpose.

To extend the application of cost-effective high-yield pulps in packaging, strength and barrier properties are improved by advanced-strength additives or by hot-pressing. The aim of this study is to assess the synergic effects between the two approaches by using nanocellulose as a bulk additive, and by hot-pressing technology. Due to the synergic effect, dry strength increases by 118% while individual improvements are 31% by nanocellulose and 92% by hot-pressing. This effect is higher for mechanical fibrillated cellulose. After hot-pressing, all papers retain more than 22% of their dry strength. Hot-pressing greatly increases the paper’s ability to withstand compressive forces applied in short periods of time by 84%, with a further 30% increase due to the synergic effect of the fibrillated nanocellulose. Hot-pressing and the fibrillated cellulose greatly decrease air permeability (80% and 68%, respectively) for refining pretreated samples, due to the increased fiber flexibility, which increase up to 90% using the combined effect. The tear index increases with the addition of nanocellulose, but this effect is lost after hot-pressing. In general, fibrillation degree has a small effect which means that low- cost nanocellulose could be used in hot-pressed papers, providing products with a good strength and barrier capacity.

Internationally, teachers use oral reading fluency (ORF) measurements to monitor learning progress in reading and adapt instruction to the individual needs of students. In ORF measures, the child reads aloud single syllables, words, or short passages, and the teacher rates in parallel at which items the child makes a mistake. Since administering paper-based ORF requires increased effort on the part of teachers, computer-based test administration is available. However, there are still concerns about the comparability of paper-based and computer-based test modes. In our study, we examine mode effects between paper-based and computer-based test scores for both reading speed and reading accuracy using a German-language ORF assessment for progress monitoring. 2nd- and 3rd-year-students (N = 359) with and without special education needs participated in the study. Results show comparable and high reliability (r > 0.76) and no differential item functioning for both test modes. Furthermore, students showed significantly higher reading speed on the paper-based test, while no differences were found in reading accuracy. In the absence of differential item functioning, we discuss how mean differences can be accounted for, how teachers can be trained to use the different test modes, and how computer-based tests can be safeguarded in practice.

Paper-based friction material is a typical paper-based composite that is usually cured via hot-pressing. This curing method does not account for the effect of pressure on the matrix resin, resulting in uneven distribution of resin in the material and reducing the mechanical properties of friction materials. To overcome the above shortcomings, a pre-curing method was introduced before hot-pressing, and the effects of different pre-curing degrees on the surface morphology and mechanical properties of paper-based friction materials were studied. The pre-curing degree significantly affected the resin distribution and interfacial bonding strength of the paper-based friction material. When the material was cured at 160 °C for 10 min, the pre-curing degree reached 60%. At this point, most of the resin was in a gel state, which could retain abundant pore structures on the material surface without causing mechanical damage to the fiber and resin matrix during hot-pressing. Ultimately, the paper-based friction material exhibited improved static mechanical properties, decreased permanent deformation, and reasonable dynamic mechanical properties.

