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Eco-design has become very important in last few years. According to the environmental suggestions not to waste materials, energy etc., and use of recycle materials we were study paper recycling process in relation to used printed typefaces, their sizes and used different leading. For prints conventional and model offset inks with greater environmental benefits were used for printing. Characteristics of the recycled fibers followed by image analysis and some spectrophotometric methods are discussed. The results of these studies except for the scientific contribution should serve as a reference in design, especially for environmentally friendly graphic products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The surface characteristics of a large set of commercial lightweight coated paper grades are explored. The quantification of the 3D structure is revealed by atomic force microscopy, laser profilometry and X-ray microtomography. This comprehensive study demonstrates the suitability of different and modern methods for assessing critical coating layer properties, thus identifying the right tools for specific structural analyses. Based on the assessment of the top and bottom surfaces of 25 commercial lightweight coated samples, three main conclusions can be drawn: (1) the facet orientation polar angle is a function of roughness, (2) skewness did not describe the surface details affecting the gloss of the commercial lightweight coated samples assessed in this study and (3) surface roughness at wavelengths below approximately 1.0 μm does not affect the paper gloss significantly. This is important knowledge for the understanding of lightweight coated paper surface structure and its properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The formation index of filter paper is one of the most important characteristics used in industrial quality control. Its estimation is often based on subjective comparison chart rating or, more objective, on the power spectrum of the paper structure observed on a transmission light table. It is shown that paper formation can be modeled by means of Gaussian random fields with a well-defined class of correlation functions, and a formation index which is derived from the density of the Bartlett spectrum estimated from image data: the mean of the Bessel transform of the correlation function taken for wave lengths between 2 and 5mm. Furthermore, it is shown that a considerable variation of the local grammage can be observed also in cases where the the fibers are uniformly and independently scattered in the paper sheet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Softness is one of the major properties of tissue paper. Tissue softness can be divided into bulk and surface softness. The bulk softness can be measured quite reliably by measuring the thickness and elasticity of a sheet. However, the measurement of surface softness is not straightforward. One significant factor influencing surface softness is the fibers extending from the surface of the tissue paper. This paper presents a novel imaging method to detect the amount of such fibers on the tissue paper. The method is based on the detection of shadows caused by the free fiber ends. The shadows cannot be detected as such from the reflectance image of the sheet because of the wavy surface of tissue paper. Thus, the 3D information of the surface was estimated based on the photometric stereo, and the intensity variations caused by the wavy surface were filtered out. The method has the advantages over previous methods of improved accuracy and the possibility of implementation in a running paper machine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have developed a new method for characterizing paper coating structure using FIB milling technique and FE-SEM. A new image analysis method combining smart blur and locally adaptive thresholding technique was applied. Compared to conventional method, this method preserved the edge of target and gave better automatic image segmentation of pores. We applied this method for the measurement of the pore structure in pigment coating layers. Staining with OsO4and resin-embedding treatments were used for the sample preparation of coated papers for image analysis. A control sample without any treatment was also used in analysis. BSE images of osmium stained and resin-embedded coated paper gave the clearest image segmentation of coating components. The results showed that three sample preparation methods gave similar z-directional porosities. Lower porosity and smaller pore size was obtained from the top surface layer with the osmium stained and resin embedded samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advent of whole-slide imaging in digital pathology has brought about the advancement of computer-aided examination of tissue via digital image analysis. Digitized slides can now be easily annotated and analyzed via a variety of algorithms. This study reviews the fundamentals of tissue image analysis and aims to provide pathologists with basic information regarding the features, applications, and general workflow of these new tools. The review gives an overview of the basic categories of software solutions available, potential analysis strategies, technical considerations, and general algorithm readouts. Advantages and limitations of tissue image analysis are discussed, and emerging concepts, such as artificial intelligence and machine learning, are introduced. Finally, examples of how digital image analysis tools are currently being used in diagnostic laboratories, translational research, and drug development are discussed.

