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Through this paper an ARDUINO based automatic remote meter readinghas been presented. Monitoring and recording of the readingof energy meter is done using microcontroller. Application of this work has uses as follows.Nophysical visitsarerequired for data collection of energy consumedor distribution of bills.Utility connection can be disconnected or re-connected without any physical visit using in-built software. Allservice alerts can be forwarded to the customers and they can check the status of respective electricity load from anywhere through IOT software. The overall ciruit is also flexible and cost effective

We present a novel approach to measure ionic conductivity with a self-powered strategy. In particular, we propose the use of a paper-based battery as a sensor. The battery sensor unit consists of two electrodes placed side-by-side and covered by a piece of hydrophilic paper strip. The electrodes are externally connected to a resistive element. The addition of the fluid to be sensed - which acts as the electrolyte - activates the battery, which generates an output voltage that is dependent on the conductivity of the liquid sample. The device, which is conceived as a single-use disposable sensor, has been tested with different synthetic and biological liquid samples. The battery sensor effectiveness has been assessed by comparing its performance with a commercial laboratory conductometer. The device opens new avenues for conductivity monitoring in small portable and wearable devices, as it simplifies the number of electronic components and the need of additional power sources.

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-10T19:54:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-03-04 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) We present a capacitive smart sensor based on printed circuit board (PCB) technology to measure the amount of water content in a paper pulp at the wet end of a paper machine. The developed sensor incorporates in the same PCB the signal processing circuits. It is a handheld portable device, and its output is sent to the reading equipment using a Bluetooth wireless connection, providing to the sensor's operator ease of mobility around the wet end of a paper machine. The prototype was tested in a laboratory, using a wire mesh to emulate the end of a paper machine, and we were able to measure and easily detect when it reaches the water content in the range of 90% to 92%, as required in the paper fabrication process. Standard deviation of the capacitance measurements at various moisture levels is four orders of magnitude smaller than the mean. The smart sensor was tested in the 20 degrees C to 40 degrees C temperature range, in a paper pulp with a gravimetric water content of 91%. Since the variation of capacitance with temperature is practically linear, we propose a simple linear compensation equation to correct the observed sensitivity with the temperature. To keep the signal processing circuits small, low cost, simple, and robust, a novel direct interface sensor to microcontroller circuit technique was used to make the capacitive measurement, allowing for measuring small capacitance deviations without high-frequency oscillators. It was shown that it is possible to integrate the signal processing circuits in the top layer of the PCB interdigitated sensor without adding noise or degrading the performance of the capacitive sensor. Sao Paulo State Univ Julio de Mesquita Filho, Fac Sci & Engn, Tupa, SP, Brazil Parana Fed Univ Technol UTFPR, Cornelio Procopio, PR, Brazil FEEC UNICAMP, Dept Semicond Instrumentat & Photon, Campinas, SP, Brazil Uninove Campus Vergueiro, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ Julio de Mesquita Filho, Fac Sci & Engn, Tupa, SP, Brazil CAPES: 001

The Batteries form a significant part of many electronic devices. Typical electrochemical batteries or cells convert chemical energy into electrical energy. Batteries based on the charging ability are classified into primary and secondary cells. Secondary cells are widely used because of their rechargeable nature. Presently, battery takes up a huge amount of space and contributes to a large part of the devices weight. There is strong recent interest in ultrathin, flexible, safe energy storage devices to meet the various design and power needs of modern gadgets. New research suggests that carbon nanotubes may eventually provide the best hope of implementing the flexible batteries which can shrink our gadgets even more. The paper batteries could meet the energy demands of the next generation gadgets. A paper battery is a flexible, ultra thin energy storage and production device formed by combining carbon nanotubes with a conventional sheet of cellulose based paper. A paper battery acts as both a high energy battery and super capacitor, combining two components that are separate in traditional electronics. This combination allows the battery to provide both long term, steady power production and bursts of energy. Nontoxic, flexible paper batteries have the potential to power the next generation of electronics, medical devices and hybrid vehicles, allowing for radical new designs and medical technologies. The various types of batteries followed by the operation principle, manufacturing and working of paper batteries are discussed in detail. M. Srikanth | P. Yaswanth Kumar | K. Vijetha "Paper Battery" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29836.pdf