Packaging is defined as the enclosement and protection of products for their distribution, storage, sale, consumption, and use [1], with the preferred material being paper and cardboard-based packages. Taking this into consideration, by 2021 the global paper industry reported a market value of 372.34 billion USD [2] and a production volume of approximately 417.3 million metric tonnes [3]. Therefore, when assessing global waste composition trends, it is not surprising to find that the most prominent stream after organic waste corresponds to paper and cardboard with a 17% representation [4]. Considering the above as well as the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) tackling sustainable consumption and production patterns (Goal 12), the necessity to take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts (Goal 13), and sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss (Goal 15), the following research had as its main objective to measure the impact of commonly used inks, coatings, varnishes, and decorations in paper and cardboard packaging repulpability according to the American Fibre Box Association (FBA) repulpability standard. Ten (10) samples employing digital printing – 2 samples – Offset printing in cardboard packages – 5 samples – and Offset printing in paper labels – 3 samples – were sourced from Kaunas University of Technology Publishing House and packaging manufacturer Trustpack, Lithuania. Results show that 3 out of the 10 samples produced more than 15% of rejects, and therefore cannot be considered repulpable. Additionally, the 3 samples show the inclusion on foil paints or metallized engravings, which supports the conclusion that the addition of such materials to the packaging significantly reduce the amount of recoverable material., Pakuotė apibrėžiama kaip produktų uždengimas ir apsauga, skirta jų platinimui, laikymui, pardavimui, vartojimui ir naudojimui [1], o populiariausia medžiaga yra popierinės ir kartoninės pakuotės. Atsižvelgiant į tai, iki 2021 m. pasaulinės popieriaus pramonės rinkos vertė siekė 372.34 mlrd. dolerių [2], o gamybos apimtis - apie 417,3 mln. metrinių tonų [3]. Todėl, vertinant pasaulines atliekų sudėties tendencijas, nenuostabu, kad po organinių atliekų svarbiausią srautą atitinka popierius ir kartonas, kurių dalis sudaro 17 % [4]. Atsižvelgiant į tai, kas išdėstyta pirmiau, taip pat į Darnaus vystymosi tikslus (DVT), kuriuose sprendžiamas tvaraus vartojimo ir gamybos modelių klausimas (12 tikslas), būtinybę imtis skubių veiksmų kovojant su klimato kaita ir jos poveikiu (13 tikslas), tvariai tvarkyti miškus, kovoti su dykumėjimu, sustabdyti ir pakeisti žemės degradaciją ir sustabdyti biologinės įvairovės nykimą (15 tikslas), šio tyrimo pagrindinis tikslas buvo įvertinti dažniausiai naudojamų rašalų, dangų, lakų ir dekoracijų poveikį popieriaus ir kartono pakuočių atstūmimui pagal Amerikos pluošto dėžučių asociacijos (FBA) atstūmimo standartą. Dešimt (10) pavyzdžių, kuriuose naudota skaitmeninė spauda - 2 pavyzdžiai, ofsetinė spauda kartoninėse pakuotėse - 5 pavyzdžiai ir ofsetinė spauda popierinėse etiketėse - 3 pavyzdžiai, buvo gauti iš Kauno technologijos universiteto leidyklos ir pakuočių gamintojo Trustpack, Lietuva. Rezultatai rodo, kad 3 iš 10 pavyzdžių buvo gauta daugiau kaip 15 % broko, todėl jų negalima laikyti atpažįstamais. Be to, šiuose 3 mėginiuose matyti, kad į pakuotę įtraukta ant folijos dažų arba metalizuotų graviūrų, o tai patvirtina išvadą, kad tokių medžiagų įtraukimas į pakuotę gerokai sumažina atgautinos medžiagos kiekį.

Paper has gained popularity as a packaging material due to its reduced environmental impact compared with non-degradable alternatives. However, its flammability poses safety risks, prompting research on enhancing its flame retardancy. This work introduces a diffusion-driven self-assembly strategy (DDSAS) to create a functional graphene oxide (GO) coating on various packaging papers. DDSAS involves infiltrating the paper’s cellulose microfiber network with branched polyethyleneimine (b-PEI), which binds firmly to cellulose microfibers. Electrostatic interactions between GO and b-PEI then drive GO assembly into a densely stacked, layered structure on the paper surface. This GO structure provides a physical barrier against flames and generates incombustible gases (CO2, H2O, NO2, and NO) when heated, diluting the surrounding oxygen concentration and acting as a heat insulation layer. These factors increase the flame retardancy of treated papers ten-fold. Additionally, the gradual reduction of GO upon heating forms reduced graphene oxide (rGO) on the paper, significantly increasing its electrical conductivity. As a result, the flame-retardant papers not only prevent the fire from spreading but can also act as fire sensors by triggering an alarm signal at the early stages of contact with fire. In summary, this work offers a rational strategy for designing and manufacturing flame-retardant paper packaging materials.

This article presents results on the use of a new material as a solidifying agent and/or color-fixing agent. A special polysaccharide material extracted from the prickly pear cactus (Opuntia ficus indica) was tested on historical materials and modern papers. An old book from the 18th century was chosen as historical material. From the mentioned book 42 pages were taken, on which a conservation and restoration pretreatment was performed before applying the polysaccharide material: sampling, fiber analysis, dry cleaning, ink solubility, pH test, thickness measurement and wet cleaning. The paper sheets provided for the test were divided into 4 groups, 3 of which were treated with gel and one left untreated as a reference. The division into groups is not only due to the different method of application, but also due to the process of gel extraction. The effect of the treatment was analyzed using FTIR-ATR. To test the mucilage as color-fixing agent 2 samples were prepared using watercolor papers colored with 6 different watercolors applied to 2.5 cm2 samples for each color in two rows of different intensity. One of the 2 samples was treated with gel, but both were immersed for 3 times in a water-ethanol solution for approximately 20 min as is standard practice in conservation and restoration. After washing, both specimens were subjected to colorimetric analysis to assess their differences. The results provided satisfactory evidence for the protection of paints sensitive to aqueous treatments and suggest the use of mucilage as a new material in cleaning method for water-soluble media.