To attain an improved knowledge about ink–paper coating adhesion during offset printing, we have developed a laboratory procedure to measure adhesion failure between ink and coated paper during ink setting. This paper describes the technique and a special case where two ground calcium carbonate (GCC)-based coatings have been printed, one normal coating containing the delivered amount of dispersing agent already present in a typical GCC slurry and another coating made from the same GCC slurry but with excess additional free dispersant in the form of sodium polyacrylate. The areas where the ink–paper coating adhesion had failed at the pull-off points after tack testing were characterized by determining white spots in the retained print using image analysis. The white spots represent areas where ink has detached from the coating after contact with a rubber coated cylinder. This area is referred to as ink–paper coating adhesion failure area (IPCAFA). A minimum in IPCAFA at the point of maximum in tack force was found for both coatings where the print was applied onto dry coating. When the coatings, however, were pre-damped, IPCAFA increased on the normal coating over a short time period, independent of the dampening level. For the coating with excess dispersant, on the other hand, the higher dampening level strongly increased the IPCAFA. The strong impact of excess dispersing agent in this work may be explained by a number of related effects, including increased polarity of the coating surface, an associated moisture layer and an effective reduction of fine pores due to water-swelling polyacrylate that blocks these pores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wearable eye‐tracking technology is an essential component in AR/VR devices. Conventional Pupil‐Corneal Reflection (PCR) eye‐tracking technology often presents challenges due to high costs and bulky designs, particularly for compact AR and smart glasses. To overcome these limitations, our next‐generation eyetracking technology relies on AI image analysis, significantly reducing the number of required IR LEDs and image sensors. This simplification enhances flexibility and lowers production costs while maintaining accuracy. Our breakthrough solution makes eye tracking more accessible for the masses in AR/VR devices in the new era of spatial computing and the metaverse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs) have been extensively proposed as ideal tools for point-of-care (POC) testing with minimal user training and technical requirements. However, most μPADs use dried bioreagents, which complicate production, reduce device reproducibility and stability, and require transport and storage under temperature and humidity-controlled conditions. In this work, we propose a μPAD produced using an affordable craft-cutter and stored at room temperature, which is used to partially automate a single-step colorimetric magneto-immunoassay. As a proof-of-concept, the μPAD has been applied to the quantitative detection of Plasmodium falciparum lactate dehydrogenase (Pf-LDH), a biomarker of malaria infection. In this system, detection is based on a single-step magneto-immunoassay that consists of a single 5-min incubation of the lysed blood sample with immuno-modified magnetic beads (MB), detection antibody, and an enzymatic signal amplifier (Poly-HRP). This mixture is then transferred to a single-piece paper device where, after on-chip MB magnetic concentration and washing, signal generation is achieved by adding a chromogenic enzyme substrate. The colorimetric readout is achieved by the naked eye or using a smartphone camera and free software for image analysis. This μPAD afforded quantitative Pf-LDH detection in <15 min, with a detection limit of 6.25 ng mL−1 when the result was interpreted by the naked eye and 1.4 ng mL−1 when analysed using the smartphone imaging system. Moreover, the study of a battery of clinical samples revealed concentrations of Pf-LDH that correlated with those provided by the reference ELISA and with better sensitivity than a commercial rapid diagnostic test (RDT). These results demonstrate that magneto-immunoassays can be partly automated by employing a μPAD, achieving a level of handling that approaches the requirements of POC testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advent of whole-slide imaging in digital pathology has brought about the advancement of computer-aided examination of tissue via digital image analysis. Digitized slides can now be easily annotated and analyzed via a variety of algorithms. This study reviews the fundamentals of tissue image analysis and aims to provide pathologists with basic information regarding the features, applications, and general workflow of these new tools. The review gives an overview of the basic categories of software solutions available, potential analysis strategies, technical considerations, and general algorithm readouts. Advantages and limitations of tissue image analysis are discussed, and emerging concepts, such as