The urgent demand for portable electronics has promoted the development of high-efficiency, sustainable, and even stretchable self-charging power sources. In this work, we propose a flexible self-charging power unit based on folded carbon (FC) paper for harvesting mechanical energy from human motion and power portable electronics. The present unit mainly consists of a triboelectric nanogenerator (FC-TENG) and a supercapacitor (FC-SC), both based on folded carbon paper, as energy harvester and storage device, respectively. This favorable geometric design provides the high Young’s modulus carbon paper with excellent stretchability and enables the power unit to work even under severe deformations, such as bending, twisting, and rolling. In addition, the tensile strain can be maximized by tuning the folding angle of the triangle-folded carbon paper. Moreover, the waterproof property of the packaged device make it washable, protect it from human sweat, and enable it to work in harsh environments. Finally, the as-prepared self-charging power unit was tested by placing it on the human body to harvest mechanical energy from hand tapping, foot treading, and arm touching, successfully powering an electronic watch. This work demonstrates the impressive potential of stretchable self-charging power units, which will further promote the development of high Young’s modulus materials for wearable/portable electronics.

A novel paper‐based biofuel cell with a series/parallel array structure has been fabricated, in which the cell voltage and output power can easily be adjusted as required by printing. The output of the fabricated 4‐series/4‐parallel biofuel cell reached 0.97±0.02 mW at 1.4 V, which is the highest output power reported to date for a paper‐based biofuel cell. This work contributes to the development of flexible, wearable energy storage device.

Generating question papers is a tedious and time-consuming operation. This study uses Python to construct a fuzzy logic-based model for autonomous paper creation. With the aid of a huge number of questions saved in the database, college officials may create a fully personalised question paper. The programme may be used to produce question papers based on the examination level, which may include unit tests. It enables the authorities to pick and choose from the syllabus's chapters. The programme makes use of a database to use the question paper, which might include hundreds of questions. The programme generates a collection of random questions on which the question does not appear. The programme is a great tool for quickly generating question papers and so saving time and effort.

Examination process is an important activity for educational institutions to assess student performance. Thus the nature of the exam questions would determine the quality of the students produced by the institutions. Preparing the exam questions is very challenging, tedious and time consuming for the instructors. Thus with the help of this paper we present the solution in form of Online Question Paper and Question Bank Generator and Student Portal which makes use of Randomization technique. The design process performs the scrutiny and composes the examination paper using an efficient algorithm with a high rate of success. With this algorithm, the faculty needs to specify the subject, the question type and the difficulty level. From the entered input, the examination paper and question bank will be generated automatically. The editing of questions is performed using question edit options and the final paper/question bank will be stored as “.pdf” file formats and sent to the examination team for exam purposes. Students can also access the system for competitive examination purposes.The system shows characteristics like simple operation, a great interface, good usability, immense security, and high stability, reliability and easy to use.