artificial intelligence and machine learning, are introduced. Finally, examples of how digital image analysis tools are currently being used in diagnostic laboratories, translational research, and drug development are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses Italian illustrated editions of Little Women published between 1908 and 1945. After an overview of the publishing history of the novel in Italy, the paper will examine Italian illustrations as hermeneutic tools in order to examine their ideological function in the representation of gender. The belated reception of Alcott's novel in Italy, caused by its representation of a nonconformist educational model for girls, is mirrored in the tension between the nationalistic drive and the influence of foreign models that can be pinpointed in the illustrated editions. By analyzing adaptations of American illustrations, original Italian creations, and omissions of iconic illustrations, this paper will unveil how much the visual element is embedded in the Italian historical and cultural context, as the choice (or omission) of particular images impacted the interpretation of the book. By examining the Italian editions of Little Women published in this time frame, we will also be able to retrace the links with the American illustrated history of the book and bear testimony to the powerful impact of the 1934 film version on printed editions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A method for the comparison of paper structure using light transmission images and frequency analysis was developed. The resolution of the light transmission images and the algorithm for the feature extraction were greatly improved to enhance the visibility of peaks in the 2D power spectrum that results from frequency analysis. A comparison method based on correlation measures how well the spectra match as a function of the orientation of the paper, yielding an objective and quantitative measure of similarity between 0 and 1. A technical validation was carried out with 25 different papers showing the potential of this method with common copy papers. Finally, the method was applied in a case. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A paper web produced under industrial conditions always exhibits an anisotropy in its mechanical properties measured in the machine and cross directions. Proper and fast information about current paper anisotropy would significantly increase the efficiency of web quality control systems and allow to produce paper with greater precision. The main objective of the work presented was to determine the possibility of measurement of paper anisotropy. The method proposed is based on the image analysis of the orientation and location of special markers -- luminescent fibres -- which were introduced to the structure of the paper. Studies have shown that the method of image analysis provides a detection of fibres with a satisfactory level of efficiency, thus allowing accurate examination of the anisotropy of the paper samples analysed. On the basis of experiments, it was also found that the method of image analysis proposed allows to detect fibres with an accuracy appropriate for the problem under consideration. The invention presented has already been registered in a Patent Office as submission no. P.411294. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development of paper-based microfluidic devices that perform colorimetric measurements requires quantitative image analysis. Because the design geometries of paper-based microfluidic devices are not standardized, conventional methods for performing batch measurements of regularly spaced areas of signal intensity, such as those for well plates, cannot be used to quantify signal from most of these devices. To streamline the device development process, we have developed an open-source program called ColorScan that can automatically recognize and measure signal-containing zones from images of devices, regardless of output zone geometry or spatial arrangement. This program, which measures color intensity with the same accuracy as standard manual approaches, can rapidly process scanned device images, simultaneously measure identified output zones, and effectively manage measurement results to eliminate requirements for time-consuming and user-dependent image processing procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant root system architecture (RSA) has an important role in crop production, particularly for water and nutrient uptake under limiting conditions. In the last few years, several root phenotyping methods have been developed. Here we present a new technique which has been developed for non-destructive, inexpensive and high-throughput root growth studies and RSA analyses. To illustrate the potential applications, this method was tested in an experiment with nitrogen and phosphorous deficiencies in a nutrient solution, affecting RSA parameters of two spring barley varieties (Bojos and Barke). This technique is based on root growth on vertically positioned black filter paper (30 × 60 cm) placed between two black plastic (PVC-P) foils and micro-irrigation systems providing the recirculation of nutrient solution. The pre-germinated seeds were placed in the slit between two plastic bars which carry the filter paper and plastic sheets and fix the plant in the vertical position. This system allows easy repeated non-invasive access to roots for their measuring and sampling. Eighteen days after transplanting the root imaging was done using an RGB digital camera. To evaluate the root architecture parameters the "SmartRoot" software was used. The results revealed that the system is able to detect changes in RSA which are caused mainly by P deficiency (particularly changes in lateral root length and total root area). It can be concluded that this technique has a great potential for non-destructive root growth studies, RSA measurement and root sampling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyanide anion can be found in foodstuffs, tobacco smoke and a variety of types of waters, mainly originating from anthropogenic activities. Due to its highly toxic nature, several agencies have established limits for cyanide levels in water. Additionally, monitoring cyanide levels in biological samples, such as blood and urine, is crucial for obtaining clinical information about the health condition of patients. Therefore, there is a pressing need for the development of simple, cost-effective, and reliable analytical methods capable of quantifying cyanide at low concentrations. This study presents a novel analytical method for the selective and sensitive determination of cyanide based on analyte volatilization, pre-concentration via single-drop microextraction (SDME) using a selective reagent, and colorimetric quantification using a paper-based analytical device. For this, 10 mL of a liquid sample was acidified with phosphoric acid and the generated HCN was collected using a single drop of 3 μL of a palladium dimethylglyoximate solution (Pd (DMG) 2 2−) positioned in the flask headspace using a syringe. The reaction of Pd (DMG) 2 2− leads to the formation of Pd(CN) 4 2− and the demasking of the organic ligand. After 15 min of extraction time, the reagent drop was added to a paper-based analytical device that has been previously impregnated with 3 μL of nickel chloride, resulting in the formation of a red precipitate of nickel (II) dimethylglyoximate. Digital images of the paper-based device were captured and the red channel (R) was used for quantification purposes. Under optimized conditions, the method demonstrates a suitable linear relation (r2 > 0.99) ranging from 26 to 286 μg L−1 and a limit of detection of 5 μg L−1. As a proof of concept, cyanide levels were quantified in water and urine samples using this method. The proposed approach offers high sensitivity and selectivity while requiring only a small volume of reagents. Furthermore, it exhibits a high degree of portability for in-situ applications. A selective and sensitive method for the determination of cyanide using HS-SDEM. [Display omitted] • Cyanide in liquid samples was determined by combining HS-SDME and digital image analysis. • Colorimetric reaction is performed on a microfluidic paper-based analytical device. • The reagent is easy to prepare and highly selective for cyanide. • Under optimized conditions, a limit of detection of 5 μg L-1 was achieved. • The point-of-care device is suitable for cyanide determination in water and urine samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tissue furnish optimization plays a key role in enhancing tissue properties, making the process cost-effective. Typically, this furnish is composed of a mixture of hardwood eucalyptus fibers (HW) and softwood (SW) fibers, which ensure strength and tissue machine runnability. However, the tissue paper production with the maximization of eucalyptus fibers achieves softer papers at less cost, since SW fibers are often more expensive than HW fibers. From this perspective, this study aims to investigate the effect of micro/nano-fibrillated cellulose (MFC/NFC) as an additive, on structural, softness, strength, and water absorption properties of tissue papers, promoting partial or total removal of SW fibers to produce 100% eucalyptus materials. MFC/NFC was characterized in terms of morphological, chemical, and water interaction properties. The results showed that MFC/NFC presents a high bonding surface area, high carboxyl group content and, when incorporated into tissue furnishes, it promotes strong inter-fiber bonds. This evidence was also supported by SEM image analysis methods and FTIR. Additionally, laboratory tissue handsheets with low basis weight were produced and used in the characterization assays. Overall, the results indicated that MFC/NFC improved strength, at the expense of bulk, porosity, softness, and absorption properties. Compared to typical industrial furnish mixtures (75%HW + 25%SW), MFC/NFC enhanced the production of bulkier, porous, and softer structures, but with reduced strength and absorption. It was possible to optimize the furnish composition by using fiber modeling to obtain 3D structure computation simulations with predictive capability. The MFC/NFC proved to be a high-quality additive to improve softness and strength properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel method combining headspace single-drop microextraction with a paper-based colorimetric assay was developed. Headspace single-drop microextraction using a microdrop containing unmodified gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as both the extractant and the colorimetric probe was used for