Metadiscourse is an important element in writing research papers. It is defined as discourse about discourse. It emphasises the fact that authors do not simply present the texts that describe the external world; they also use expressions to help readers in understanding and interpreting the information presented in the text. One of the possible metadiscourse classifications is into interactive and interactional elements, as established on Hyland’s metadiscourse model. This paper explores only interactive metadiscourse elements (transition markers, frame markers, endophoric markers, evidentials and code glosses) in order to determine their usage in English and Serbian electrical engineering research papers. The aim of the paper is to quantitatively and qualitatively present interactive metadiscourse elements found in fourteen research papers written in English and in Serbian. These expressions are compared in respect to their frequency in the papers. Results indicate that all authors use interactive metadiscourse elements, though papers in English include slightly more elements than papers in Serbian. Both groups of authors use transition markers most, followed by code glosses and endophoric markers. The most common transition markers in the English corpus include however, thus and therefore, while the Serbian corpus presents more synonyms and less repetitions, with the most common transition markers being kao i, mada, dok, međutim and takođe. In both corpuses, code glosses are almost identical, with the use of bracket with the synonym or acronym being the most frequent. Endophoric markers are more common in English than in Serbian. Being used in engineering papers, endophoric markers mainly refer to tables or figures. Evidentials are present in research papers, though more frequently in those written in English. It can be attributable to less referencing in Serbian or the lack of willingness to explicitly state citations. Most evidentials are the projection of the style, with the bracket ([xy]) referring to the reference being used the most. Frame markers are not so commonly used in the analysed electrical engineering research papers. Apart from differences and diversities, the analysis also identifies some similarities, especially in the way the authors use code glosses and evidentials, proving that authors who write in two different languages demonstrate certain similarities when researching similar topics.

The use of disposable recyclable, eco-friendly, sustainable and low-cost devices with multiple functions is becoming a demand in the emerging area of the Internet of Things as a way to decrease the degree of complexity of the electronic circuits required to serve a plethora of applications. Moreover, for low-cost disposable applications, it is relevant the systems to be recyclable. The idea beyond the present study concerns to exploit our imagination with simple questions such as: What happens if it is possible to have a simple and universal device architecture, easy to implement on paper substrates, but capable to provide different multiple functionalities? It would be possible to have a common template for electronic systems on paper that would be then easily customized depending on the final application? The present study answers to these demands by reporting the physics and electronics behavior of a multigate paper transistor where paper is simultaneously the substrate and the dielectric, while a metal-oxide-semiconductor (IGZO) is used as the active channel. Moreover, the same device is able to present logic functionalities simply by varying the amplitude and frequency of the input gate signals. These transistors operate at drain voltages of 1 V with low power, exhibiting ION/IOFF > 104 and a mobility ≈2 cm2 V−1 s−1, serving the specifications for a broad range of smart disposable low power electronics. To sustain all this, an analytical compact model was developed able to precisely reproduce the response of paper-based dual-gate FETs and provide full understanding of their unique and innovative operational characteristics. publishersversion published

At present, the insulation performances of electrical apparatus under lightning impulse voltages are always evaluated by the withstand test of standard lightning impulse voltage (1.2/50 µs), which is recommended by IEC Standard. However, the actual time parameters of transformer invading lightning impulse voltage present an obvious dispersibility characteristics. The standard wave shape is only representative of one particular class of lightning waves, which is far from satisfactory to act as the guidance waveform in the design of power equipment insulation. On the basis of the above research background, the relationship between breakdown characteristics of oil paper insulation and time parameters of applied lightning impulse voltage was investigated in this study. The 50% breakdown voltage characteristics of oil paper insulation under lightning impulse voltage with different time parameters were determined. The test results indicate that a short wave front time could lead to relatively low 50% breakdown voltage, while when the wave tail time varied, the 50% breakdown voltage of oil paper insulation barely changed. At last the simulation model of oil paper insulation was developed, and the current flowing through the oil paper insulating system under lightning impulse voltage was calculated. On the basis of the simulating results, the relationship between current and time parameters was analysed.

This paper presents the design, manufacturing and measurements of antennas on paper, realized using ink-jetprinting of conductive inks based on nano-silver particles (nSPs). The extraction of the substrate characteristicssuch as the dielectric constant and dielectric loss is performed using a printed ring resonator technique. Thecharacterization of the nSPs conductive inks assesses different parameters as sintering time and temperature.Two antennas are realized corresponding to the most common needs for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) inTrains Environment. The first one is a patch antenna characterized by a broadside radiation pattern and suitedfor operation on metallic structures. The second one is a quasi-yagi antenna, with an end fire radiation patternand higher directivity, without requiring a metallic ground plane. Both antennas present a good matching (S11 < -20 dB and S11 < -30 dB, respectively) and acceptable efficiency (55 % and 45 %, respectively) for the papersubstrate used at the center frequency of 2.4 GHz, corresponding to the first channel of the IEEE 802.15.4 band.