the sensitive and selective determination of Se(IV). The method relies on the color change of the microdrop solution caused by the adsorption of in situ-generated hydrogen selenide on the surface of AuNPs. Following extraction, the microdrop was spotted onto cellulose paper, and scanometric-assisted digital image analysis was used for selenium quantification. The analytical variables affecting the method sensitivity, including the drop volume, the concentrations of KBH4, HCl, and AuNP solutions, and the extraction time, were studied. Under the optimal conditions, a linear correlation between the colorimetric signal and Se(IV) concentration in the range from 15–100 μg L−1 with a limit of quantification of 12 μg L−1 was achieved. The repeatability of the method was studied by the calculation of intraday and interday precision for the standard solutions at concentrations of 20 and 70 μg L-1. The batch-to-batch reproducibility of the AuNPs synthesized under the same conditions was also assessed. The relative standard deviations were less than 7%. The method provided satisfactory results for the determination of selenium in real samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this white paper, experts from the Digital Pathology Association (DPA) define terminology and concepts in the emerging field of computational pathology, with a focus on its application to histology images analyzed together with their associated patient data to extract information. This review offers a historical perspective and describes the potential clinical benefits from research and applications in this field, as well as significant obstacles to adoption. Best practices for implementing computational pathology workflows are presented. These include infrastructure considerations, acquisition of training data, quality assessments, as well as regulatory, ethical, and cyber‐security concerns. Recommendations are provided for regulators, vendors, and computational pathology practitioners in order to facilitate progress in the field. © 2019 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • This is the first report on total lipid profile using a paper-based microfluidic device. • Pearson Correlation Coefficient (R) of 0.903, 0.9727, 0.9939 and 0.9866 for TC, LDL, HDL, and TG respectively as compared to conventional method. • The analysis can be done in a single device with as small as 10 μL of the serum sample. Abstract In this communication, a novel surface modification method of the paper surface using 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) and gold nanoparticles is reported. This functionalized paper (flower-shaped paper-based microfluidic devices (F-PMD) for simultaneous assay of multiple analytes) is used for determination of total lipid profiling (TLP) in a single device. Here, we have determined total cholesterol along with low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and triglycerides (TGL). The LDL and HDL were estimated by erasing the non-HDL and non-LDL components with a help of precipitating reagents. Standard graphs prepared by the present paper-based method nicely correlates with the conventional method (calculated by Roche- COBAS C111 autoanalyzer) with Pearson Correlation Coefficient (R) of 0.903, 0.9727, 0.9939 and 0.9866 respectively for total cholesterol, LDL, HDL and triglycerides. The present assay device is intended to assist in the screening of individual's lipid level for diagnosis of disorders involving high cholesterol level in the blood or for metabolic disorders associated with lipid and lipoprotein. As this is affordable, miniaturized, easily portable, self-testing and rapid, the present assay device can be used easily by pre-clinical, non-professionals, children in schools, labs, etc as a point-of-care diagnostics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Within a few decades of development, Internet is been refreshing the world's awareness of its development and potentials at an unexpected speed. In recent years, virtual reality technology has begun to be applied to more and more fields. Especially in instant transmission of information, the applications of VR are incomparable. Akin to the wide-ranged advantages of the technology in education and health, the applications of VR in the art of artistic image designing need to be addressed. With this research work, a comprehensive study is presented about the applications of virtual reality in the art of image visualization. The research intends to analyze the possibility of intermingling modern image visualization with the emerging VR technology. Following a systematic approach, the history and development of display design are reviewed besides studying the artistry techniques used in the technology of art image visualization design. The interdisciplinary association of the two fields is explored with the help of relevant algorithms. The model proposed in the paper for the design of art image is based on the visual interactive process, rigorous assembly sequence, and appropriate equipment mode. As a result, the whole design process is more controllable and feasible. The suggested design concept is verified dynamically. Through the collection and comparison of feedback information, the hypothesis algorithm of the model is updated to accommodate the dynamic information so that to reflect the complete