Transformer oil, insulating paper, high voltage direct current (HVDC) bushings and on-load tap changer (OLTC) are essential parts of converter transformers. When the power flow of the HVDC system is reversed or a sudden outrage occurs, the charge field will deform the dielectric internal electric field, thus easily leading to the occurrence of discharge or insulation damage. In this case, it is necessary to carry out the characterization of the oil–paper interface to avoid these consequences. This paper analyses the interface charge accumulation and dissipation characteristics of an oil–paper insulation system under DC and polarity reversal voltages. In this paper, induced electrification was used to charge the composite oil–paper insulation. The amplitude of DC and polarity reversal voltages applied in this paper was 4 kV, and paper with thicknesses of 0.08 and 0.13 mm was used. This research offers a theoretical exploration to optimize the transformer oil– paper insulation structure and prevent damage to its insulation systems. From the research on different layers and thicknesses of paper, it can be concluded that the decay is fast in the initial period and then becomes slower with the lapse of time until finally the decay curve tends to become flat. With an increase in the number of the paper layers, the interface charge density decreases. So in real life multilayer paper is used to avoid failures owing to its structural weakness. Regarding the DC polarity reversal effect, increasing the thickness of the paper is equivalent to adding paper layers. The dissipation rate of the positive interface charge is quicker than that of the negative one. In the polarity reversal test, the dissipation rate becomes smaller as the reversal time gets longer.

International audience; The design of a dipole antenna printed on a paper substrate is presented in this paper. The antenna which integrates a compact balun is devoted for dual-band 2.4/5 GHz WLAN applications. The antenna is based on a double-side printed multilayer paper substrate and is fed with a coaxial cable for the testing. The simulated results of the whole structure are also presented in detail and compared with the measured performances.

In this paper a compact, flexible, Multiband antenna is designed. It is having flexible Substrate of photographic paper which makes the antenna conformal. The antenna with two U slots cut in radiating patch is offset fed by microstrip lines gives the multiple bands of WLAN /WIMAX Application and two parasitic Elements improves the bandwidth of a typical microstrip antenna. The Measured results shows that the antenna resonates between Frequency band 2.10-2.95 GHz, 3.35-3.54 GHz and 5.04-6.0Hz.which are used for application such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, Zigbee, ISM 2.4GHz,WLAN WiMAX, and WLAN 5.2GHz.

Department of Electronic Engineering, Chungwoon University, Incheon 402-803, Korea(Received July 13, 2015; Revised July 24, 2015; Accepted July 24, 2015)Abstract: We propose a three-electrode type electronic paper display and its fabrication process to realize single color at the same display panel. We establish a fabrication process with the mixing of electronic ink, loading of this ink, electronic ink assembly, packaging and driving. Also, we discuss an operating principle of this panel and the induced image reversal phenomenon by electric field area of the lower electrodes. This phenomenon is not occurred for the panel having 10 electrode space. By this pixelation structure like this three-electronic paper display, a single color realization without color filter is possible and various kind of color is defined by a dye selection for charged particles and electrically neutral fluid.Keywords: Single color, Color realization, Electronic ink, Three electrode structure !

Bushing is the key link to connect outer and inner insulating systems and also the essential electric accessory in electric power system, especially in the high voltage engineering (AC 1000kV, DC 800kV). This paper presented the experimental research of thermal aging characteristic of oil- paper insulation used in bushing. A thermally accelerated aging experiment at 90℃ was performed. The bushing models containing five layers of paper were sealed into the aging vessels and further aged for 250 days. Then several important parameters associated with the aging were observed and evaluated. The results showed that the degree of polymerization (DP) of papers gradually decreased. The DP values of outermost layer and middle layer fit well into the second-order kinematic model and first-order kinematic model, respectively. Less deterioration speed of the inter-layer paper than outer layer was confirmed by the variation of DP. Hydrolysis was considered as the main cause to this phenomenon. In addition, the logarithm of the furfural concentrations in insulation oil was found to have good linear relationship with DP of papers. Interestingly, when the aging time is about 250 days and DP is 419, the aging process reaches an inflection point at which the DP approaches the leveling off degree of polymerization (LODP) value. Both tanδ and acid number of oils increased, while surface and volume resistivity of papers decreased. The obtained results demonstrated that thermal aging and moisture absorbed in papers brought great influence to the degradation of insulating paper, leading to rapid decrease of DP and increase of the tanδ . Thus, the bushing should be avoided from damp and real-time monitoring to the variation of tanδ and DP values of paper is an effective way to evaluate the insulation status of bushing.

In this paper, a pen-on-paper electrochemiluminescence (PoP-ECL) device was entirely hand drawn and written in commercially available crayon and pencil in turn for the first time, and a constant potential-triggered sandwich-type immunosensor was introduced into the PoP-ECL device to form a low-cost ECL immunodevice proof. Each PoP-ECL device contained a hydrophilic paper channel and two PoP electrodes, and the PoP-ECL device was produced as follows: crayon was firstly used to draw hydrophobic regions on pure cellulose paper to create the hydrophilic paper channels followed with a baking treatment, and then a 6B-type black pencil with low resistivity was applied for precision writing, as the PoP electrodes, across the hydrophilic paper channel. For further point-of-care testing, a portable, low-cost rechargeable battery was employed as the power source to provide constant potential to the PoP electrodes to trigger the ECL. Using Carbohydrate antigen 199 as model analyte, this PoP-ECL immunodevice showed a good linear response range from 0.01–200 U mL−1 with a detection limit of 0.0055 U mL−1, a high sensitivity and stability. The proposed PoP-ECL immunodevice could be used in point-of-care testing of other tumor markers for remote regions and developing countries.

This paper presents a time-domain, chipless-RFID system with 80-bit tags inkjet-printed on ordinary DIN A4 paper. The tags, consisting of a linear chain of resonant elements (with as many resonators as the number of identification bits plus header bits), are read sequentially and by proximity (through near-field coupling). To this end, a transmission line, fed by a harmonic (interrogation) signal tuned to the resonance frequency of the tag resonators (or close to it), is used as a reader. Thus, during reader operation, the tag chain is mechanically shifted over the transmission line so that the coupling between the line and the functional resonant elements of the tag chain is favored. Logic states that ‘1’ and ‘0’ are determined by the functionality and non-functionality (resonator detuning), respectively, of the resonant elements of the chain. Through near-field coupling, the transmission coefficient of the line is modulated and, as a result, the output signal is modulated in amplitude (AM), which is the identification code contained in the envelope function. As long as the tags are inkjet-printed on ordinary DIN A4 paper, the cost is minimal. Moreover, such tags can be easily programmed and erased, so that identical tags can be fabricated on a large scale (and programmed at a later stage), further reducing the cost of manufacture. The reported prototype tags, with 80 bits of information plus four header bits, demonstrate the potential of this approach, which is of particular interest to secure paper applications.

In this paper the experimental results of a compact low-power rectenna in paper substrate, designed to operate in the Wi-Fi band, are presented. The complete prototype, based on an annular slot antenna and a single-diode rectifier, features a weight of 1.5 grams and shows an RF-to-dc conversion efficiency in the design band of about 40 % for a -10 dBm available input power, of about 28 % at -15 dBm, and in the range [10, 22] % at -20 dBm, corresponding to an output DC voltage in the order of 320, 240 and 60 mV respectively. Additionally, the rectenna features an efficiency higher then 7 % in the whole band 1.8-2.7 dBm for a power density estimated around 3 μW/cm2.

In the field of Information technology, remote access plays a vital role for many purposes. In most of the software applications ,while accessing remote device we need internet connection and host couldn't do his work simultaneously until and unless remote connection is not over. In order to overcome this issue, we propose a system which will work on mobile tethering without the need of internet. In addition, the host execute various processes simultaneously.