image design process. To assess performance of the model, evaluation was conducted from various perspectives. The three basic image operations such as illumination change, occlusion change, and color change were performed by using the two technologies such as the traditional image design and VR-based image design. From the comparison of experimental data, it was revealed that the effects of traditional art image visualization products produced by the art image visualization and that of VR technology are quite different. For instance, the visualization score achieved for the lighting change operation using the VR technology was 95.48%, whereas 85.57% was obtained for the same operation using the traditional image design technology. Similarly, while adding visual effects using the VR technology, an average of 9% higher score was obtained for the said image operations. The promising results attained for the VR-based design testify that the technology is feasible and suitable to be intermingled with the visual design of art image. As a whole, the findings justify that the proposed approach is quite applicable in visual design of art image systems. In view of the significance of the research, the study can be extended to related domains of computer-based designing and visualization as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple measurement method for pressure sensitive adhesives (PSA) in an agglomeration deinking system of mixed office waste paper was studied. This method was based on the different scanning performance of ink and PSA specks in hot-pressed and oven-dried handsheets with the change of contrast values that had been selected and set in the image analysis software. The numbers of ink specks per square meter (NPM) were well recognized at both low and high contrast values and exhibited a very good linear relationship within a range of contrast values. The PSA specks, on the other hand, could not be recognized at the low contrast values and could only be recognized at high contrast values. The NPM value of the ink specks was found to have the highest values at the high contrast values and could be accurately predicted by its NPM value at the low contrast values. Thus, the NPM value of the PSA specks could be easily calculated by the total NPM of the handsheet at the high contrast value minus the projected NPM of the ink specks from its low contrast conditions. Compared to the dye method, which was also used on the measurement of microstickies, this method is suggested as a simple and quick laboratory tool to measure the relative quantity of PSA in the mixed office waste paper with minimum interference from the residual toner ink. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to provide a review of the basis for application of AI in radiology, to discuss the immediate ethical and professional impact in radiology, and to consider possible future evolution. Even if AI does add significant value to image interpretation, there are implications outside the traditional radiology activities of lesion detection and characterisation. In radiomics, AI can foster the analysis of the features and help in the correlation with other omics data. Imaging biobanks would become a necessary infrastructure to organise and share the image data from which AI models can be trained. AI can be used as an optimising tool to assist the technologist and radiologist in choosing a personalised patient's protocol, tracking the patient's dose parameters, providing an estimate of the radiation risks. AI can also aid the reporting workflow and help the linking between words, images, and quantitative data. Finally, AI coupled with CDS can improve the decision process and thereby optimise clinical and radiological workflow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The variability and interdependence of local porosity and local mean geodesic tortuosity, which is a measure for the sinuosity of shortest transportation paths, is investigated at the example of the microstructure in sack paper. By means of statistical image analysis, these two morphological characteristics are computed for several cutouts of 3D image data obtained by X-ray microcomputed tomography. Considering cutouts of different sizes allows us to study the influence of the sample size on the local variability of the considered characteristics. Moreover, the interdependence between local porosity and local mean geodesic tortuosity is quantified by modeling their joint distribution parametrically using Archimedean copulas. It turns out that the family of Gumbel copulas is an appropriate model type, which is formally validated by a goodness of fit test. Besides mean geodesic tortuosity, we consider further related morphological characteristics, describing the sinuosity of those shortest transportation paths, whose minimum diameter exceeds a predefined threshold. Moreover, we show that the copula approach investigated in this paper can also be used to quantify the negative correlation between local porosity and these modified versions of local mean geodesic tortuosity. Our results elucidate the impact of local porosity on various kinds of morphological characteristics, which are not experimentally accessible and which are important for local air permeance – a key property of sack paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]