The papers in this special section were presented at the 2019 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS 2019), that was held in Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan from May 26 to 29, 2019.

In this perspective article, some of the latest paper and fiber-based bio-analytical platforms are summarized, along with their fabrication strategies, the processing behind the product development, and the embedded systems in which paper or fiber materials were integrated. The article also reviews bio-recognition applications of paper/fiber-based devices, the detected analytes of interest, applied detection techniques, the related evaluation parameters, the type and duration of the assays, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of each technique. Moreover, some of the existing challenges of utilizing paper and/or fiber materials are discussed. These include control over the physical characteristics (porosity, permeability, wettability) and the chemical properties (surface functionality) of paper/fiber materials are discussed. Other aspects of the review focus on shelf life, the multi-functionality of the platforms, readout strategies, and other challenges that have to be addressed in order to obtain reliable detection outcomes. Keywords: paper-based bio-analytical devices; shelf life; equipment-free bio-recognition; flow rate; readout strategies; multi-functional platforms

This work presents an experimental study of second mode positive streamers propagating along mineral oilpaper interfaces. A point-plane arrangement immersed in mineral oil with the paper inclined 60 degrees to the plane electrode is used to create the liquid-solid interface. Kraft paper and a kraft fibril paper, made from cellulosic micro and nano fibrils, with higher density and lower surface roughness are used as the solid materials. High speed shadowgraphy and charge recordings are used to compare the propagation of second mode positive streamers along the mineral oil-kraft paper and mineral oil-kraft fibril paper. Streamers creeping along the mineral oil-kraft paper interface propagate mainly into the liquid, with one or two main filaments. In comparison, the streamers propagating along the kraft fibril paper show a strong reduction of the branching; these streamers consist of a single filament that propagates exactly on the solid surface. Streamers along the kraft fibril paper also have longer propagation time than for the case with kraft paper. Mutual electrostatic shielding between filaments is observed for the streamers creeping on the kraft paper. An electrostatic analysis of the influence of permittivity, density and surface roughness of the solid in the electrical properties of the streamer filaments is also performed.

Smart materials can be used for a wide variety of applications, including sensing and energy harvesting. Implementation of smart materials in large area devices requires scalable manufacturing. The use of paper-making techniques would offer an enormous production capacity, allowing for low-cost and large-scale manufacturing. In this work we present a successful pilot scale paper machine manufacturing of functional composite papers (100 m min−1 with a web width of 30 cm) based on cellulose fibres and commercial tetrapodal zinc oxide microwhiskers (ZnO-Ts). Carbon electrodes could successfully be printed on the paper to form complete electronic devices where the paper itself is the active material. This enabled development of a ZnO-composite paper photosensor, where we characterized its stability, sensitivity and speed. The devices show excellent photosensing properties over a wide range of light irradiances (0.01–1 Sun), including short response times (~10 s) and long-term stability. Under simulated sunlight and a bias voltage of 1 V, small (0.5 cm2) two-probe interdigitated photosensor devices provided 12 μA photocurrent. Under the same conditions, four-probe measurements of the composite paper showed a sheet resistance of 6.9 107 Ω/sq. Four-probe measurements also demonstrated that the paper conductivity varies linearly with light irradiance. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example of pilot paper machine production of an optoelectronic paper, demonstrating the potential for large-scale paper manufacturing of active smart paper from low-cost industrial bulk materials.

This work demonstrates a stand-alone power source that integrates a paper-based hydrogen fuel cell with a customized chemical heater that produces hydrogen in-situ upon the addition of a liquid. The presented approach operates by capillary action and takes advantage of the hydrogen released as a by-product of an exothermic reaction used in point-of-care diagnostics. The paper-based fuel cell produces a maximum power of 25.8 mW (103.2 mW cm−2), which is suitable for powering a diversity of electrical devices such as commercially available digital pregnancy tests and glucometers. While device shape and dimensions can be customized, here it is shown that the fuel cell can be designed in a compact form factor and footprint comparable to a lateral flow test while providing a remarkable power output. This approach holds great promise for powering portable diagnostics, as the generated electric power could enable device functionalities required for advanced assays, such as device timing, actuation, and signal quantification. Part of the same liquid sample that is to be analyzed (urine, saliva, water, etc) could be used to trigger the hydrogen generation and start the fuel cell operation., J.P. Esquivel acknowledges support from Marie Curie International Outgoing Fellowship (APPOCS - GA.328144) within the 7th European Community Framework Programme. J. Buser and P. Yager were supported by a grant from DARPA DSO/BTO--HR0011-11-2-0007, awarded to Yager at the University of Washington. P. Yager was supported in part by funds from the Department of Bioengineering at the University of Washington. S. Rojas acknowledges financial support from project ENE2013-42322R. N. Sabaté would like to thank financial support received from ERC Consolidator Grant (SUPERCELL - GA.648518).

Hybrid printed electronics, in which printed structures and silicon-based components co-exist will likely be among the first commercial solutions. In this case the paper substrate acts much in the same way as circuit boards, containing conductive tracks and acting as a carrier for the electrical components. It is important to consider the contacting of the components to be able to produce low resistance electrical contacts to the conductive tracks. Supercapacitors are able to deliver a large amount of current in a short time and are a good option for short term energy storage and if the printed product is to be used only one, or a few times, it can be the only power source needed. When manufacturing printed electronics, the overall resistance of the printed tracks as well as the contact resistance of the mounted components will add up to the total resistance of the system. A high resistance will cause a voltage drop from the power source to the component. This will waste power that goes to Joule heating and also the voltage and current available to components may be too low to drive them. If the intention is to use a power supply such as batteries or solar cells this becomes a limitation. In this article have been tested several conductive adhesives used to contact paper based supercapacitors to ink jet printed silver tracks on paper. The best adhesive gives about 0.3 Ω per contact, a factor 17 better compared to the worst which gave 5 Ω. The peak power that is possible to take out from a printed system with a flexible battery and super capacitors is about 10 times higher than compared with the same system with only the battery.

This paper presents a case study with regard to using a low cost low power sensor network to save energy in paper machines. By using wireless sensors for measuring temperature and humidity in the dryer section of a paper machine it is possible to optimize energy consumption by adjusting heating and air flow. Because the sensors need to be battery powered with the data sent almost in real time for monitoring purposes, a low power network technology is needed, in this case ZigBee. A prototype installation with a small number of sensors was set up, running over a period of six weeks. First results show an ad hoc optimization and energy savings of some 80.000 € per year for a single machine.

Research, design, fabrication and results of various screen printed capacitive humidity sensors is presented in this paper. Two types of capacitive humidity sensors have been designed and fabricated via screen printing on recycled paper and cardboard, obtained from the regional paper and cardboard industry. As printing ink, commercially available silver nanoparticle-based conductive ink was used. A considerable amount of work has been devoted to the humidity measurement methods using paper as a dielectric material. Performances of different structures have been tested in a humidity chamber. Relative humidity in the chamber was varied in the range of 35%–80% relative humidity (RH) at a constant temperature of 23 °C. Parameters of interest were capacitance and conductance of each sensor material, as well as long term behaviour. Process reversibility has also been considered. The results obtained show a mainly logarithmic response of the paper sensors, with the only exception being cardboard-based sensors. Recycled paper-based sensors exhibit a change in value of three orders of magnitude, whereas cardboard-based sensors have a change in value of few 10s over the entire scope of relative humidity range (RH 35%–90%). Two different types of capacitor sensors have been investigated: lateral (comb) type sensors and modified, perforated flat plate type sensors. The objective of the present work was to identify the most important factors affecting the material performances with humidity, and to contribute to the development of a sensor system supported with a Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) chip directly on the material, for use in smart packaging applications. Therefore, the authors built a passive and a battery-supported wireless module based on SL900A smart sensory tag’s IC to achieve UHF-RFID functionality with data logging capability.